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MASSACHUSETTS 
GENERAL  HOSPITAL 


Jiflemorial  &  Historical 
f^olume 


TOGETHER  WITH  THE 


Proceedings  of  the  Centennial 
of  the  Opening  of  the 
Hospital 


1921 


Griffith-Stiliings  Press 
Boston,  Mass. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


CENTENNIAL  page 

Opening  Address.     Dr.  Henry  P.  Walcott 7 

The  Physicians  of  the  First  Century.    Frederick  C.  Shattuck, 

M.D 10 

The  Personality  of  a  Hospital.    Harvey  Cushing,  M.D.  .    .  17 
History  of  Insanity  During  the  Past  Century  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  McLean  Hospital.    C.  Macfie  Campbell, 

M.D 42 

The  Place  of  the  Civil  General  Hospital  in  the  Scheme  of 
Medical  Preparedness.    M.  W.  Ireland,  Surgeon  General, 

U.S.A 58 

THE  HOSPITAL  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Base  Hospital  No.  6      65 

Base  Hospital  No.  55 69 

Base  Hospital  No.  5      70 

Harvard  Surgical  Unit,  General  Hospital  No.  22,  B.E.F.   .    .  71 
Reception  Held  at  the  Hospital  Jime  9,  1919,  to  Those  Who 

Served  in  the  War 72 

Members  of  Alimini  and  Staff  of  the  Massachusetts  General 

Hospital  Who  Have  Been  in  Military  Service      79 

Dedication  op  Memoeial  Tablets 

To  the  Alumni  of  the  Hospital  Who  Died  in  the  War  .  86 
To  the  Graduates  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Training  School  for  Nurses  Who  Died  in  the  War    .    .  97 

To  Miss  Helen  Homans 100 

HISTORICAL 

Historical  Notes 106 

McLean  Hospital 115 

The  Discovery  of  Ether 132 

The  True  Significance  of  Ether  Day 149 

The  Warren  Library 151 

The  Out-Patient  Department      153 

The  Treadwell  Library  and  the  Clinical  Records 157 

The  Pathological  Laboratory 160 

The  Warren  Triennial  Prize 163 

The  Training  School  for  Nurses      165 

The  X-Ray  Department 169 

Social  Service      173 

The  General  Executive  Committee 177 

The  Phillips  House 180 

The  Medical  Laboratory 182 

3 


CON  TENTS  —  Continued 

FINANCIAL  PAGE 

Finances  of  the  Hospital,  1811-1922      186 

Permanent  Funds 197 

Special  Purpose  Funds      225 

General  Fund 230 

Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 250 

LISTS  OF  OFFICERS 

Presidents  of  the  Corporation 258 

Vice-Presidents 258 

Treasurers 259 

Secretaries 259 

Chairmen  of  the  Trustees 259 

Trustees 260 

Superintendents  of  the  General  Hospital 263 

Officers  of  the  McLean  Hospital 264 

Staff  of  the  General  Hospital 267 

House  Officers 281 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


BuLPiNCH  Building,  General  Hospital,  1921 Frontispiece 

McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  Somerville,  Mass.,  1844  .  42 

General  Hospital,  1821 106 

Plan  of  Grounds,  General  Hospital 114 

McLean  Hospital,  1921,  Looking  East 120 

McLean  Hospital,  1921,  Looking  West 128 

General  Hospital  and  Harvard  Medical  School,  1853     .    .  148 

Phillips  House,  1917     180 

Copy  op  Lease  op  Province  House  Estate 186-187 


PREFACE 

THIS  book  is  printed  to  put  on  permanent  record  the 
speeches  deUvered  at  the  celebration  of  the  centennial 
of  the  opening  of  the  Hospital  and  the  seventy-fifth  anni- 
versary of  the  first  operation  under  ether.  It  includes 
also  an  account  of  the  activities  of  the  Hospital  in  the 
World  War,  and  the  dedication  of  the  memorials  to  those 
who  died. 

The  next  section  contains  brief  historical  sketches  of 
some  of  the  departments  of  the  institution.  A  history  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  by  Nathaniel  I. 
Bowditch  was  printed  in  1851,  and  continued  by  Dr. 
George  E.  Ellis  to  1872.  At  some  future  time  it  is  hoped 
that  this  history  will  be  brought  up  to  date.  This  is  not 
attempted  here,  except  in  a  fragmentary  way. 

The  next  section  contains  a  brief  history  of  some  of 
the  financial  affairs  of  the  Hospital,  and  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  the  subscriptions  from  the  beginning. 

The  lists  of  officers  from  Bowditch's  History  have  been 
brought  up  to  date.  A  fist  of  all  members  of  the  Staff 
from  the  beginning  is  now  published  for  the  first  time. 
The  list  of  past  House  Officers,  which  has  appeared  before, 
has  been  brought  up  to  date  and  arranged  chronologically. 
The  addresses  of  active  members  of  the  Staff  and  of 
living  alumni,  arranged  alphabetically,  are  printed  in 
annual  reports  of  the  Hospital. 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

CENTENNIAL  OF  THE  OPENING 
OF  THE  HOSPITAL 


OPENING  ADDRESS 

Dr.  Henry  P.  Walcott 
President  of  the  Corporation 

The  first  patient  was  admitted  to  this  hospital  on  the 
third  of  September,  1821.  It  has  seemed  to  us  that  no 
better  day  for  the  commemoration  of  our  centennial 
could  be  taken  than  that  of  our  annual  festival,  a  festival 
y/hich  we  hold  in  honor  of  the  supreme  event  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  hospital,  the  day  upon  which  in  the  room  in 
the  oldest  building  in  this  group  of  buildings,  sulphuric 
ether  was  used  publicly  for  the  first  time  to  produce  sur- 
gical ansesthesia.  On  the  walls  of  that  room  which  remain 
unchanged  (and  so  far  as  the  accidents  of  time  permit  will 
be  always  unchanged,  for  it  is  a  shrine  in  this  hospital 
and  should  be  a  shrine  to  the  medical  profession  and  to 
the  world),  the  simple,  truthful  and  sufficient  inscription 
tells,  that  on  the  sixteenth  of  October,  1846,  William 
Thomas  Green  Morton  administered  ether  to  a  patient 
who  was  to  undergo  a  surgical  operation,  that  John  C. 
Warren  performed  the  operation,  and  that  the  patient  was 
Gilbert  Abbott.  That  Abbott,  when  he  recovered,  de- 
clared he  had  felt  no  pain.  Pain  then  was  abohshed;  it 
has  no  greater  existence  than  the  tissue  of  a  dream. 
The  news  of  this  discovery  went  from  that  room  through- 
out the  world  and  a  new  era  in  surgery  began.  This  hos- 
pital has  always  awarded  to  Morton  the  foremost  place 
in  the  great  discovery,  and  it  is  a  source  of  great  satisfac- 
tion to  us  that  a  larger  constituency  than  ours  has  ren- 

7 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

dered  a  verdict,  and  that  Morton's  name  now  has  a  place 
among  the  few  honored  names  of  men  who  have  deserved 
well  of  their  country. 

The  hospital  of  that  day  thus  established  was  not  a 
large  affair.  It  served  the  interests  of  the  community, 
serving  them  so  well  that  it  was  generously  supported. 
How  slight,  however,  the  burden  it  imposed  upon  the 
public,  may  be  shown  by  the  fact  which  I  find  in  the 
records  of  Mr.  Josiah  Quincy  in  1832;  when  he  met  with 
some  objection  to  the  charge  which  the  trustees  expected 
paying  patients  to  meet,  he  produced  a  group  of  figures 
showing  that  the  weekly  cost  of  a  house  patient  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  at  that  date  amounted 
to  $4.62  a  week.  In  the  last  report  of  the  trustees  of  this 
hospital,  the  cost  of  a  house  patient  is  stated  to  be  $5.70 
per  day,  and  not  a  cent  of  that  money  is  wasted. 

The  expense  of  maintenance  in  the  hospital  has  many 
times  outrun  the  high  cost  of  living.  This  community 
has  always  generously  supported  the  hospital.  Our  ap- 
peals have  been  met  and  one  object  of  this  meeting  is  to 
set  before  you  clearly  what  the  activities  of  this  hospital 
are,  and  what  its  needs  of  necessity  must  be.  There  will 
never  be  a  time,  I  hope,  when  a  great  charity  will  be  able 
to  say,  ''We  appealed  to  the  public  for  aid,  but  in  vain." 

This  hospital  extends  its  benefits  to  districts  far  out- 
side the  Metropolitan  area.  In  the  beginning  it  served 
a  homogeneous  population.  How  cosmopolitan  it  has  be- 
come is  pleasantly  shown  by  the  fact  just  communicated 
to  me  by  the  resident  physician,  that  there  has  been  es- 
tablished in  the  hospital  an  Italian  free  bed  fund  of 
$10,000  which  we  owe  largely  to  the  exertions  of  Dr. 
Balboni,  a  member  of  our  Staff. 

In  1810  an  appeal  was  issued  to  the  public  in  aid  of  a 
call  for  funds  for  the  benefit  of  a  General  Hospital. 
That  appeal,  signed  by  James  Jackson  and  John  C. 
Warren,  is  a  simple  document.  It  appealed  not  only  to 
the  humanitarian  interests  of  the  community,  but  it  also 
contained  a  statement  regarding  the  place  which  should 
be  occupied  by  a  General  Hospital,  and  it  is  only  now 
that  we  have  reached  the  limit  as  set  forth  in  that  state- 
ment. 


Centennial 

It  is  useless  to  say  much  about  James  Jackson.  His 
gracious  memory  still  lingers  here.  He  was  a  visiting 
physician  of  this  hospital,  a  teacher  in  the  Medical  School, 
a  prominent  practitioner  in  the  city  of  Boston.  He  gave 
dignity  to  his  calling. 

The  first  speaker  this  afternoon  served  also  in  this  hos- 
pital. He  was  Jackson  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  Med- 
cal  School,  and  has  earned  his  place  in  the  confidence 
and  affection  of  the  public.  The  announcement  that  he 
is  Professor  Emeritus  may  seem  to  indicate  that  he  has 
retired  from  activities  in  medicine ;  but  such  men  do  not 
retire  —  he  has  simply  changed  the  field  of  his  operation. 
He  may  have  ceased  to  be  an  attendant  upon  the  sick,  but 
he  still  labors  in  the  unselfish  interests  of  preventive  medi- 
cine. It  is  useless  for  me  to  say  more  of  Dr.  Frederick  C. 
Shattuck;  he  can  always  speak  for  himself. 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


THE  PHYSICIANS  OF  THE  FIRST  CENTURY 
Frederick  C.  Shattuck,  M.D. 

''For  a  thousand  years  in  Thy  sight  are  but  as  yester- 
day when  it  is  past,  and  as  a  watch  in  the  night." 

To  us,  however,  creatures  of  a  day,  obsessed  by  our 
sensory  consciousness,  and  in  a  country  as  young  as  the 
United  States,  a  hundred  years  looms  large  in  the  fog  of 
time,  and  seems  to  serve  as  a  natural  milestone  on  the 
path  of  human  progress. 

The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  has  entered  on 
the  second  century  of  its  life,  and  has  a  past  of  which  it 
may  well  be  proud.  It  is  very  fitting  that  we  gather  here 
to  celebrate  at  once  the  centennial  of  the  Hospital  and 
the  diamond  jubilee  of  anaesthesia.  September  3d,  1821, 
the  first  patient  was  admitted  to  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital.  Up  to  January  1st,  1822,  there  were  eight- 
een admissions,  one  hundred  twenty-two  during  the  year 
1822.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  out  with  certainty  the 
number  of  beds  in  1821.  It  was  probably  sixty.  In  1823, 
when  the  wings  were  finished,  it  was  ninety-three.  Ad- 
missions to  the  wards  in  1920  were  6,185,  25,302  to  the 
Out-Patient  Department. 

The  Out-Patient  Service  was  started  October  16,  1846, 
the  same  day  that  the  first  operation  was  done  under 
ether.  The  number  of  beds  today  is  four  hundred  and 
fifty-six,  including  one  hundred  in  the  Phillips  House. 
So  much  for  cold  statistics. 

Let  us  think  for  just  a  passing  moment  of  the  tragedy, 
reheved  now  and  then  by  some  measure  of  comedy;  of 
the  pain  and  sorrow;  of  the  joy  and  gladness  which  these 
walls  have  seen;  of  health  and  usefulness  restored  or 
prolonged;  of  home  relieved  from  the  burden  of  sickness! 
But  I  must  condense  one  hundred  years  of  medicine  into 
twenty  minutes.  I  shall,  however,  take  time,  even  steal 
it,  if  necessary,  to  allude  to  the  debt  which  the  Hospital 
owes  to  those  who  have  served  it  as  trustees,  always  rep- 
resentative of  the  best  citizenship  of  the  community. 

10 


Centennial 

Their  wisdom  and  sense  of  duty  have  been  a  stimulus 
and  unfaihng  support  to  the  determination  of  the  pro- 
fessional staff  to  keep  the  Hospital  in  the  forefront  of 
the  battle  against  disease  and  the  human  suffering  which 
enures  therein. 

From  the  large  number  of  Physicians  to  the  Hospital 
—  happily  for  you  it  falls  on  Dr.  Gushing  to  tell  the  story 
of  the  surgeons  and  their  deeds  —  it  is  possible  here  and 
now  to  mention  only  a  few  whose  names  seem  to  me  of 
special  significance. 

James  Jackson,  1817  to  1837,  with  John  C.  Warren,'; 
co-founder  of  the  Hospital,  commanded  universal  respect 
and  confidence.  Preeminent  in  wisdom  and  character, 
he  clearly  saw  the  importance,  nay  the  necessity,  for  a 
first-rate  hospital  to  combine  medical  teaching  with  the 
care  of  the  patients.  He  first,  in  1822,  described  alco- 
holic neuritis;  in  1855,  ''painful  tumor  near  the  cecum," 
now  known  as  appendicitis,  and  in  the  same  year  pub- 
hshed  the  medical  classic,  "Letters  to  a  Young  Physician." 

Walter  Channing,  1821  to  1839,  in  1843  pubhshed 
"Notes  on  Anhaemia"  in  special  connection  with  the 
puerperal  state.  Therein  are  described  cases  of  that  grave 
form  of  ansemia  we  now  call  pernicious.  Today  it  is  easy 
of  recognition,  though  its  origin  and  cure  are  still  beyond 
our  ken. 

John  Barnard  Swett  Jackson,  1840  to  1864,  single- 
minded,  modest  almost  to  a  fault,  a  rarely  accurate  ob- 
server, devoted,  was  one  of  the  foremost  gross  pathologists 
of  his,  or,  indeed,  of  any  day.  He  was  Curator  of  the  Cab- 
inet of  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement, 
and  also  of  the  Warren  Museum.  His  catalogue  of  the 
former  Cabinet,  published  in  1847,  was  characterized  by 
a  distinguished  Philadelphia  professor  as  "the  most  val- 
uable contribution  to  pathological  anatomy  made  up  to 
that  date  in  this  country." 

Jacob  Bigelow,  1836  to  1855,  was  possessed  of  and  by 
probably  at  once  the  broadest  and  keenest  intellect  in  the 
history  of  New  England  medicine.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Benjamin  Rush,  whom  he  quotes  as  saying,  "We  can 
have  no  reliance  on  nature,  gentlemen;  we  must  turn  her 
out  of  doors  in  our  practice  and  substitute  for  her  efiicient 

11 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

art."  The  pupil,  by  his  Essay  on  Self-hmited  Diseases, 
dealt  a  staggering  blow  to  the  heroic  treatment  of  the 
day,  to  the  unholy  trinity  —  bleeding,  purging  and  puk- 
ing. Of  this  oration,  delivered  before  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,  1835,  Dr.  Holmes  said,  ''This  remark- 
able essay  has  probably  had  more  influence  on  medical 
practice  in  America  than  any  similar  brief  treatise,  we 
might  say,  than  any  work  ever  published  in  this 
country." 

Mt.  Auburn,  the  first  rural  cemetery  in  this  country, 
was  a  child  of  his  brain,  and  his  interest  in  its  welfare  was 
maintained  through  his  life. 

In  1829  he  published  a  500-page  octavo  on  the  ''Ele- 
ments of  Technology,"  and  Worcester,  in  his  dictionary, 
gives  Dr.  Bigelow  as  authority  for  the  word  "technology." 
Dr.  Bigelow,  himself,  claims  only  that  he  revived  and 
reapplied  the  word,  which  is  now  familiar  to  us  in  the 
great  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  to  the 
founding  of  which  his  writings  and  teachings  notably  con- 
tributed. He  was,  until  that  office  was  abohshed,  vice- 
president,  and  dehvered  the  address  at  the  opening  of  the 
new  building  in  1865. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  1846  to  1849,  high  as  he  ranks 
as  poet  and  wit,  ranks  yet  higher  for  his  clarion  cry  on  the 
contagiousness  of  puerperal  fever.  It  is  more  pleasing 
to  think  of  the  lives  which  he  was  thereby  the  means  of 
saving  than  to  recall  the  storm  of  abuse  which  fell  upon 
him  from  some  leaders  in  the  profession. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  Channing's  paper  on  Anhaemia, 
Jacob  Bigelow's  on  Self-limited  Diseases,  and  Holmes'  on 
Puerperal  Fever,  were  all  published  in  the  New  England 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  and  in  the 
same  year,  1842. 

John  Ware  was  Visiting  Physician  only  for  one  year, 
1839.  He  was  a  foremost  practitioner  of  his  day,  as  high- 
minded  as  sagacious.  He  was  the  author  of  notable 
papers  on  Delirium  Tremens  and  Croup. 

Henry  Ingersoll  Bowditch,  1846  to  1864,  fearless,  pub- 
lic-spirited, in  conjunction  with  Morrill  Wyman  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  treatment  of  pleural  effusions  by  tapping. 
He  was  the  first  Chairman  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 

12 


Centennial 

of  Massachusetts.  To  his  enthusiasm  was  largely  due 
the  high  place  which  that  Board  took  and  has  ever  since 
maintained  in  the  promotion  of  public  health. 

Calvin  Ellis,  1865  to  1882,  was  faithful  in  all  things, 
even  in  bachelorhood.  To  him  medicine  took  the  place 
of  wife  and  child.  He  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
advance  in  medical  education  inaugurated  by  the  Har- 
vard School,  and,  dying,  left  his  whole  property  to  the 
School,  the  largest  single  benefaction  for  years  before  or 
after  it  was  made. 

Henry  K.  Oliver,  1868  to  1873,  while  an  undergrad- 
uate at  Cambridge,  saw  the  need  of  a  medical  friend  for 
the  students,  and  then  and  there  resolved  to  provide  for 
the  need  should  it  ever  be  possible  for  him  to  do  so.  Un- 
married, a  simple  hfe,  diUgence  and  self-denial  enabled 
him  to  found  the  Professorship  of  Hygiene  at  Cambridge 
which  fitly  bears  his  name.  May  the  Lord  long  preserve 
Roger  I.  Lee,  first  and  present  occupant  of  this  chair, 
also  Physician  to  our  Hospital! 

James  C.  White,  successively  Chemist,  Physician  to 
Out-Patients,  Visiting  Physician,  and  from  1870  to  1903 
Physician  to  the  Department  of  Skin  Diseases.  He  was 
a  specialist  evolved  from  the  general  practitioner;  vig- 
orous promoter  of  reform  in  medical  education;  a  lusty 
and  always  fair  fighter;  a  man  of  many  interests  and 
accurate  knowledge  in  each.  As  a  dermatologist  he  was 
equally  eminent  at  home  and  abroad.  He  was  President 
of  the  International  Dermatological  Congress  when  it  met 
at  New  York  in  1907. 

Reginald  H.  Fitz,  Pathologist  and  Physician,  1871  to 
1908,  was  born  into  medicine  just  at  the  time  that  micro- 
scopic pathology  was  beginning  its  brilliant  career.  As  a 
critic  he  had  no  superior.  His  masterly  paper  on  ''Perfo- 
rating Inflammation  of  the  Vermiform  Appendix"  was  so 
convincing  that  it  met  with  instant  acceptance  by  the 
profession.  He  coined  the  word  ''appendicitis,"  of  uni- 
versal currency,  as  good  in  the  household  as  in  the  hos- 
pital. Who  can  calculate  the  benign  influence,  past,  pres- 
ent and  future,  of  such  work  for  humanity?  Four  years 
later  he  put  forth  a  second  classic  on  Pancreatitis,  only 
less  notable  than  that  on  appendicitis  in  that  pancreati- 

13 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

tis  is  a  far  less  conunon  disease,  and  less  amenable,  though 
not  wholly  rebellious,  to  treatment. 

Walter  James  Dodd,  Assistant  Apothecary,  1892  to  1894; 
Apothecary  and  Photographer,  1894  to  1900;  then  Roent- 
genologist to  the  Hospital  until  his  death  in  1916.  In 
1896  he  began  X-ray  work.  The  danger  of  burns  from 
the  rays  and  the  safeguards  against  them  were  not  known 
in  those  early  days.  Whatever  Dodd  did  he  did  with  all 
his  might,  with  no  thought  of  self,  and  he  was  soon  se- 
verely burned.  Between  this  and  1916,  when  involve- 
ment of  the  lung  proved  fatal,  the  march  of  cancer  was 
slow  but  inexorable.  He  underwent  fifty  operations  and 
suffered  grievous  pain.  Parallel  with,  but  more  rapidly 
than  the  disease,  his  knowledge  advanced,  and  he  became 
a  recognized  expert  in  the  use  and  interpretation  of  the 
rays.  The  most  wonderful  thing  about  him,  however, 
was  the  dominance  of  his  spirit.  Stoicism  is  passive 
and  may  have  a  sardonic  tinge,  more  or  less  pro- 
nounced. Dodd's  cheerfulness  and  zest  in  life  were 
always  on  the  surface.  Almost  as  a  bridegroom  to  his 
chamber  he  approached  his  death.  A  holy  martyr  of 
science,  his  story  should  be  widely  known  and  its  lessons 
laid  to  heart. 

Richard  C.  Cabot,  Father  of  Hospital  Social  Service, 
is  happily  still  with  us,  and  has  seen  his  child  rapidly  grow 
to  maturity  and  travel  'round  the  world.  Were  I  asked 
to  name  the  three  most  conspicuous  services  which  have 
been  rendered  humanity  through  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  I  should  select  Anaesthesia,  Appendicitis 
and  Social  Service. 

All  those  whom  I  have  mentioned  were  full  professors 
in  the  Medical  School,  with  two  exceptions,  and  they  had 
teaching  positions.  This  fact  is  a  tribute  to  the  wisdom 
and  prescience  of  Warren  and  Jackson.  The  Hospital  and 
the  Medical  School  are  as  interdependent  as  capital 
and  labor.     Some  marriages  are  happy,  others  less  so. 

Lack  of  time  compels  me  to  pass  over  in  silence  many 
who  are  worthy  of  mention,  whose  quiet  daily  perform- 
ance of  duty,  whose  clear  heads,  warm  hearts,  and  deft 
fingers  have  helped  to  build  up  a  priceless  tradition. 
While  the  chief  factor  in  the  rank  of  a  hospital  is,  of 

14 


Centennial 

course,  its  professional  staff,  the  services  rendered  by 
trustees,  superintendents,  nurses,  and  personnel  imbued 
with  and  stimulated  by  the  tradition  and  spirit  of  the 
institution,  are  not  for  a  moment  forgotten,  nor  do  we 
forget  the  long  procession  of  internes  who  have  gone  forth 
to  all  parts  of  the  country  bearing  their  torches  high, 
and  in  their  lives  making  fruitful  the  training  in  charac- 
ter and  professional  knowledge  they  here  received.  The 
children  of  the  Hospital  rise  up  and  call  her  blessed. 

It  remains  to  speak  all  too  briefly  of  one  man,  a  phy- 
sician, though  never  on  the  Hospital  staff.  I  brave  his 
displeasure  but  am  sure  of  your  approval.  For  years  a 
Trustee,  President  of  the  Board,  now  President  of  the 
Corporation,  he  was  a  founder,  long  a  Trustee,  and  Pres- 
ident also  of  the  Cambridge  Hospital;  member  and 
Chairman  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  Chairman  of  the 
Water  and  Sewerage  Board,  Fellow  of  Harvard  College, 
he  has  filled  —  I  say  filled  advisedly  —  a  rarely  conspic- 
uous place  in  this  community  in  particular,  and  also  in 
the  nation  at  large.  Happy  the  people  who  can  com- 
mand such  services!  We  are  deeply,  but  cannot  be  too, 
grateful  to  Henry  Pickering  Walcott.  The  wisdom  of 
Solomon  is  a  tradition  ;  that  of  Walcott  a  living  force. 

Only  a  few  minutes  remain  to  me  to  allude  to  the  ad- 
vance of  medicine  as  contrasted  with  surgery  in  the  last 
fifty  years,  especially.  The  laity  does  not  realize  it,  and 
we  physicians  are  nothing  if  not  modest. 

Surgery  is  dramatic,  leaves  memorable  scars  on  the 
person  and  sometimes  on  the  purse.  Painless  surgery, 
born  October  16,  1846,  was  followed  by  safe  surgery 
about  1870.  The  bounds  of  surgery  were  thus  enormously 
enlarged. 

The  same  discoveries  which  entailed  safety  in  surgery 
laid  bare  the  principles  of  preventive  medicine.  There  is 
no  such  thing  as  preventive  surgery.  Surgery  in  its  very 
nature  is  individual,  a  retail  business.  Preventive  medi- 
cine is  wholesale. 

Until  within,  say,  fifty  years  smallpox  was  the  only 
preventable  infection.  Now,  malaria,  the  plague,  typhus 
and  typhoid  fevers,  tuberculosis,  diphtheria,  cholera,  tet- 
anus, yellow  fever,  hookworm  diseases,  to  mention  only 

15 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

those  best  known,  are  practically  largely,  theoretically 
wholly,  preventable.  The  mastery  of  malaria  and  yellow 
fever  conditioned  the  building  of  the  Panama  Canal. 
The  French  had  the  money  and  the  engineering  talent, 
but  could  not  stand  the  loss  of  life.  With  the  prevention 
of  yellow  fever  the  name  of  Walter  Reed,  army  surgeon, 
will  ever  be  linked.  As  citizens  of  the  richest  country  in 
the  world,  we  hang  our  heads  in  shame  when  we  remem- 
ber that  after  Reed's  death  the  pension  provided  by  a 
grateful — Heaven  save  the  mark! — country  was  so  inade- 
quate for  the  modest  support  of  his  widow  and  children 
that  a  private  subscription  was  raised. 

Preventive  medicine  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  but  its  bene- 
fits, humanitarian  and  economic,  are  today  incalculable. 

What  the  developments  of  the  next  hundred  years  may 
be,  it  would  be  rash  to  try  to  predict.  It  seems,  however, 
safe  to  say  that  cancer,  the  pneumonias,  scarlet  fever, 
pellagra,  and  perhaps  influenza  and  other  diseases,  will 
become  subject  to  prevention  and  cure,  and  we  can  have 
full  confidence  that  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
will  enter  on  its  third  century  as  vigorous  and  full  of 
achievement  as  she  now  enters  on  her  second. 


In   presenting   the   next   speaker.    Dr.   Walcott   said: 

"I  have  often  thought  that  we  did  not  sufficiently  ap- 
preciate the  great  courage  with  which  John  C.  Warren 
ventured  upon  the  great  experiment  of  October  16,  1846. 
He  was  then  approaching  the  end  of  his  long  and  success- 
ful career  and  yet  he  put  his  reputation  to  the  hazard  of 
that  experiment.  Fortunately  he  won.  But  surgery  is 
full  of  adventures.  What  to  the  public  or  to  the  medical 
profession  seemed  more  hazardous  than  the  search  for 
disease  in  the  very  center  of  life  and  thought,  the  human 
brain?  But  the  practised  hand  of  the  surgeon,  obedient  to 
the  guiding  mind,  discovered  the  disease  and  removed  it. 

''The  chief  surgeon  of  the  Brigham  Hospital,  Moseley 
Professor  of  Surgery,  and  some  time  officer  in  this  hospi- 
tal, can  tell  you  all  this  and  many  other  marvelous  feats 
of  modern  surgery  made  possible  by  the  discovery  of 
anaesthesia." 

16 


Centennial 


THE  PERSONALITY  OF  A  HOSPITAL 
Harvey  Gushing,  M.D. 


Among  those  in  attendance  at  the  birth  of  Anaesthesia 
seventy-five  years  ago,  was  a  mummy  who  played  a  useful  part 
in  the  early  history  of  this  hospital  and  who  might  have  said, 
could  his  lips  have  been  unsealed:  "All  these  things  are  familiar 
to  me,  for  I  was  a  disciple  of  the  great  physician,  I-em-hetep, 
of  the  third  dynasty  of  the  Pharaohs,  four  thousand  years 
before  your  Hippocrates,  and  with  me  in  Thebes  were  en- 
tombed medical  papyri  which  some  one  may  some  day  find. 
They  will  tell,  as  do  our  sculptures,  that  with  instruments  of 
copper  we  did  just  such  operations  as  this,  and  quieted  the 
patient  with  opium  and  hellebore,  while  the  'Black  Art'  gave 
us  substances  such  as  you  do  not  seem  to  use,  to  put  in  our 
wounds  to  prevent  putrefaction  —  and  in  our  bodies  too, 
after  death,  else  mine  would  not  be  here.  One  thing  that  has 
befallen  many  of  my  people  I  have  escaped,  for  our  mummified 
bodies  since  you  began  taking  us  from  our  tombs  have  often  been 
ground  to  powder  and  used  to  heal  the  maimed  and  afflicted 
of  these  later  times." 


As  human  beings  are  pretty  much  alike  inside,  so  are 
hospitals.  In  military  parlance  both  ''take  in"  and  both 
"evacuate,"  and  between  these  processes  divers  functions 
are  performed,  similar  in  all  instances  and  of  interest 
particularly  to  the  physiologist  on  the  one  hand,  and  the 
hospital  director  or  commanding  officer  on  the  other. 
They  differ  chiefly  —  both  hospitals  and  human  beings 
—  in  their  external  trappings,  in  their  occupation  and  in 
their  personality.  Of  these  attributes,  it  is  with  the  last 
I  propose  to  deal. 

Raiment  counts  for  little  and  the  humblest  may  cover 
a  personality  capable  of  permanently  influencing  the  mo- 
tives, the  ideals  and  actions  of  countless  others.  So  also, 
many  of  us  have  known  hospitals  under  perishable  and 
tattered  canvas  which  possessed  an  individuality,  char- 
acter and  spirit  often  found  lacking  in  others  encased  in 
a  more  enduring  shell  of  brick  and  mortar.  Still,  a  cov- 
ering of  some  kind  is  essential  and  though  styles  change 

17 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

for  hospitals  as  for  men,  some  which  may  be  thought 
old-fashioned  will  always  possess  a  charm  of  association, 
and  the  "garb  of  stone  and  of  that  kind  called  Chelms- 
ford granite"  hammered  out  at  the  State  Prison  — 
''wrought  with  uncommon  labour"  —  in  accordance  with 
the  design  supplied  by  Charles  Bulfinch,  was  justly  con- 
sidered, a  hundred  years  ago,  to  make  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  the  handsomest  edifice  in  the 
State.  Well  might  John  C.  Warren  and  James  Jackson, 
together  with  one  thousand  and  forty-seven  subscribers, 
whose  great  bounty  made  this  famous  institution  possible, 
have  felt  pride  in  it  then  and  have  expected  much  from 
it  for  all  time. 

But,  however  well  infant  or  institution  comes  to  be 
adorned,  the  essential  thing  is  what  handsome  does,  and 
with  this,  apparel  has  Uttle  to  do  —  unless,  indeed,  so 
much  attention  is  paid  to  habiliments  that  they  are  a 
handicap  to  freedom,  affect  personality  in  the  individual 
and  Hmit  personnel  to  the  institution.  They  may  actually 
prove  an  encumbrance  if  iii  this  world  of  competitive 
effort  others  laboring  in  their  shirt  sleeves  are  not  to  pass 
them  by.  So  it  is  not  the  externals  nor  the  inherited 
wealth,  social  position  or  occupation  of  an  institution  any 
more  than  of  an  individual  which  give  it  renown,  it  is  the 
character  of  the  service  it  performs  —  the  quality  more 
than  the  quantity  of  its  work  which  enables  it  to  estab- 
lish and  to  maintain  leadership.  For  as  age  creeps  on 
and  movement  becomes  hampered  by  joints  encrusted 
with  tradition  the  more  it  feels  the  strain  of  competition. 

But  as  hospitals  go,  the  Massachusetts  General  for  all 
its  honorable  century  is  young.  One  does  not  reckon  the 
age  of  an  institution  in  years  so  much  as  in  adaptability 
to  progress:  nor  for  the  matter  of  that,  human  beings 
either,  especially  in  a  comraunity  noted  for  its  progres- 
sive and  public-spirited  octogenarians.  On  the  contrary, 
there  is  a  tragic  malady  known  as  progeria  or  prema- 
ture senility  which  renders  inelastic  both  mind  and  tis- 
sue and  brings  old  age  to  certain  unfortunate  institutions 
and  human  beings  alike,  in  their  teens. 

Age,  after  all,  is  a  relative  matter.  A  year  ago  the 
Brigham  Hospital  —  a  youthful  upstart  in  this  commun- 
is 


Centennial 

ity  —  celebrated  its  eighth  birthday.  There  happened 
to  be  staying  with  us  at  the  time  as  my  locum  tenens  an 
EngHsh  surgeon  representing  a  London  hospital  which  was 
also  about  to  celebrate  its  eighth  birthday.  The  essential 
difference  lay  in  the  fact  that  St.  Bartholomew's  hesitat- 
ingly reckons  its  birthdays  in  centuries,  for  it  was  eight 
hundred  years  ago  when  the  jester  Rahere,  to  fulfill  the 
vow  made  to  St.  Bartholomew,  took  holy  orders  and  laid, 
just  outside  the  wall  of  old  London,  the  foundations  of 
''Bart's,"  where,  barely  missed  by  the  great  fire,  they  still 
remain.  Compared  with  that  ancient  hospital,  the  Brig- 
ham  is  mewling  in  its  nurse's  arms  and  the  Massachu- 
setts General  barely  in  knickerbockers. 

How  brief,  indeed,  have  been  its  hundred  years !  There 
are  still  hving  today  those  who  were  born  before  that  Sep- 
tember 1st  of  1821,  when  the  first  patient,  a  medical  case, 
was  admitted  to  the  east  wing  of  the  old  Bulfinch  build- 
ing. My  own  contemporaries  go  back  an  exact  quarter  of 
the  way,  to  1895-1896,  when  we  were  house  pupils  here, 
and  Dr.  Shattuck  beside  me,  goes  back  just  halfway,  to 
1871,  when  he  first  began  to  walk  these  wards  already  so 
familiar  to  his  distinguished  father  before  him.  What  we 
are  to  celebrate  today,  therefore,  is  the  birthday  of  a  hos- 
pital ten  decades  young,  not  old  —  a  hospital  which  has 
not  slipped  back  from  the  ideals  and  enthusiasms  of  its 
founders  nor  shown  any  tendency  to  become  hidebound 
in  the  course  of  years  by  the  very  past  which  ennobles  it. 
Fortunate  it  has  been  alike  in  its  traditions  and  in  those 
who  have  passed  them  on.  For  nearly  the  full  century 
there  has  been  a  John  Warren,  the  first  of  whom,  like 
Clotho,  begat  this  hospital,  and  the  second  and  third, 
like  Lachesis,  have  done  so  much  to  keep  the  thread  run- 
ning smoothly  from  the  spindle  without  a  snarl.  Except 
for  the  Bells  and  the  four  Munros  of  Edinburgh,  possibly  no 
community,  certainly  no  hospital,  has  ever  boasted  such 
famous  medical  dynasties  as  ours  with  its  Warrens,  Jack- 
sons,  Bigelows,  Shattucks  and  Cabots. 

What  are  the  elements  that  make  a  hospital  what  it 
comes  to  be  as  the  years  roll  round?  Given  two  institu- 
tions side  by  side  in  the  same  community  with  the  same 
purpose,  the  same  organization,  the  same  initial  endow- 

19 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

ment,  and  starting  at  the  same  time,  differing  only  in 
their  personnel,  how  quickly,  yet  unconsciously,  do  they 
assume  different  characteristics  and  acquire  differing  per- 
sonaUties.  Nothing  should  be  more  alike  than  two  sister 
ships,  yet  in  time  how  markedly  different  is  the  life 
aboard.  How  aUke  and  yet  how  different  are  Andover 
and  Exeter,  twin  offspring  of  a  single  brain;  Harvard  and 
Yale;  Boston  and  New  York;  Massachusetts  and  Mary- 
land. Each  as  an  institution  in  which  people  combine 
for  definite  and  similar  objects  has  become  a  composite 
of  many  personahties, — some  dominant,  some  less  so, — 
all,  Hving  or  dead,  nevertheless  discernible  however 
faintly  in  the  ultimate  picture. 

So  of  each  of  us  whatever  our  station  may  have  been, 
who  have  passed  happy  days  in  this  beloved  place,  there 
remains  some  record,  and  I  like  to  feel  that  I  can  discern 
even  after  twenty-five  years  a  faint  imprint  of  myself, 
and  of  my  brother  before  me,  shown  in  some  trifling  cus- 
tom, or  point  of  view  regarding  the  making  of  observa- 
tions or  of  recording  them,  or  even  the  better  pinning  of 
a  swathe  or  smoothing  of  a  pillow.  Obscured  though 
one's  personal  record  be  in  the  composite  of  the  hospital 
made  up  of  the  more  enduring  contributions  of  countless 
others,  it  nevertheless  gives  each  of  us  who  have  been  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  a  fractional  right  to 
speak  on  an  occasion  such  as  this  in  a  somewhat  intimate 
way. 

A  hospital  may  be  likened  to  a  hive.  What  gives  it 
character  is  not  its  queen  but  its  workers  and  producers. 
*'We  and  the  hive  are  one";  and  as  in  Kipling's  story  of 
Melissa  and  the  Wax  Moth,  if  softness  and  content  enter 
in  through  the  reactionary  influence  even  of  a  single  indi- 
vidual, the  effectiveness  of  the  whole  society  may  be 
altered.  Better  the  independent  life  of  a  solitary  bee 
than  the  social  life  of  a  hive  which  comes  to  subsist  on 
itself.  It  is  from  flowers  outside  that  honey  must  be  gath- 
ered. The  best  may  be  found  in  the  hollow  of  an  old 
tree  and  the  most  tasteless  in  a  patent  hive  arranged  for 
the  Ohs!  and  Ahs!  of  exhibit,  with  all  modern  improve- 
ments in  glass  and  tile.  The  Bee  Master,  Uke  a  proper 
hospital  trustee,  does  not  gauge  productiveness  on  this 

20 


Centennial 

basis.  For  a  hospital  must  be  something  more  than  a 
well-kept  boarding  house  for  the  indigent  sick,  and  ex- 
perience has  long  shown  such  a  one  too  often  becomes 
the  plaything  for  politicians  and  a  habitat  for  drones 
and  weaklings. 

Wise  in  their  generation,  the  two  founders  of  this 
great  institution  had  very  definite  objects  in  view.  It 
was  eleven  years  before  the  event  we  are  celebrating  — 
the  actual  opening  of  the  Hospital — that  they  circulated 
among  their  fellow  townsmen  that  celebrated  letter  in- 
viting subscriptions  for  the  foundation  of  a  hospital  as 
something  other  than  an  almshouse,  one  of  the  chief  col- 
lateral advantages  of  which  were  the  facilities  it  would 
offer  as  a  training  ground  for  students.* 

Though  an  Almshouse  and  a  public  Dispensary  were 
already  in  existence  and  the  nebular  beginnings  of  a  uni- 
versity medical  department  had  for  some  years  been  ap- 
parent on  the  Cambridge  horizon,  the  project  formulated 
by  these  two  farseeing  young  men,  based  on  their  ex- 
perience abroad  and  set  forth  on  August  20,  1810,  may 
justly  be  regarded  as  the  corner  stone  not  only  of  the 
Massachusetts  General,  but  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  as  well. 

The  story  of  the  relationship  of  the  original  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  College,  as  the  old  Mason  Street  School 
was  called,  both  to  university  and  to  hospital  is  too  long 
and  complicated  a  one  to  enter  into  here,  important  though 
it  is  in  the  chronicles  of  both  institutions.  A  tripod  can- 
not balance  long  on  two  legs,  much  less  on  one.  A  uni- 
versity medical  department  built  on  a  course  of  theoretical 
lectures  without  laboratories  and  a  clinic  can  have  no 
permanent  stabihty.  No  more  can  an  independent 
school  or  independent  hospital.  A  imiversity  and  a  school 
without  hospital  connection,  a  school  and  a  hospital  with- 

*Warreii  himself  had  had  a  three  years'  first-hand  kaowledge  of  the  leading  European 
Hospital  Schools.  First  at  Guy's  in  its  greatest  years  under  the  two  Coopers,  "William 
and  Sir  Astley  —  the  latter  one  of  the  foremost  figures  in  our  surgical  annals.  Then  a 
yearin  Edinburgh  for  his  degree,  where  in  the  old  Royal  Infirmary  he  learned  to  know 
bedside  instruction  given  at  its  best.  That  Infirmary,  like  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital, had  been  founded  for  this  very  purpose  and  with  the  traditions  of  Boerhaave  brought 
home  by  the  second  Munro,  Edinburgh  had  become  the  Mecca  of  medical  students  the 
world  over.  However,  with  the  passing  of  Benjamin  Bell  and  Alexander  Munro,  its  star 
was  now  waning,  as  a  rival  one  arose  in  Paris,  whence  Warren  betook  himself  for  his  third 
year  of  foreign  study  under  Dubois,  Corvisart  and  the  great  Dupuytren.  Jackson,  too, 
had  passed  nine  months  as  surgical  "dresser"  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  when  these  two 
hospitals  were  "united"  and  had  a  common  school.  An  interest  aroused  in  Jenner's  recent 
discovery  of  vaccination  appears  to  have  diverted  him  from  surgery  into  medicine. 

21 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

out  the  academic  influence  of  university  connection, 
may  perhaps  for  a  longer  time  stand  on  two  legs  with  the 
other  in  the  air,  but  the  position  is  insecure  and  easily 
toppled  over  by  the  first  rival  unless  aU  three  supports 
are  firmly  planted. 

The  two  founders  were  university  professors  and  judg- 
ing from  the  pamphlet  issued  by  them  in  1824,*  shortly 
after  both  school  and  hospital  were  in  operation,  it  is 
evident  that  they  considered  the  two  to  represent  a  teach- 
ing unit,  even  though  established  under  separate  corpo- 
rations. It  would  unquestionably  have  been  better  for 
permanent  stability,  as  they  doubtless  foresaw,  could  the 
two  institutions  have  been  under  one  control,  or  at  least 
have  had  an  interlocking  directorate  and  have  been  geo- 
graphically adjacent,  for  it  was  obviously  their  original 
purpose  to  open  the  wards  to  students. 

Their  pamphlet  reads : 

"The  administration  of  public  infirmaries  very  properly 
embraces  a  two-fold  object^: the  relief  of  the  sick,  and  the 
instruction  of  medical  students.  With  a  view  to  the  promotion 
of  both  these  ends,  the  Massachusetts  Hospital,  while  it  gives 
accommodation  to  the  full  extent  of  its  means  to  the  sick  poor, 
gives  also  admission,  which  was  at  first  conditional,  but  is  now 
free,  to  the  students  of  the  medical  class,  attending  the  lec- 
tures of  the  physicians  and  surgeons.  .  .  .  Students  are  ad- 
mitted to  the  patients  to  enable  them  to  become  practically 
conversant  with  the  s3maptoms  of  disease  and  the  operation 
and  influence  of  medicinal  agents." 

Could  anything  have  had  a  more  modern  sound  than 
this  statement?  It  lacks  but  one  note  —  the  third 
great  function,  indeed  obligation,  of  a  hospital,  the  ad- 
vancement of  knowledge  embraced  in  that  much  abused 
term,  ''research."  But  Warren  and  Jackson,  being  men 
of  imagination,  were  fully  aware  of  the  best  means  of 
encouraging  the  spirit  of  progress:  namely,  a  convenient 
medium  of  publication.  The  old  New  England  Journal 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery  (1812-1828)  had  already  been 
started  as  the  official  organ  of  the  embryonic  medical 
department  five  years  before  the  school  was  erected  and 


♦Some  Account  of  the  Medical  School  in  Boston  and  of  the  Boston  General  Hospital, 
Boston,  1824,  pp.  16. 

22 


Centennial 

nearly  ten  years  before  the  hospital.  But  shortly  after 
both  were  in  running  order  this  weekly  magazine,  as  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  became  the  ac- 
knowledged mouthpiece  of  the  combined  institutions, 
which,  if  not  officially  interlocked,  were  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  so,  as  the  professors  in  the  school  were  likewise 
the  appointees  in  the  hospital.  Indeed,  the  first  page  of  each 
issue  during  1828  actually  carried  a  vignette  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital  and  in  the  first  number  it  was 
expressly  stated  by  the  editors  that  '^It  is  their  intention 
to  introduce  the  practice  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital,  especially  the  surgical  part,  whenever  anything 
interesting  occurs  in  it."  Accordingly,  to  the  widespread 
renown  of  both  institutions,  the  early  numbers  of  the 
publication  were  devoted  to  this  object.* 

What  happened  to  check  the  fulfillment  of  their  ideals 
I  do  not  know.  It  is  a  matter  which  concerns  the  hos- 
pital's composite  personality  of  which  I  am  speaking.  I 
fear  that  even  Jackson  and  Warren,  as  time  went  on, 
became  somewhat  lukewarm  in  the  matter  of  having 
students  about  except  by  sufferance,  and  came  to  feel 
with  the  trustees  that  the  hospital  could  stand  alone  and 
was  sufficient  unto  itself.  When,  in  1846,  the  North 
Grove  Street  School  was  contemplated  and  the  hospital 
trustees  were  approached  in  regard  to  the  matter,  they 
replied  to  the  letter  from  the  professors  of  the  medical 
school  with  courtesy  but  with  indifference,  stating  that: 

...  in  regard  to  the  subject  of  building  a  Medical  College 
in  immediate  proximity  to  the  grounds  of  the  Hospital,  they 
cannot  perceive  any  advantage  to  this  institution  to  arise 
therefrom;  but  they  think  they  can  see  that  some  disadvan- 
tages would  be  occasioned  thereby. 

True,  students  in  a  hospital,  like  children  in  a  lodging 


*Nor  did  the  founders  stop  here.  Through  the  liberality  of  Ward  Nicholas  Boylston, 
student  prizes  were  offered  for  the  best  medical  dissertations.  A  student's  society  was 
established  and  the  founder  recommended  preparatory  studies  to  the  students  who  should 
avail  themselves  of  courses  in  natural  philosophy  (the  biology  of  the  day) ,  botany,  miner- 
alogy, chemistry,  the  arts,  belles  lettres,  ancient  and  modern  languages,  etc.,  in  the  uni- 
versity. Not  until  the  end  of  the  century,  with  the  opening  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 
and  Medical  School,  when  Osier  suppo.sedly  for  the  first  time  in  this  country  actually  took 
the  students  into  the  wards  and  put  them  to  work  there  and  made  them  attend  society 
meetings  and  publish  their  observations  in  a  school  organ  of  publications,  was  anything 
done  for  the  advancement  of  medical  teaching  on  better  and  more  imaginative  lines  than 
those  proposed  by  the  founders  of  this  institution,  whom  we  must  recognize  as  men  with  a 
vision  far  ahead  of  their  time. 

23 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

house,  are  not  an  unmixed  blessing,  either  to  landlord  or 
servant,  and  in  those  days  the  occasional  Bob  Sawyer 
and  Ben  Allen  perhaps  served  to  make  the  whole  group 
seem  rowdy  and  unruly.  So,  when  we  were  internes 
here,  fifty  years  later,  I  think  everyone,  from  staff  to 
orderly,  felt  an  aristocratic  aloofness  and  indifference  to 
all  students  except  a  favored  few,  an  attitude  which  their 
body  as  a  whole  was  quick  to  feel,  and  though  a  few  lec- 
tures were  still  held  in  the  old  North  Grove  Street  build- 
ing, the  school  ere  this  had  definitely  abandoned  its  old 
site  and  had  begun  its  migration  southward  to  warmer 
climes. 

It  was  a  misfortune,  I  think,  for  both  institutions,  for 
though  not  an  actual  divorce  it  was  an  agreement  to  live 
apart,  and  despite  its  present  geographical  separation  as 
close  a  tie  as  possible  with  the  school  in  accordance  with 
the  views  of  the  founders  is  something  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  will  surely  do  everything  in  its  power 
to  foster.  But  all  hospitals  differ  more  or  less  in  their 
attitude  towards  students  as  they  do  in  other  matters. 
Each  reflects  the  superimposed  reactions  of  the  succes- 
sion of  officials,  who  have  made  their  composite  person- 
ality what  it  is.  Nor  was  the  reaction  of  which  I  speak 
at  all  peculiar  to  the  Massachusetts  General,  for  it  was 
even  more  strongly  developed  in  the  great  hospitals  in 
New  York,  in  many  of  which  students  were  actually 
barred  from  the  wards,  to  the  harm  of  both  school  and 
hospital.  In  London,  on  the  other  hand,  after  the  closure 
of  the  famous  Windmill  School  started  by  the  Hunters, 
the  hospitals  like  St.  Mary's,  St.  Bartholomew's,  and  the 
united  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's,  took  a  school  unto  their 
bosoms,  for  better  or  for  worse,  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
hospital,  and  since  then  the  student  body,  always  present, 
has  done  much  to  color  the  life  and  affect  the  characters 
and  keep  the  spirit  of  youth  in  these  ancient  foundations. 
And  there  is  no  question  but  that  a  hospital  is  safe- 
guarded, so  far  as  the  care  of  its  patients  is  concerned,  if 
its  attendants  are  under  the  constant  fire  and  criticism 
of  watchful  students  of  the  modern  type,  who  are  the  best 
possible  stimulus  to  industry,  to  punctuality  and  thor- 
oughness on  the  part  of  the  senior  workers. 

24 


Centennial 

It  was  not  until  1861  that  surgery  came  to  predomi- 
nate in  the  activities  of  the  Massachusetts  General,  and 
though  the  excess  number  of  surgical  cases  dropped  off 
considerably  after  the  Civil  War,  they  soon  increased 
once  more  by  leaps  and  bounds  until  in  our  days  in  the 
'90's,  the  proportion  of  surgical  to  medical  admissions 
was  as  five  to  three.*  Nevertheless,  from  the  beginning 
of  its  history  —  from  that  first  operation  on  September 
21,  1821,  for  prolapsus  ani  —  surgery  took  a  prominent 
place  here,  a  circumstance,  before  the  days  of  anaesthesia, 
due  more  to  the  professional  eminence  and  the  writings 
of  Warren  primus  than  to  the  number  of  surgical 
admissions. 

Indeed,  fewer  surgeons  than  physicians  were  needed 
in  those  early  days  when,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  there  was 
no  great  difference  in  the  training  of  those  whose  tastes  led 
them  to  practice  surgery  as  well  as  physic  and  midwifery. 
Operations  were  few  and  far  between  and  of  no  great 
variety,  though  of  their  kind  they  were  doubtless  done 
with  a.  deftness,  rapidity  and  aplomb  no  longer  the  fash- 
ion, for  surgery  has  ceased  to  be  the  spectacular  occupa- 
tion it  once  was. 

For  reasons  somewhat  difficult  to  understand,  unless 
it  be  that  the  ritual  of  the  operating  room  is  of  more 
general  interest  than  the  prescribing  of  drugs  at  the  bed- 
side, it  has  been  the  custom  from  the  earliest  days  for 
hospitals  to  tabulate  and  publish  lists  of  these  perform- 
ances. So  in  the  first  advertisement  of  the  combined 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  Massachusetts  Med- 
ical College  already  quoted,  there  was  given  a  list  of 
''the  important  surgical  cases  and  of  Operations  per- 
formed in  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  by  the  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Surgery." 

Of  the  few  cases  admitted  during  the  last  four  months 
of  1821,  six  were  regarded  as  sufficiently  important  to 
be  included.    One  of  them  was  a  simple  fracture,  another 


*Dr.  E.  P.  Joslin  in  1899  prepared  a  chart  published  in  that  year's  hospital  report, 
in  which  the  annual  surgical  and  medieal  admissions  from  1821  to  1899  were  plotted.  On 
the  chart  the  introduction  of  ether  barely  shows.  The  war,  and  particularly  antisepsis 
appear  to  have  been  the  chief  influence  in  the  surgicalization  of  the  hospital. 

25 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

a  dislocation  of  the  hip,*  so  that  only  four  involved 
actual  cutting  operations.  The  first  of  these,  on  Septem- 
ber 21st,  as  stated,  was  a  simple  ligation  as  for  haemor- 
rhoids. The  second  was  ''for  the  stone,"  and  the  graphic 
recital  of  the  procedure  ends  with  the  ominous  statement 
that  the  patient  was  ''untied  and  carried  to  bed."  The 
third,  a  few  days  later,  was  for  popliteal  aneurysm,  the 
ligatures  on  the  artery  being  left  long,  to  "come  away," 
which  they  unfortunately  did  not  do,  so  they  finally 
were  cut  short,  and  the  patient  ultimately  was  sent 
home  with  a  persisting  sinus.  The  fourth  operation  was 
for  fistula  in  ano. 

The  surgical  treatment  of  these  particular  maladies 
reaches  back  as  far  as  historical  records  permit  us  to  go. 
Since  the  days  when  knights,  weighted  down  by  heavy 
armor,  spent  long  hours  in  the  saddle  on  the  way  to  Pal- 
estine and  back,  the  principles  of  treating  ischiorectal 
abscess  and  "the  fistula"  had  been  known,  and  in  those 
days,  indeed,  the  disorder  was  so  common  that  there  were 
specialists  for  it  like  the  celebrated  John  of  Arderne,  who 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  subject  in  colloquial  Latin  in  the 
year  when  Edward  the  Black  Prince  "was  taken  to 
God."  The  operation  of  lithotomy,  too,  known  to  have 
been  practised  by  the  ancients,  continued  to  be  performed 
through  the  Middle  Ages  by  itinerant  "cutters  for  stone," 
just  as  cataract  and  hernia  operations  had  been,  and 
probably  the  skill  and  anatomical  knowledge  of  John  C. 
Warren  was  not  greatly  in  excess  of  that  finally  acquired 
by  the  famous  Franciscan  lithotomist,  Frere  Jacques, 
three  hundred  years  before.  He  it  was  who  originated 
the  lateral  perineal  operation  with  its  "unerring  thrust" 
and  the  removal  of  the  calculus  in  a  few  seconds  — 
fifty-four,  I  believe,  was  Cheselden's  record  in  the  century 

*The  note  of  the  preliminaries  to  "operation"  in  this  case  and  its  outcome  read  as 
follows: 

"On  the  day  of  the  admission  of  the  patient  —  he  was  ordered  to  take  Sulph.  Magnes. 
oz.  1  Fol.  sennae  oz.  4  ss  —  and  to  live  light.  The  next  day  a  warm  bath  was  ordered. 
At  2  o'clk.  he  began  taking  Tart  Antimonia,  gr.  —  every  ten  minutes  —  until  the  opera- 
tion. —  He  took  five  grs.  when  vomiting  was  induced.  At  3  o'clk.  was  bled  to  about  16 
oz.  —  but  no  faintness  was  produced.  The  operation  was  tlien  immediately  proceeded 
with;   and  after  continuing  it  about  an  hour,  the  case  was  abandoned  as  hopeless." 

There  is  a  sequel  to  this  story.  It  concerns  a  malpractice  suit  which  was  dismissed  be- 
cause the  jury  disagreed.  The  man  died  forty  years  later,  and  J.  Mason  Warren,  having 
secured  an  examination,  the  specimen,  showing  a  particularly  rare  form  of  dislocation 
which  had  not  been  recognized,  remains  to  this  day  a  feature  of  the  Warren  Museum. 
Patients  often  outlive  their  physicians,  and  a  follow-up  system  —  to  the  end  —  may 
overlap  two  generations. 

26 


Centennial 

before  Warren.  The  only  one  of  these  first  four  opera- 
tions, therefore,  which  involved  a  relatively  new  prin- 
ciple was  that  for  aneurysm,  which  consisted  in  the 
ligation  of  the  artery  in  the  femoral  canal  well  above 
the  lesion  —  a  procedure  which  had  its  origin  in  John 
Hunter's  experiments  of  the  century  before. 

During  the  second  year  twenty-one  "important  surgi- 
cal cases"  were  recorded,  and  in  1823  just  twice  as  many, 
all  of  them,  as  before,  with  but  few  exceptions  involving 
procedures  whose  origin  is  lost  in  antiquity.  There  were 
amputations  (twice  of  the  breast),  circumcisions,  opera- 
tions for  broken  and  necrosed  bone,  for  cataract,*  for 
haemorrhoids,  for  the  removal  of  surface  tumors.  The 
only  operation  in  this  later  list  not  known  to  history  was 
performed  on  February  18,  1823,  when  Warren  cut  the 
facial  nerve  for  tic  douloureux,  an  evidence  of  the  fact 
that  the  recent  discoveries  by  Charles  Bell  and  Magendie 
of  the  difference  between  motor  and  sensory  nerves  were 
yet  to  be  fully  interpreted.  Naturally  the  pain  was  not 
relieved,  and  eight  days  later  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve 
was  divided  by  trephining  the  jaw,  a  novel  procedure  at 
that  time.f  These  nerve  dividing  operations  and  the 
Hunterian  ligation  for  aneurysm  may  be  regarded,  there- 
fore, as  the  only  operations  with  a  relatively  modern 
aspect  in  the  entire  list,  and  it  is  worth  pointing  out, 
that  without  experimentation  on  animals,  we  would  not 
have  known  that  aneurysm  could  be  so  treated  with 
safety  to  the  limb,  and  also,  that  without  it  we  might  be 
still  as  confused  as  Warren  was  regarding  the  function  of 
the  nerves  of  the  face. 

These  things  are  mentioned  as  a  contrast  to  the 
amazing  transformation  which  surgery  was  destined  to 
undergo  through  the  two  great  discoveries  of  the  century, 
one  of  which  burst  on  the  world  full  blown  in  its  effectiveness 
in  a  single  day  in  these  very  halls.  The  full  significance 
of  the  other,  which  came  thirty  years  later,  really  the 
more  important  of  the  two,  was  less  easy  to  comprehend. 


*  A  large  proportion  of  these  operations  (23  to  33)  were  ophthalmological,  for  surgery 
had  not  as  yet  become  subdivided  into  its  specialties. 

tThese  and  subsequent  operations  performed  here  for  neuralgia  formed  the  basis  of 
Warren's  inaugural  article  in  the  first  number  of  the  boston  medical  and  stjeqical  jour- 
nal five  years  later. 

27 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

and  it  made  its  way  more  slowly  in  the  face  of  reactionary- 
opposition.*  For  even  though  pain  was  abolished  by  anaes- 
thesia during  the  immediate  performance,  surgery  neces- 
sarily remained  a  last  resort  until  the  dangers  and  horrors 
of  suppuration  were  eliminated.  Despite  the  fortitude, 
resourcefulness  and  skill  of  those  early  surgeons,  they 
were  fighting  an  ambushed  and,  indeed,  unimagined 
enemy;  and  the  scene,  the  method  and,  alas,  too  often  the 
outcome  has  been  depicted  in  its  imperishable  pathos  in 
such  stories  as  that  which  tell  of  Alison  Graeme  and 
her  devoted  Rab. 

Being  a  landmark  in  the  history  of  medicine,  naturally 
enough  the  culminating  event  of  the  century  in  the  sur- 
gical history  of  this  hospital  was  reached  on  October 
16th,  seventy-five  years  ago,  when  it  was  first  demon- 
strated 'Hhat  ether  maybe  applied  with  safety,  so  as  to 
produce  insensibility  during  all  surgical  operations." 
So  far  as  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  is  concerned,  it 
has  always  seemed  to  me  that  it  was  of  no  consequence 
who  discovered  ether,  who  first  learned  of  its  anaesthetic 
qualities,  who  first  made  use  of  them  to  produce  insensi- 
bility, who  first  conceived  the  idea  that  the  drug  might 
be  utihzed  during  major  surgical  procedures;  for  none  of 
the  central  figures  responsible  for  the  subsequent  unhappy 
controversy  were  in  any  way  connected  with  the  institu- 
tion, nor,  so  far  as  is  known,  were  ever  within  its  walls  till 
one  of  them,  his  secret  drug  in  hand,  made  his  way  to 
the  ''Dome"  on  that  eventful  October  day  of  1846.  But 
the  onlookers  could  have  told  you  that  it  took  something 
other  than  the  chemical  knowledge  of  Jackson  and  the 
practical  ideas  and  imaginative  powers  of  Morton  to 
complete  that  scene,  and  this  something  was  the  courage 
of  the  man  who  ventured  to  permit  the  crucial  public 
experiment  on  a  human  being,  no  less  than  that  of  Gil- 
bert Abbott  who  submitted  to  it.  Lost  in  the  altercation 
over  the  discovery,  too  little  stress  has  been  laid  on  this 
important  feature  of  the  historic  episode. 

Can  any  surgeon  here  imagine  what  his  reactions  would 

*R6ntgen's  discovery  near  the  end  of  the  century  should  be  mentioned  as  a  third,  for 
it  has  already  enormously  affected  surgical  procedures  and,  what  is  more,  the  X-ray  now 
bids  fair  to  become  a  substitute  for  the  knife  in  the  treatment  of  many  conditions  which 
have  come  to  be  regarded  as  surgical. 

28 


Centennial 

be  if  an  obscure  dentist  should  come  to  him  saying  that 
he  had  a  secret  drug  which  would  abolish  all  evidences  of 
vitahty  necessary  for  the  period  not  only  of  an  opera- 
tion, but  for  wound  healing  as  well;  that  it  would  be  a 
great  boon  to  humanity  and  would  he  please  try  it  on 
his  next  patient?  A  drug  producing  these  effects  would 
be  far  less  remarkable  to  us  today  than  was  the  abolition 
of  sensation  under  ether  to  our  predecessors  of  seventy- 
five  years  ago.  Warren  assumed  a  great  responsibility 
and  when  it  was  over,  his  ''Gentlemen,  this  is  no  hum- 
bug," if  that  is  what  he  really  said,  must  have  been 
uttered  with  immeasurable  relief.  Patients  have  since 
been  known  to  die  under  ether  administered  even  by 
experienced  hands.  Suppose  Gilbert  Abbott  with  his 
trifling  naevus  of  the  neck  and  five-minute  operation  had 
succumbed  to  this  strange  gas. 

But  what  robbed  surgery  of  its  terrors  was  not  so  much 
anaesthesia  as  Listerism,  blessings  to  mankind  as  both 
have  proved  to  be.  Dexterity  and  speed  were  the  essen- 
tials of  operating  before  anaesthesia,  and  the  momentary 
agonies  incidental  to  such  operations  as  were  undertaken, 
dulled  as  they  were  by  alcohol  or  opium,  were  as  nothing 
compared  to  the  tragedy  and  suffering  of  the  almost 
inevitable  infection.  It  was  not  anaesthesia  which  opened 
the  belly,  the  chest,  the  joints,  and  the  head  to  the  sur- 
geon;  it  was  the  control  of  sepsis  nigh  forty  years  later. 

Between  these  two  great  epochs  in  the  history  of  medicine, 
the  outstanding  figure  in  this  Hospital  was  that  brilliant 
individualist,  Henry  J.  Bigelow.  He  had  just  been  ap- 
pointed in  his  twenty-eighth  year,  as  full  surgeon.  He 
was  present  at  the  first  ether  administration.  He  wrote 
the  first  paper  on  the  subject  of  anaesthesia,  and  from 
that  time  until  his  retirement  nearly  forty  years  later, 
he  became  so  increasingly  dominant  in  the  activities  of 
the  Hospital  that  it  came  to  take  on  largely  the  complex- 
ion of  a  surgical  institute.  To  be  sure,  he  had  distin- 
guished surgical  contemporaries  in  Samuel  Parkman  and 
J.  Mason  Warren;  while  J.  B.  S.  Jackson,  Henry  I. 
Bowditch,  George  Cheyne  Shattuck,  Jr.,  and,  for  a  time, 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  were  his  medical  colleagues,  but 
none  of  them  have  left  their  names  so  closely  linked 

29 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

with  the  Hospital,  nor  did  any  of  them  so  enduringly 
stamp  the  place  with  their  own  personal  hallmark. 

Cheselden  with  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  Sir  Astley 
Cooper  and  Guy's,  Dupuytren  and  the  Hotel  Dieu, 
Hunter  and  Brodie  with  St.  George's,  Pott,  Abernathy 
and  Paget  with  St.  Bartholomew's,  Robert  Liston  and 
University  College,  Lister  and  the  Glasgow  Royal  Infir- 
mary, just  as  in  more  recent  times  the  elder  Gross  with 
the  Jefferson  Hospital,  Horsley  with  Queen's  Square  and 
Halsted  with  the  Johns  Hopkins,  so  Henry  J.  Bigelow  and 
the  Massachusetts  General  are  names  the  medical  world 
will  couple  for  all  time.  These  examples  come  readily  to 
mind,  for  the  accomplishments  of  each  of  these  outstand- 
ing figures  has  become  merged  with  the  institution  which 
made  their  labors  possible,  and  in  each  case  the  institu- 
tion has  justly  taken  unto  itself  a  large  portion  of  the 
individual's  reputation. 

In  days  gone  by  it  was  an  association  more  often  es- 
tablished between  hospitals  and  their  visiting  surgeons 
than  with  their  physicians,- and  though  there  are  many 
notable  exceptions  like  Louis  and  La  Pitie,  Bright  and 
Addison  with  Guy's,  Stokes  and  Graves  at  the  Meath 
Hospital  in  Dublin,  nevertheless  the  contact  seems  less 
intimate  even  in  these  examples,  and  perhaps  Osier's 
name  coupled  with  the  Johns  Hopkins  is  the  most  out- 
standing example  of  what  I  have  in  mind  among  the  list 
of  our  great  physicians. 

This  is  a  thing  which  I  think  hospital  trustees  are 
prone  to  overlook  —  that  the  attendants  must  be  encour- 
aged in  every  way  to  merge  themselves  more  completely 
with  the  institution,  for  this  goes  on  forever,  whereas 
they  are  but  creatures  of  the  moment  in  its  life.  The 
hospital  should  not  only  hold  itself  responsible  for  the 
character  of  the  work  and  protect  the  workers  if  neces- 
sary by  insurance,  but  it  should  at  the  same  time  receive 
the  chief  credit  for  any  outstanding  and  notable  per- 
formance. 

I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that  such  influences  as  this 
prevailed  in  Bigelow's  time,  but  merely  that  they  are  the 
most  favorable  influences  whereby  something  compara- 
ble may  be  encouraged  to  happen  again.      For  Bigelow 

30 


Centennial 

himself  was  unique  —  not  the  product  of  an  environment. 
It  is  given  to  few  men  to  establish  what  may  be  called 
a  School  of  Surgery,  and  in  his  day  his  school  was  un- 
doubtedly the  foremost  in  the  land.  Even  long  after 
Bigelow  had  passed,  when  surgery  had  risen  high  on  the 
wave  of  Listerism  and  was  beginning  to  invade  the  body 
cavities,  and  even  though  our  existing  chiefs  at  the  time, 
Porter,  Warren,  Homans  and  Beach;  Richardson,  Cabot, 
Elliot,  Mixter  and  Harrington,  were  men  of  unusual 
character  and  attainments,  the  Bigelow  traditions  still 
dominated,  and  those  of  us  who  had  never  seen  him  never- 
theless felt  the  influence  of  his  commanding  personahty. 
For  was  not  the  very  amphitheatre  named  for  him,  his 
famous  chair  still  in  use,  his  lithotrite  to  get  out,  and 
James  Mains,  peace  to  his  ashes!  to  tell  us  wdth  what 
eclat  things  once  were  properly  done? 

Bigelow's  dominance  in  the  composite  personality  of 
the  hospital  is  all  the  more  remarkable  when  one  consid- 
ers the  eminence  in  the  profession  of  his  even  more  dis- 
tinguished father  before  him,  and  of  the  physicians  I  have 
mentioned  who  were  his  contemporaries.  But  there 
will  always  be  a  larger  supply  of  well-trained  physicians 
than  of  surgeons  for  a  hospital  to  draw  upon.  To  be  ac- 
ceptable, the  physician  requires  a  special  combination 
of  head  and  heart;  the  surgeon  of  head,  heart  and  hand 
—  a  rarer  combination  which  comes  partly  by  gift  and 
partly  by  training.  I  know  of  no  better  example  of  this 
combination  at  its  best  than  my  talented  and  lamented 
predecessor  in  the  school,  Maurice  H.  Richardson.  In  the 
days  before  Morton  and  before  Pasteur  and  Lister,  this 
disproportion  in  numbers  between  physicians  and  sur- 
geons was  even  more  true  than  now  when  it  seems  there 
may  be  successful  surgeons  with  hands  alone,  and  httle 
heart  and  still  less  head  —  a  dangerous  kind  of  fellow  to 
let  loose  in  the  community,  either  in  or  out  of  a  hospital. 

The  antiseptic  era  came  too  late  for  Bigelow,  for  though 
the  third  Warren  in  1870,  after  a  visit  with  Lister  in 
Glasgow,  brought  back  with  him  some  rolls  of  carbolized 
lac  plaster,  the  adoption  of  Lister's  first  principles  made 
their  way  somewhat  slowly,  for  there  were  none  here 
who  had  been  actually  trained  under  the  master.     The 

31 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

carbolic  spray  of  somewhat  later  date  was,  I  believe,  first 
used  by  John  Homans,  who,  according  to  report,  being  not 
particularly  pious,  used  to  start  his  operations  with 
''Gentlemen,  let  us  spray." 

Once  introduced,  however,  antisepsis  was  equally  hard 
to  dislodge,  and  not  until  1892  did  C.  A.  Porter  and 
Franklin  Balch,  as  internes,  purchase  for  the  hospital  its 
first  Arnold  sterilizer.  Some  years  later,  there  still  re- 
mained a  crock  of  carbohc  solution  full  of  small  sea 
sponges,  used  instead  of  gauze  for  sponging  wounds 
except  on  special  occasions;  and  I  recall  that  our  instru- 
ments of  general  use  were  still  scalded  rather  than  boiled, 
and,  what  is  more,  after  use  were  scrubbed,  wiped  and 
put  away  by  the  lowest  house  officer  —  a  most  certain 
way  of  shortening  their  period  of  usefulness. 

During  Bigelow's  era  the  advances  in  surgery  were 
largely  along  mechanical  lines.  There  have  been  few 
sm-geons  who  could  see  through  a  mechanical  problem 
more  clearly  than  he,  and  his  inventive  genius  reached 
its  highest  mark,  possibly,  with  the  invention  of  his 
evacuator,  to  express  the  purpose  of  which  the  word, 
''litholapaxy,"  was  coined.  The  pathological  era  which 
followed  had  its  beginnings  in  the  '70's,  when  it  was 
brought  home  by  Warren  tertius,  the  first  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  surgeons  to  break  away  from 
traditions  and  get  his  training  elsewhere  than  in  the 
anatomical  dissecting  room.  Versed  in  the  new  technique 
of  section-cutting  and  staining,  after  two  years  in  Vienna, 
a  session  with  Cohnheim,  then  Virchow's  assistant  in 
Berlin,  and  another  with  Ranvier  in  Paris,  Warren,  on 
his  return,  introduced  here  these  new  methods  which  have 
had  such  an  important  influence  on  the  development  of 
surgery.  His  studies  on  keloid,  on  the  columnae  adiposae, 
on  the  classification  of  tumors  of  the  breast,  together 
with  his  Surgical  Pathology,  made  him  the  James  Paget 
of  this  hospital,  as  Warren  primus  had  been  the  John 
Hunter. 

But  this  new  learning,  which  came  from  turning  the 
microscope  on  disease,  though  first  introduced  by  a  sur- 
geon, was  not  long  to  remain  solely  in  the  surgeons' 
hands.    It  was  time  for  the  hospital  to  have  its  own  path- 

32 


Centennial 

ologist  and  with  the  return  of  Fitz  from  abroad  shortly 
after,  the  pathological  building  was  erected  and  he  was 
put  in  charge.  Here,  some  fifteen  years  later,  on  a  unique 
autopsy  table  devised  by  Bigelow,  the  underlying  nature 
of  the  disorder  which  in  time  took  surgeons  out  of 
the  pelvis  into  the  belly  was  finally  disclosed  and  was 
designated  ''appendicitis."  Anaesthesia  christened  by 
Holmes,  Htholapaxy  by  Bigelow,  appendicitis  by  Fitz, 
are  three  unquestioned  offspring  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  whose  names  are  enrolled  in  the  bap- 
tismal register  of  medical  terms. 

But  the  long  tradition  of  the  anatomical  dissecting 
room  and  surgery  learned  on  the  cadaver  could  not  be 
shaken  off  abruptly  in  favor  of  the  experimental  labora- 
tory. John  C.  Warren,  it  may  be  recalled,  held  the  com- 
bined Chair  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  for  thirty-two 
years,  until  the  year  after  ether  was  first  used,  and 
though  the  chair  was  then  divided,  0.  W.  Holmes  taking 
anatomy,  for  the  next  fifty  years  the  anatomical  demon- 
stratorships were  held  successively  by  Hodges,  Cheever, 
Porter,  Beach,  Richardson,  Mixter,  Newell,  Conant, 
Munro  and  Brooks,  all  but  two  of  them  surgeons  with 
appointments  here.  The  dissecting  room  without  doubt 
was  the  best  possible  training  ground  until  pathology 
and  physiology  became  more  essential  than  regional 
anatomy  after  surgery  seriously  invaded  the  body  cavi- 
ties and  began  to  lop  off  the  diseased  appendix  instead 
of  arms  and  legs,*  which,  except  in  wars,  we  manage 
now  better  to  preserve. 

Up  to  our  lights  back  in  the  '90's,  surgery  in  its  transi- 
tion stage  was  done  here  exceptionally  well,  and  there 
was  a  most  healthy  rivalry  between  the  services,  of 
which  there  were  then  three,  —  East,  West  and  South, 
—  each  with  its  own  distinctive  personality.  How  looked 
down  upon  were  we  of  the  newly  established  ''South" 
by  those  of  the  other  services,  each  with  its  long  and 
enviable  genealogical  list  of  internes  scratched  under  the 
hd  of  the  senior's  desk.  My  brother,  I  remember  with 
amusement,  was  shocked  to  find  that  I  was  not  on  the 

*In  his  Life  of  Lister,  J.  R.  Godlee  has  recorded  that  in  1865  at  the  University  College 
Hospital  there  were  200  operations  performed,  40  being  amputations.  In  1912  there  were 
2,000  operations,  18  being  amputations. 

33 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

East  side  which  had  been  his.  But  each  of  us  felt  his 
own  service  to  be  the  best,  and  endeavored  to  make  this 
assured  by  estabhshing  traditions  better,  if  possible,  than 
those  of  the  others.  So  with  my  contemporaries  of  the 
short-lived  ''South"  I  look  back  with  an  enduring  sense 
of  obligation  to  our  four  chiefs  —  to  that  resolute  and 
picturesque  pioneer,  John  Homans,  who  twenty  years 
before  had  been  privately  advised  not  to  do  ovariotomies 
here,  yet  persisted  in  so  doing;  to  C.  B.  Porter,  master 
of  operative  technique;  to  Jack  Eliot  with  his  bril- 
liant gifts  and  uncanny  surgical  instinct;  and  to  the 
youngest  of  them,  William  Conant,  most  generous  and 
considerate  of  his  hard-working  juniors.  To  place  the 
time  for  a  younger  generation,  we  were  just  beginning 
to  count  the  leucocytes  in  the  blood,  to  operate  for  ap- 
pendicitis in  the  interval,  and  hesitatingly  to  expose  the 
gall-bladder  through  a  small  opening,  for  the  upper  ab- 
domen was  still  largely  a  closed  territory.  Dr.  Warren 
had  just  brought  back  from  Rontgen's  laboratory  a  small 
tube  about  the  size  of  a  goose's  egg,  and  with  it  Codman 
and  I  ground  out  on  the  old  static  machine  the  first  faint 
X-ray  picture  of  a  hand  ever  taken  here. 

A  good  deal  of  it,  to  be  sure,  in  the  retrospect  appears 
somewhat  old-fashioned  and  we  were  misled  in  many 
ways.  We  operated  too  much  by  the  clock;  the  wealth 
of  material  was  utilized  in  no  way  except  for  added  ex- 
perience; cases  were  insufficiently  studied  before  opera- 
tion; our  fracture  dressings  were  so  neat  and  laboriously 
made  we  would  hesitate  to  take  them  down  to  see  if  all 
was  well  beneath;  we  disdained  the  students,  forgetting 
how  recently  we  had  been  of  them;  there  was  rather  too 
much  display  and  operative  rivalry  at  our  Saturday 
morning  public  exhibition  of  skill;  too  much  of  the  week's 
hard  work  was  postponed  for  a  prolonged  Sunday  morn- 
ing visit  which  left  us  with  no  day  of  relaxation;  there 
was  no  spur  whatever  to  productiveness,  no  encourage- 
ment to  follow  up  a  bad  result,  whether  to  its  home  or 
to  the  dead-house. 

But  these  things  were  merely  an  expression  of  the 
times:  they  were  not  peculiar  to  this  Hospital  alone, 
and  if  they  were  faults,  we  juniors,  who  reveled  in  the  life 

34 


Centennial 

and  its  opportunities,  were  unaware  of  the  fact.  We  con- 
trolled the  staff,  in  our  estimation,  who  by  sufferance  did 
such  operations  as  we  allowed,  and  the  Almighty  with 
our  help  cared  for  the  patients  afterward,  and  usually 
got  them  well.  And  the  trustees?  If  they  existed,  we 
saw  them  not,  though  aware  that  they  made  all  those 
wonderful  things  possible.  They,  we  felt  sure,  were  only 
interested  in  the  cost  of  a  bed  and  its  occupant  per  diem, 
not  why  it  was  that  Martha  survived  her  operation  while 
Mary  didn't;  that  Patrick's  hernia  recurred  while  Michael's 
didn't  —  not  how  these  things  might  be  done  better, 
but  only  in  the  numbers  of  Marthas  and  Patricks  and 
others  the  hospital  took  in  and  evacuated  each  year. 
They  were  the  Bee  Masters,  we  the  Workers,  and  it  is 
little  to  be  wondered  at,  therefore,  that  to  us  as  to  suc- 
cessive generations  of  house  officers,  the  orderlies,  the 
nurses,  the  servants  and  minor  officials  continuously 
here  were  what,  even  more  than  the  staff,  according  to 
our  view,  gave  personality  to  the  hospital. 

Opportunity  was  in  our  grasp.  Each  could  add  some- 
thing if  he  would.  Had  not  Herbert  Moffitt  just  left  the 
most  perfect  set  of  records  as  a  standard  for  all  to  copy; 
was  not  Richard  Cabot  at  work  with  a  microscope  in 
the  small  laboratory,  engaged  in  that  mysterious  occu- 
pation called  research?  Was  it  not  possible  for  any 
other  of  us  to  do  something  original,  to  leave  some  im- 
print of  ourselves  on  the  old  place,  to  add  our  mite  which 
would  be  remembered  by  others  to  come  afterward  and 
perhaps  unconsciously  influence  them? 

Who  could  have  been  that  marvelous  though  anony- 
mous scribe  who  a  century  ago  penned  those  wonderful 
case  histories  in  the  first  volumes  of  hospital  records  in 
the  Treadwell  Library,  and  which  remain  an  example  to 
all  house  officers,  for  they  have  never  been  excelled.* 
It  would  make  for  some  historian  an  interesting  study 
to  trace-  in  these  and  subsequent  volumes  the  records  of 
the  generations  of  what  have  always  been  called  "house 
pupils"  and  to  see  in  how  far  the  promise  of  their  future 
fife  as  there  recorded  came  to  be  fulfilled.     It  would  be 

*"Dr.  A.  J.  G.  Marcet,  an  exact  writer,  in  his  Essay  on  the  Clinical  History  and  Med- 
ical Treatment  of  Calculous  Disorders  published  in  1817,  mentions  that  no  great  London 
hospital  then  kept  any  regular  record  of  cases."    (Norman  Moore.) 

35 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

interesting  to  learn  in  how  far  their  failures  as  well  as 
their  successes  are  attributable  to  the  encouragement  or 
repressions  which  this  succession  of  yoiuig  men  in  their 
formative  years  received  at  the  hands  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  —  whether  it  is  because  of  the 
character  of  their  training  or  in  spite  of  it,  success,  and  of 
what  kind,  has  come  to  them.  Here  hes  opportunity  for 
another  kind  of  an  end-result  study,  of  interest  and 
importance. 

As  I  look  back  on  those  of  my  own  generation  it  seems  to 
me  that  there  have  been  three  outstanding  contributions 
for  which  the  hospital  may  take  credit.  One  of  them  is 
represented  by  the  writings  of  Mumford,  who  more  than 
anyone  who  has  served  here  since ' '  The  Autocrat, ' '  possessed 
a  gifted  pen.  And  though  his  essays  cannot  be  claimed 
by  us,  that  experience  which  enabled  him  to  write  the 
best  surgical  text-book  of  his  day  was  purely  received 
here.  It  was  through  his  highly  developed  histrionic 
sense,  furthermore,  that  Dr.  Warren's  suggestion  that 
there  be  Ether  Day  anniversaries,  was  taken  up  and  devel- 
oped. Then,  also,  the  credit  of  two  great  reforms  belongs 
to  our  generation,  both  of  which  are  identified  with  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  They  both  concern 
the  after-result  of  the  patient's  hospital  sojourn.  With 
the  name  of  Richard  Cabot,  one  will  be  forever  Unked, 
and  it  stands,  I  think,  as  the  most  significant  accom- 
plishment in  the  whole  history  of  the  hospital — more, 
even,  than  the  introduction  of  anaesthesia,  for  in  this  case 
the  idea,  the  man,  and  the  fulfillment  belong  indissolubly 
to  the  institution.  The  other  great  reform,  though  of  a 
different  nature  and  launched  with  a  different  purpose, 
nevertheless  also  has  its  important  sociological  bearings. 
In  this  case,  also,  the  idea  originated  here,  but  the  man, 
a  modern  Luther,  nailed  his  proclamation  to  the  church 
door,  preferring  this  method  or  martyrdom  to  the  more 
persuasive  ways  which  an  Erasmus  would  advocate. 
This  involved,  too,  a  question  of  personality.  Neverthe- 
less the  idea  as  well  as  the  man  was  a  product  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  a  great  nation- 
wide movement  has  been  started  which  is  bringing  hos- 
pital boards  everywhere  to  see  that  they  have  obhgations 

36 


Centennial 

which  not  only  concern  numbers  and  cost  of  patients, 
but  also  of  work  performed  and  its  outcome. 

There  are,  indeed,  ways  open  for  every  individual  to 
make  his  personal  contribution  to  the  institution  he 
serves,  and  in  developing  my  theme  I  have  been  inter- 
ested more  in  what  those  associated  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  have  left  here  than  in  what 
they  contributed  to  their  profession  beyond  the  hospital 
walls.  Some  of  the  surgeons  have  been  inventive  and 
have  perfected  new  apparatus  or  instruments;  some, 
like  the  Warrens,  have  written  important  surgical  trea- 
tises, and  J.  Mason  Warren's  "Surgical  Observations,'' 
dedicated  to  the  trustees,  is  a  work  of  high  order,  a  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  publication  from  cover  to 
cover;  some  have  originated  novel  surgical  procedures, 
like  the  lamented  Frank  Hooper's  operation  for  adenoids 
or  S.  J.  Mixter's  oesophageal  operations,  or  have  worked 
out  the  underlying  cause  of  some  imperfectly  understood 
disorder,  as  E.  A.  Codman  did  for  subacromial  bursitis; 
some,  like  C.  B.  Porter,  have  influenced  surgery  less  by 
the  written  word  than  by  their  example  of  technical 
skill  and  enthusiasm  as  clinical  teachers;  some  have  de- 
veloped new  fields  of  work  leading  towards  specialization, 
as  did  John  Homans  and  Arthur  Cabot;  and  almost  all, 
without  exception,  have  been  such  dexterous  and  resource- 
ful operators  that  one  may  hardly  single  out  an  individual 
unless,  possibly,  Maurice  Richardson  may  be  taken  to 
represent  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  ideal  of 
later  days. 

But  it  is  on  the  personahty  rather  than  on  the  per- 
sonal accomphshments  of  these  surgeons  and  of  others 
who  have  been  connected  with  the  Hospital  that  I  would 
dwell,  for  it  is  their  combined  individualities  rather  than 
their  individual  contributions  which  in  the  end  have 
produced  that  complex  which  we  recognize  as  giving  to 
the  Hospital  its  particular  flavor,  tone  and  color.  It  is 
an  intangible  thing  —  this  distinctive  character  of  one 
hospital  which  makes  it  differ  from  others  of  its  kind. 
Like  an  old  wine,  it  has  acquired  a  certain  quaUty  which 
only  comes  with  age  and  a  new  institution  cannot  imitate, 
for  it  represents  the  fusion  of  the  countless  personaUties 

37 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

of  all  those  who  have  worked  for  it  or  in  it,  no  matter  how 
lowly  —  of  a  nurse  or  house  officer  or  orderly,  no  less 
than  of  a  trustee  or  superintendent  or  member  of  the 
staff. 

I  think  the  faithful  Hugh  McGee  has  the  record  for 
service,  fifty  years  in  fact,  but  James  Mains  with  his 
Parkinsonian  tremor  was  the  mainstay  of  the  Bigelow 
amphitheatre  for  nearly  as  long.  Then  there  was  Barry, 
inimitable  mimic  of  surgeons  who  had  gone  before,  Piper 
the  night  orderly,  "Out-Patient"  John,  and  Louis  Brown, 
who  first  came  a  boy  with  osteomyelitis  and  died  here 
thirty  years  later,  from  comphcations  of  his  old  malady, 
meanwhile  having  become,  as  a  photomicrographic  ex- 
pert, a  most  useful  and  loyal  servant  of  the  Hospital. 
Strongly  represented,  too,  is  the  personaUty  of  that 
beloved  Walter  Dodd,  who  grew  from  an  apothecary 
clerk  to  have  charge  of  one  of  the  first  and  best 
X-ray  departments  in  the  country  and,  Hke  the  soldier 
he  was,  stood  by  his  guns  in  the  service  of  the  Hospital  to 
the  end  —  "doubly  dead  iii  that  he  died  so  young."  All 
these  are  represented  no  less  than,  perhaps  even  more 
than,  those  of  greater  fame  who  were  given  more  promi- 
nent roles  and  received  the  plaudits,  but  gave  far  less 
time  to  the  performance. 

Nor  need  the  list  be  so  restricted,  for  women — many  of 
them  —  have  done  their  part,  even  Nellie  and  Ellen  in 
the  Flat,  dear  old  Maggie,  the  waitress,  Bridget  Gibbon 
in  the  laundry,  who  for  thirty-four  years  has  known 
better  than  anyone  else  which  of  the  surgeons  and  their 
pupils.  East  or  West,  was  the  least  tidy.  Then,  too,  there 
have  been  women  higher  up  who  for  hours  have  stood 
wearily  handing  things  to  imperious  and  impatient  sur- 
geons, or  have  for  so  many  years  spent  unselfish  hours, 
like  Miss  McCrae,  in  giving  nurses  the  distinctive  stamp 
of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Training  School. 
A  woman,  indeed,  with  vision  and  opportunity,  may  even 
be  one  of  the  outstanding  figures,  as  has  been  true  of  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  in  whose  annals  Florence  Nightin- 
gale shares  the  honors  with,  if  she  does  not  even  outshine 
such  as  Mead  and  Cheselden,  whom  Alexander  Pope 
immortahzed. 

38 


Centennial 

So  let  us  remember  that  some  one  other  than  a  visit- 
ing physician  or  surgeon  may  indehbly  stamp  his  per- 
sonahty  on  the  hospital  he  serves.  In  the  old  Bloekly 
Hospital  in  Philadelphia,  a  tablet  has  been  erected  to 
Thomas  Owen,  who  for  some  thirty  years  as  head  nurse 
of  the  men's  medical  floor  was  known  to  successive  gen- 
erations of  attendants  and  residents,  most  of  whom  are 
forgotten  or  at  least  their  association  with  that  pictur- 
esque old  hospital  has  been,  while  his  will  remain  for  all 
time.  And  why?  Because  he  gave  all  that  he  had  to 
the  institution  and  it  left  him  famous,  whereas  the  others, 
a  good  many  of  them,  used  the  old  Philadelphia  Hospital 
not  infrequently  for  pohtical  or  private  ends  and  are 
buried  in  obhvion.  Such  a  one  as  this  Owen  was  Jim 
Skillen,  originally  a  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
ward  tender,  who  came  back  here  to  die  of  an  incurable 
malady  after  passing  uncountable  years  as  janitor  of 
the  Medical  School.  There  he  probably  meant  more  to 
more  students  than  did  any  individual  teacher,  for  he  at 
least  knew  us  all  by  name  and  had  very  clear  and  force- 
fully expressed  notions  as  to  our  individual  worth,  as 
well  as  to  the  worth  of  our  many  instructors. 

Example  has  much  to  do  with  the  perpetuation  of 
traditions,  especially  when  there  is  a  succession  of  hero- 
worshipping  and  imitative  juniors;  and  if  a  hospital's 
personaUty  is,  as  I  beheve  it  to  be,  its  chief  asset,  the 
thought  should  quicken  the  sense  of  responsibihty  of 
everyone,  be  he  trustee  or  lowly  servant,  for  it  is  in  the 
power  of  any  individual  to  modify  this  quality.  He  who 
is  wilhng  to  do  something  more  than  follow  a  prescribed 
routine,  and  who  merges  himself  most  with  the  active 
indoor  hfe  of  the  institution,  giving  even  at  personal 
sacrifice  the  most  time  to  the  attainment  of  this  end,  is 
certain  to  be  the  best  and  longest  remembered. 

And  here  my  theme  must  end.  Every  hospital  recog- 
nizes more  or  less  clearly  its  set  obHgations;  what  helps 
or  hinders  most  in  their  fulfillment  are  the  crystallized 
traditions  which  give  an  institution  its  particular  individ- 
uahty.  In  the  development  of  this  quality  countless 
people,  however  unconsciously,  have  contributed  — 
those  whose  charity  has  given  comfort  and  peace  of  mind, 

39 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

as  well  as  those  whose  professional  skill  has  brought 
physical  well-being  to  the  maimed  and  sick;  those  who 
have  brought  the  greatest  sympathy  and  understanding 
to  the  problems  of  the  young  people  here  to  learn;  those 
who  may  never  have  come  in  special  contact  with  either 
patients  or  students,  but,  freed  from  the  kilhng  routine 
of  the  clinic,  have  apphed  themselves  to  the  forwarding 
of  knowledge;  those  who  have  managed  the  business 
affairs  of  the  hospital  and  its  relations  to  the  outside 
world;  those,  too,  who  have  made  the  beds,  kept  the  books, 
answered  the  'phone,  cooked  the  food,  done  the  wash, 
stoked  the  fires,  scrubbed  the  floors,  and  killed  the  rat — 
in  the  Hospital  Jack  built. 


Dr.  Walcott:  There  has  been  a  certain  amount  of 
speculation  in  the  mind  of  the  public  as  to  the  relation 
of  the  McLean  Hospital  to  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital.  They  are  one  and  the  same.  The  department 
for  the  care  of  the  insane,  owing  to  the  fortunate  act  of 
the  trustees,  came  into  possession  of  one  of  the  famous 
country  seats  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Few  of  the  older 
people  of  this  audience  understand  that  the  title  ''coun- 
try seat"  applies  to  that  portion  of  Somerville  now  occu- 
pied by  a  collection  of  slaughterhouses.  The  McLean 
Hospital,  then  the  Asylum,  remained  in  Somerville  until 
driven  out  by  the  increasing  occupation  of  the  neighbor- 
hood, when  it  was  removed  to  Waverley  and  then  prop- 
erly renamed  the  McLean  Hospital. 

The  trustees  were  enabled,  therefore,  to  open  this 
hospital  somewhat  earher  than  the  department  in  Boston, 
the  first  patient  being  received  in  November,  1818. 

The  trustees,  in  their  search  for  a  competent  superintend- 
ent, were  fortunate  in  finding  in  a  country  physician, 
Dr.  Rufus  Wyman,  a  well-educated  man  of  superior 
intelhgence  and  strength  of  character.  Two  illustrious 
physicians,  his  sons,  later  carried  his  work  to  an  eminence 
equal  to  his  own.  Like  the  great  physician,  Pinel,  he 
believed  that  the  maniac  should  be  treated  with  human- 
ity.   It  is  not  my  intention  to  repeat  the  sad  story  of  the 

40 


Centennial 

care  of  the  insane  that  prevailed  before  that  hospital 
opened.  So  much  of  it  as  may  be  necessary  to  a  better 
understanding  of  the  work  of  the  hospital  will  be  given 
you  by  Dr.  C.  Macfie  Campbell,  head  of  the  Boston 
Psychopathic  Hospital,  Massachusetts'  last  contribu- 
tion to  the  humane  treatment  of  the  insane. 


41 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


HISTORY    OF    INSANITY   DURING   THE    PAST 

CENTURY  WITH   SPECIAL  REFERENCE 

TO  THE  McLEAN  HOSPITAL 

C.  Macfie  Campbell,  M.D. 

''Fear  walks  up  and  down  in  the  Jungle  by  day  and 
by  night,"  KipUng  tells  us,  and  fear  still  plays  a  large 
part  in  the  Ufe  of  civilized  man.  Pain  and  death  throw 
their  shadow  over  his  happiness,  and  mankind  eagerly 
welcomes  each  step  of  progress  in  the  alleviation  of  pain 
and  the  struggle  with  death. 

There  are  some  forms  of  sickness,  which  may  neither 
involve  pain  nor  endanger  life;  but  which  many  hold 
more  in  dread  than  actual  suffering  or  even  death; 
I  refer  to  those  forms  of  sickness  which  touch  the  citadel 
of  human  reason,  and  which  insidiously  rob  the  individ- 
ual of  his  social  value.  The  issues  raised  by  these  dis- 
orders, so  closely  interwoven  with  other  fundamental 
problems  of  humanity,  have  been  confused  by  many 
cross-currents  of  human  behef ;  our  patients  at  different 
periods  have  been  held  to  be  inspired  by  God,  possessed 
by  devils,  corrupted  by  sin.  Only  slowly  have  we  come 
to  the  modern  standpoint  that  a  mental  disorder  is  one 
form  of  sickness,  that  it  is  a  biological  problem.  The 
problem,  it  is  true,  is  one  of  great  complexity,  not 
always  to  be  formulated  in  the  simple  categories  of  inter- 
nal medicine,  but  in  psychological  terms  which  do  justice 
to  the  high  degree  of  organization  of  human  nature. 
This  view  is  far  from  being  as  yet  thoroughly  assimilated ; 
the  mediseval  attitude  still  persists  beneath  the  twentieth 
century  veneer.  Few  individuals  refer  frankly  to  the 
fact  that  a  relative  has  a  mental  disorder;  in  the  minds 
of  many,  insanity  has  still  a  stigma  attached  to  it.  In 
the  conversation  of  educated  men  insanity  is  often  re- 
ferred to  in  jesting  or  contemptuous  terms;  even  physi- 
cians may  refer  to  patients  suffering  from  these  disorders 
in  the  current  slang. 

42 


M. 


Spi-'^ 


'.'^'^ 


Centennial 

Whoever  uses  such  current  terms,  to  that  extent  is 
hving  in  an  earUer  stage  of  culture;  he  helps  to  perpetuate 
a  prejudice  which  has  very  serious  consequences;  he 
postpones  the  early  recognition  and  treatment  of  these 
disorders,  favors  treatment  in  ill-equipped  but  unknown 
institutions,  increases  the  distress  of  the  relatives. 

Up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  condition 
of  the  insane  in  all  countries  was  deplorable;  fear  was 
the  keynote  of  their  treatment.  They  were  outcasts, 
not  only  from  society,  but  from  medical  science;  in 
the  medical  books  superficial  descriptions,  naive  ex- 
planations, scholastic  discussions  abounded.  The  period 
of  the  French  Revolution  was  the  dawn  of  a  new  era 
for  the  insane.  In  1792,  Pinel,  appointed  physician  at 
Bicetre,  struck  the  fetters  off  the  insane  patients,  and 
when  later  transferred  to  the  Salpetriere,  he  instituted 
the  same  humane  regime  which  he  had  found  so  success- 
ful at  Bicetre.  For  the  first  time  it  was  possible  to  study 
the  symptoms  of  mental  disorder  itseff,  uncompHcated  by 
the  artefacts  due  to  hideous  neglect  or  abuse.  The  ht- 
erature  of  chnical  psychiatry  may  be  said  to  begin  with 
Pinel's  "Traite  Medico-philosophique  sur  1' Alienation 
Mentale"  (1801).  The  pupils  of  Pinel,  foremost  among 
them  Esquirol,  soon  contributed  an  important  body  of 
clinical  information;  deserving  of  mention  are  Falret, 
Calmeil,  Bayle. 

Pinel  did  not  know  until  1798  that  WilUam  Tuke  had 
in  1792  estabhshed  the  York  Retreat,  an  asylum  where 
the  insane  were  treated  on  the  same  humane  principles 
which  had  inspired  his  own  work  in  France,  nor  did  Tuke 
know  of  the  work  of  Pinel  till  1806.  A  great  impetus  was 
given  to  the  humane  treatment  of  the  insane  in  England 
when  Hill,  in  association  with  Charlesworth,  introduced 
the  same  system  into  the  Lincoln  Asylum,  the  success  of 
which  system  was  further  confirmed  on  a  large  scale  by 
Connolly  at  Hanwell  Asylum,  where  he  went  in  1839. 
Non-restraint  soon  became  a  dogma  in  the  Enghsh  pub- 
lic asylums,  while  it  was  still  regarded  with  suspicion  on 
the  Continent. 

In  Germany,  Reil  had,  in  1803,  published  his  "Rhap- 
sodies on  the  Psychic  Treatment  of  Insanity,"  in  which 

43 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

he  denounced  existing  abuses  in  Germany.  The  impor- 
tant period  of  German  psychiatric  Uterature  begins  with 
Griesinger's  "Pathology  and  Therapy  of  Mental  Disor- 
ders" (1845);  in  this  work  the  study  of  mental  disorders 
is  placed  on  the  same  basis  as  the  other  medical  disciphnes. 
p- American  psychiatric  literature  of  this  period  consists 
of  the  work  published  by  Benjamin  Rush  in  1812,  "Med- 
ical Inquiries  and  Observations  upon  the  Diseases  of  the 
Mind";  the  fine  spirit  of  Tuke  or  Pinel  does  not  breathe 
in  the  work  of  Rush,  and  as  a  clinical  exposition  it  ranks 
far  below  that  of  Pinel. 

The  facihties  for  the  care  of  the  insane  in  the  United 
States  during  this  period  was  very  limited;  in  1754  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  insane  was  instituted  with 
custodial  aims;  Virginia,  in  1773,  opened  a  hospital  for 
the  insane  at  Williamsburg;  the  Society  of  the  New  York 
Hospital  in  1809  built  a  separate  building  for  the  insane 
which  developed  into  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum.  The 
Society  of  Friends  opened  an  asylum  at  Frankford, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1817.  In  1824,  the  Connecticut  Retreat 
for  the  Insane  at  Hartford  was  opened  under  the  enlight- 
ened guidance  of  Dr.  Eh  Todd.  It  was  1832  before 
Massachusetts  built  her  first  State  Hospital  at  Worces- 
ter. New  York  State  followed  with  the  Utica  State 
Hospital  built  in  1843.  Such  were  the  hospital  facilities 
for  the  insane  in  the  United  States  during  the  period  of 
the  early  history  of  the  McLean  Asylum. 

In  America,  the  interest  of  the  public  in  the  distressing 
condition  of  the  insane  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
century  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  out  of  the  $93,969 
subscribed  during  a  week's  canvass  for  the  estabhshment 
of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  $43,997.47  was 
subscribed  specifically  for  the  asylum.  The  branch  for 
the  insane,  to  which  the  name  McLean  Asylum  was 
later  given,  was  opened  in  1818,  three  years  before  the 
opening  of  the  General  Hospital.  "The  first  patient  was 
admitted  October  6,  1818,  a  young  man  whose  father 
thought  him  possessed  of  the  devil,  which  he  had  tried 
to  exorcise  with  the  rod." 

A  public  institution  for  the  management  and  care  of 
the  insane  was  a  novelty;  the  public  had  to  be  reassured 

44 


Centennial 

and  educated  to  realize  that  the  old  traditions,  associated 
with  the  care  of  the  insane,  were  altogether  broken  with; 
it  was  unlikely  that  for  some  time  the  early  and  most 
curable  cases  of  mental  disorder  would  be  brought  to  the 
asylum.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  probably  at  no  period  in 
the  history  of  the  McLean  Asylum  was  there  such  a 
large  proportion  of  difficult  and  trying  patients  as  during 
the  first  years;  it  received  a  larger  proportion  than  ever 
since  of  patients  from  jails  and  almshouses,  where  they  had 
had  no  proper  care.  Many  of  them,  from  years  of  neg- 
lect, had  fallen  into  habits  which  made  their  care  a 
matter  of  great  difficulty.  Later,  as  State  Hospitals 
grew  up  and  patients  received  earher  treatment,  these 
products  of  human  neglect  became  less  numerous. 

The  institution  had,  first  of  all,  to  estabhsh  itself  in 
the  pubhc  confidence  and  give  a  practical  demonstration 
of  the  care  of  the  insane,  which  would  place  this  branch 
of  medicine  on  the  same  basis  as  the  other  branches. 
It  was  a  great  opportunity;  an  old  dispensation  was  at 
an  end,  a  new  tradition  had  to  be  estabhshed.  The 
choice  of  a  superintendent  for  the  asylum  was  most  im- 
portant. The  trustees  chose  Dr.  Rufus  Wyman,  and 
under  his  enhghtened  direction,  the  care  of  the  insane 
was  at  once  placed  upon  a  basis  thoroughly  humane  and 
of  as  high  technical  efficiency  as  the  medical  knowledge 
of  the  time  admitted.  Dr.  Wyman  was  no  psychiatrist 
in  the  modern  sense  of  the  term,  he  was  a  country  doctor 
of  good  common  sense,  with  a  local  reputation  for  han- 
dling the  mentally  afflicted.  For  seventeen  years  he 
carried  on  his  work  at  the  McLean  Asylum  without  a 
vacation  —  for  not  until  1873  was  it  recognized  officially 
that  the  physician  required  a  vacation  —  and  his  whole 
aim  was  the  comfort,  happiness  and  the  care  of  his  pa- 
tients; he  shared  the  intimacy  of  his  family  life  with 
those  patients  able  to  benefit  by  it,  while  for  those  severe 
and  disturbed  cases,  whose  symptoms  necessitated  their 
removal  from  any  association  with  a  group,  he  spent 
much  time  in  designing  suitable  accommodations,  and 
surrounded  their  treatment  with  every  precaution  and 
safeguard.  He  designed  buildings,  he  carefully  chose  the 
attendants,  he  encouraged  a  great  variety  of  occupations 

45 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

and  diversions.  He  grouped  the  patients  in  the  build- 
ings in  accordance  with  their  symptoms  and  their  varied 
needs,  and,  in  his  careful  attention  to  detail,  he  saw  that 
the  stone  floors  of  the  rooms  of  the  most  disturbed  pa- 
tients should  be  suitably  warmed.  The  attendants  were 
chosen  on  the  basis  of  their  character,  and  to  insure 
to  the  patients  a  reasonable  permanence  of  the  person- 
nel efforts  were  made  to  study  the  requirements  of  the 
attendants. 

Occupational  therapy  plays  an  important  role  in  a 
modern  hospital,  and  Dr.  Wyman  fully  reahzed  the  im- 
portance both  of  recreation  and  of  occupation.  It  is  pleas- 
ant to  read  in  the  hospital  report  for  1829  the  items: 
Medicines,  $32.79;  Diversions,  11,089.68. 

Dr.  Wyman  realized  that  he  had  not  only  to  care  for 
the  patients  but  to  relieve  the  distress  of  the  relatives 
and  to  help  to  create  an  enlightened  opinion  with  regard 
to  insanity.  "It  is  believed  the  public  have  much  to 
learn  respecting  lunatics  —  that  insanity  is  curable  — 
that  a  few  weeks  or  months  are  not  sufficient  for  a  rea- 
sonable trial,  that  absence  from  home  is  always  indispen- 
sable—  that  whips  and  chains  are  forever  banished 
from  every  well-regulated  asylum  for  the  insane."  In 
his  report  for  1833  he  says,  ''No  person  is  ever  allowed  to 
strike  a  patient,  even  in  self-defense."  To  twentieth 
century  ears  such  a  statement  seems  superfluous.  We 
assume  that  from  the  time  of  Tuke  and  Pinel  this  has 
been  the  only  possible  attitude  of  the  enhghtened  phy- 
sician. We  only  give  due  credit  to  Dr.  Wyman  for  his 
sensitiveness  to  human  needs  and  broad  humanity  when 
we  contrast  his  attitude  with  that  of  a  more  distinguished 
physician  of  the  period,  Benjamin  Rush.  Rush  seemed 
to  be  insensitive  to  the  miserable  state  of  the  insane  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Asylum  in  Philadelphia.  He  accepted 
the  coercion  then  in  vogue.  He  apparently  took  it  for 
granted  that  a  whip  was  always  available  to  punish  an 
assault.  Rush  certainly  protests  against  ever  striking 
a  patient,  but  with  the  ominous  qualification,  ''a  blow 
with  the  hand  or  a  whip  only  in  case  of  assault." 

To  sum  up  the  main  factors  in  the  regime  of  Dr. 
Wyman:  detailed  attention  to  the  care,  comfort  and  cure 

46 


Centennial 

of  the  patients,  a  serious  attempt  to  organize  the  daily 
routine  of  the  patient  in  accord  with,  his  or  her  daily 
needs,  the  careful  choice  of  a  nursing  personnel  and  at- 
tention to  their  comfort,  an  express  veto  on  attendants 
striking  patients  under  any  ckcumstances  or  using  me- 
chanical restraint  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  nursing  care. 
The  whole  spirit  is  that  of  the  modern  psychopathic 
hospital;  the  latter,  however,  containing  an  elaborate 
apparatus  of  study  and  treatment  which  in  Dr.  Wyman's 
time  was  non-existent. 

After  a  review  of  the  accomphshment  of  the  first 
superintendent  of  the  McLean  Asylum,  one  agrees  with 
the  Chairman  of  the  Trustees  in  the  report  of  1837  when 
he  says,  "Dr.  Wyman  laid  the  broad  and  deep  founda- 
tion of  the  usefulness  and  reputation  of  the  McLean 
Asylum." 

Dr.  Wyman  continued  to  regret  that  owing  to  the 
financial  situation,  it  was  not  possible  to  receive  patients 
entirely  free.  It  is  true  that  many  patients  were  received 
at  a  very  low  rate  of  board.  It  was  only  later  that  the 
finances  of  the  Hospital  enabled  a  certain  number  of 
patients  to  be  admitted  free.  The  condition  of  the  in- 
sane poor  at  this  time  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts was  deplorable.  It  is  not  necessary  to  make 
your  flesh  creep  by  giving  details.  One  may  refer,  how- 
ever, to  the  words  of  the  Memorial  presented  in  1843  to 
the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  by  Miss  Dorothea  Dix: 
"I  proceed.  Gentlemen,  briefly  to  call  your  attention  to 
the  present  state  of  the  insane  persons  confined  within 
this  Commonwealth  in  cages,  closets,  cellars,  stalls, 
pens;  chained,  naked,  lashed  into  obedience."  In  the 
Memorial  this  terse  summary  is  followed  by  the  recital 
of  more  detailed  facts. 

A  similar  situation  existed  in  New  Hampshire,  where 
Dr.  Luther  V.  Bell,  a  country  practitioner  of  great  intel- 
ligence and  resourcefulness,  took  up  the  cause  of  the 
insane,  drew  up  a  report  for  the  Legislature  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  followed  this  by  a  series  of  articles  and  addresses. 
After  six  years  of  agitation  it  was  determined  to  estabhsh 
in  New  Hampshire  an  asylum  for  the  insane,  and  with 
the  help  of  private  benevolence  this  was  finally  done  in 

47 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

1842.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  movement  was 
bitterly  opposed  by  many,  who  appUed  the  term  ''fancy 
philanthropy"  to  the  movement  in  this  direction.  At 
the  present  date  there  are  other  movements,  dealing  with 
the  mental  hygiene  of  the  community,  with  regard  to 
which  kindred  spirits  may  be  tempted  to  apply  the  same 
term,  but  which  may  come  to  be  accepted  as  a  matter 
of  course  as  fully  as  the  responsibihty  of  the  State  for 
the  care  of  the  insane. 

In  1836  Dr.  Bell  was  invited  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
McLean  Hospital  to  become  Superintendent  of  the 
McLean  Asylum,  for  Dr.  Lee,  the  successor  of  Dr. 
Wyman,  had  died  within  a  year  of  his  appointment.  The 
single  report  published  by  Dr.  Lee  is  a  striking  document. 
In  his  brief  period  of  office,  he  made  a  very  definite  con- 
tribution to  the  spirit  of  the  institution.  Occupation 
of  useful  type  was  to  him  the  great  therapeutic  agent. 
Like  his  predecessor,  he  emphasized  and  defined  the 
moral  management  of  the  patients.  He  was  not  satisfied 
with  any  perfunctory  daily  program  nor  occupation, 
merely  for  a  selected  few,  but  aimed  to  find  some  simple 
mechanical  labor  in  which  most  patients  could  be  en- 
gaged. With  regard  to  the  nursing  personnel,  his  thought 
was  ''not  with  how  small  a  number  can  we  get  along, 
but  how  many  can  be  advantageously  employed?"  "We 
will  not  continue  any  male  or  female  attendant  whom 
we  cannot  invite  into  our  family  seat  at  our  table,  and 
with  whom  we  could  not  confidently  place  our  own 
wives,  sisters  and  brothers.  We  do  not  consider  their 
service  as  servile;  they  are  the  companions  of  the  unfor- 
tunate; engaged  in  the  same  employments  with  ourselves, 
they  shall  command  our  friendship  and  respect."  He 
laid  stress  on  religious  services,  and  95  out  of  136  patients 
voluntarily  attended  family  worship.  So  much  struck 
were  the  trustees  with  the  principles  and  the  practices 
of  Dr.  Lee  that  they  requested  his  successor,  Dr.  Bell, 
to  be  guided  by  them. 

Dr.  Bell,  however,  needed  no  direction  from  others  as 
to  the  spirit  in  which  his  work  should  be  conducted. 
His  record  in  New  Hampshire  had  shown  his  humane 
standpoint  with  regard  to  the  treatment  of  the  insane. 

48 


Centennial 

He  had  already  published  various  communications  deal- 
ing with  scientific  topics,  on  dietetics,  on  the  external 
exploration  of  diseases,  and  on  smallpox.  For  twenty 
years  he  directed  the  McLean  Asylum,  and  during  this 
period  the  number  of  patients  steadily  increased;  in  1847 
only  two-thirds  of  all  who  applied  could  be  admitted, 
notwithstanding  the  increased  accommodation  supplied 
by  a  number  of  new  buildings.  Dr.  Bell  not  only  con- 
tinued to  show  the  same  humanity  in  the  care  of  his 
patients  as  his  predecessors,  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
detailed  study  of  the  symptomatology  of  insanity  and 
of  the  principles  underlying  its  treatment.  In  the  early 
days  of  the  Asylum  we  find  many  references  in  the  treat- 
ment of  patients  to  bleeding,  blisters,  setons,  cathartics. 
The  frequent  blood-letting  was  largely  due  to  the  tradi- 
tion so  enthusiastically  endorsed  by  Benjamin  Rush,  who 
bled  his  eldest  daughter  when  she  was  six  weeks  old 
(though  prevention  of  the  overdose  of  laudanum  would 
have  been  a  greater  tribute  to  the  care  of  the  children), 
and  one  of  his  sons  twice  before  he  was  two  months  old. 
There  were  few  conditions  in  which  a  good  blood-letting 
was  not  claimed  by  Rush  to  be  of  considerable  value. 

These  traditions  had,  however,  been  considerably 
weakened,  among  others  by  Dr.  Wyman  and  Dr.  Todd. 
In  1841  Dr.  Bell  writes,  ''The  practice  of  bleeding,  vio- 
lent purgations,  emetics,  vesicatories,  and  derivatives 
has  passed  away  before  the  light  of  experience."  Moral 
means  are  for  Dr.  Bell  the  essentials  of  treatment,  while 
with  regard  to  drugs,  their  cautious  use  is  recommended 
and  an  attitude  on  the  part  of  the  physician  of  ''a  wise 
expectation." 

Dr.  Bell  not  only  brought  the  care  and  treatment  of 
the  individual  patient  to  the  highest  level,  he  made  use- 
ful contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  chosen  branch 
of  medicine;  the  most  important  of  these  was  his  paper 
''On  a  form  of  disease  resembling  some  advanced 
stages  of  mania  and  fever,  but  so  contradistinguished 
from  any  ordinarily  observed  or  described  combination 
of  symptoms  as  to  render  it  probable  that  it  may  be  an 
overlooked  and  hitherto  unrecorded  malady"  {American 
Journal  of  Insanity,  October,  1849).    In  addition,  he  felt 

49 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

that  physicians,  who  had  speciaUzed  in  diseases  of  the 
mind,  had  a  certain  responsibiUty  for  guiding  pubhc 
thought  in  relation  to  kindred  topics.  A  wave  of  interest 
in  Spirituahsm  was  sweeping  through  the  country,  and 
Dr.  Bell  devoted  some  time  to  the  study  of  these  elusive 
phenomena.  He  made  these  investigations  in  an  open- 
minded  spirit,  although  by  nature  conservative  and  not 
inclined  to  take  up  hghtly  any  innovations.  "And  so  in 
relation  to  all  the  new  doctrines  of  our  own  art,  I  may  say 
I  was  and  am  an  ultraconservative,  as  in  rehgion  I  hold 
to  the  Scotch  Presbyterianism  of  my  ancestors.  Rouse's 
version  of  the  Psalms  of  David  and  all,  and  in  politics 
am  an  old  fogy  Whig."  He  felt  that  his  influence  had 
been  of  some  use  in  promoting  a  sober  attitude  on  these 
heady  topics.  "I  always  supposed  I  did  as  much  as  any 
man  in  New  England  to  put  a  stop  to  that  gigantic 
epidemic  by  demonstrating  that  its  facts  were  only  those 
of  old  mesmerism  itself,  and  that  the  mediums  never 
told  what  the  inquirer  did  not  know  before."  He  makes 
interesting  remarks  as  to^'the  relation  of  the  phenomena 
to  dissociation.  He  comes  to  the  far-reaching  conclu- 
sion "that  it  is  no  evidence  that  views,  feelings,  reflec- 
tions, which  we  do  not  recognize  as  at  all  ours  or  which 
we  may  spurn  as  being  our  thoughts  or  sentiments,  still 
may  not  have  come  out  of  our  storehouse  as  they  cer- 
tainly do  in  states  of  dreaming  or  of  aberration."  In  this 
sentence  Dr.  Bell  emphasizes  a  psychological  principle, 
the  further  elaboration  of  which  has  been  one  of  the  main 
tasks  of  modern  psychopathology.  The  conclusion  of  Dr. 
Bell's  life  was  a  worthy  sequel  to  a  distinguished  profes- 
sional career.  He  had,  owing  to  the  condition  of  his 
health,  resigned  from  his  position  in  1857.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War,  he  applied  for  a  commission.  He 
shared  the  hardships  of  his  regiment  during  the  cam- 
paign, was  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  finally  died  in 
camp,  with  the  rank  of  brigade  surgeon. 

Already  during  the  life  of  Dr.  Bell  the  McLean 
Asylum  was  being  unpleasantly  squeezed  by  different 
railroads  encroaching  upon  its  grounds,  and  by  1871  it 
was  decided  to  move  the  Hospital  to  a  more  suitable 
site. 

50 


Centennial 

In  1879  Dr.  Edward  Cowles  was  appointed  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Asylum,  and  under  his  direction  the 
McLean  Asylum  was  transformed  into  the  McLean  Hos- 
pital, and  in  1895  it  received  a  different  local  habitation 
as  well  as  a  new  name,  being  transferred  from  Somerville 
to  the  new  site  at  Waverley.  In  changing  the  name  of 
Asylum  to  Hospital,  Dr.  Cowles  was  making  no  mere 
verbal  alteration  to  spare  the  susceptibiUties  of  the  pub- 
lic. Around  every  name  connected  with  this  form  of 
disorder  there  develops  an  incrustation,  due  to  the  pre- 
cipitation from  the  public  opinion  of  the  time,  a  testi- 
mony to  man's  continued  inhumanity  to  man.  The  term 
asylum,  however,  was  only  appropriate  for  an  institution 
which  offered  a  place  of  retreat  to  the  handicapped  and 
ship\\Tecked.  The  name  may  have  been  partly  discred- 
ited because  in  many  places  it  suggested  a  place  of  re- 
treat, not  only  for  handicapped  patients,  but  for  handi- 
capped physicians,  who  had  found  a  secure  refuge  from 
the  trials  of  the  outside  world. 

Both  on  its  structure  and  on  its  spirit.  Dr.  Cowles 
impressed  the  hospital  characteristics.  Bars  were  taken 
off  some  of  the  windows,  doors  were  unlocked,  the  num- 
ber of  women  nurses  for  male  patients  was  increased,  a 
feature  which  Dr.  Tuke,  on  his  visit,  regarded  with  some 
doubt,  and  visitors  were  admitted  freely  to  the  patients. 
In  the  reports  of  the  previous  superintendents,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  note  the  emphasis  that  was  laid  upon  the  evil 
consequences  of  visits,  which  were  obviously  sternly 
discouraged.  '^ 

In  1882  a  training  school  for  nurses  was  established, 
the  first  formally  organized  training  school  in  a  hospital 
for  the  insane.  In  changing  the  name  of  attendants  to 
nurses,  here  again  it  was  no  verbal  change.  It  was  the 
symbol  of  the  new  emphasis  on  the  real  function,  and  in 
order  to  perfect  that  function  suitable  training  was  organ- 
ized. In  establishing  this  training  school.  Dr.  Cowles 
made  a  very  important  contribution  to  the  whole  move- 
ment of  mental  hygiene,  and  to  the  development  of 
public  opinion.  He  raised  the  prestige  of  the  work;  he 
emphasized  the  fact  that  nursing  the  mentally  sick  is 
simply  one  technical  branch  of  nursing,  as  psychiatry  is 

51 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

one  branch  of  medicine.  As  no  physician  can  be  consid- 
ered adequately  trained  who  has  merely  been  taught  to 
look  after  diseases  of  organs,  and  not  diseases  of  the  per- 
sonality, so  no  nurse  can  be  looked  upon  as  fully  trained 
who  has  been  trained  merely  to  nurse  organs  and  systems, 
and  who  looks  upon  the  disorders  of  the  personality  as 
negligible.  The  laboratory  physician  may  find  a  career 
in  his  technical  researches,  which  only  occasionally  bring 
him  into  contact  with  patients,  but  there  is  no  room  in 
the  wards  of  a  hospital  for  a  laboratory  and  impersonal 
nurse,  and  the  time  is,  I  hope,  at  hand  when  every  nurse 
will  be  required  to  spend  a  period  of  training  on  psycho- 
pathic wards.  Dr.  Cowles  was  one  of  the  first  to  realize 
the  importance  of  these  principles. 

He  saw  that  progress  in  the  study  of  mental  disorders 
required  the  use  of  the  most  accurate  methods  supphed 
by  the  laboratories,  and  that  merely  descriptive  psychi- 
atry did  not  carry  one  far  in  relation  to  the  underlying 
mechanisms  of  the  different  forms  of  psychosis.  He 
established  a  pathological  laboratory  in  which  the  re- 
searches were  not  hmited  to  pathological  anatomy,  but 
to  an  analysis  of  the  disordered  functions.  Dr.  Noyes 
was  at  first  in  charge,  but  was  succeeded  in  1896  by  Dr. 
Hoch,  who  at  McLean  Hospital  began  that  work  on  the 
analysis  of  the  underlying  personal  factors  in  mental 
disease  which  has  done  so  much  to  influence  recent 
psychiatric  thought.  A  psychological  analysis  of  some- 
what different  type  was  undertaken,  when  the  labora- 
tory of  experimental  psychology  was  opened  by  Dr. 
Franz  in  1904.  The  careful  researches  of  Dr.  Franz 
were  the  first  important  contribution  from  America  to  a 
sound  experimental  psychopathology,  and  the  researches 
carried  on  by  his  successor.  Dr.  Wells,  applied  the  care- 
ful technique  of  the  psychological  laboratory  to  problems 
of  the  personality,  intimately  connected  with  mental 
disorders.  Dr.  Cowles  was  deeply  impressed  with  the 
dynamic  aspect  of  mental  disorder,  and  not  content  with 
formulations  of  these  dynamic  factors  in  complex  psy- 
chological terms,  he  wished  to  trace  the  disordered  func- 
tions to  the  underlying  physiological  and  biochemical 
factors.    In  1900,  Dr.  Folin  established  at  McLean  Hos- 

52 


Centennial 

pital  the  chemical  laboratory  in  which  for  the  next  eight 
years  he  carried  out  painstaking  and  fundamental  re- 
searches with  regard  to  this  aspect  of  mental  disorders. 

The  buildings  of  the  McLean  Hospital,  as  we  see  them, 
are  a  monument  to  Dr.  Cowles,  but  a  still  greater  con- 
tribution to  the  subject,  in  which  he  was  so  interested, 
was  the  placing  of  the  study  of  this  subject  on  as  high  a 
basis  as  that  of  the  other  medical  disciphnes,  and  of 
organizing  in  the  Hospital  medical  research  in  mental 
disorders  in  the  spirit  of  modem  medicine. 

The  period  of  one  hundred  years  has  seen  the  public 
attitude  towards  mental  disorders  gradually  modified,  so 
that  at  the  end  of  the  century  the  humane  attitude 
towards  patients  with  mental  disorders  is  widely  dissem- 
inated, although  it  may  not  be  always  thoroughly  assim- 
ilated. The  spirit  of  humanity  characteristic  of  the  work 
in  the  McLean  Hospital  is  a  continuation  of  that  humane 
attitude  which  was  estabhshed  in  the  McLean  Asylum 
at  Somerville,  from  its  first  institution  under  the  regime 
of  Dr.  Wyman.  The  medical  treatment  of  the  patients 
in  the  hospital,  after  emancipating  itself  from  the  earher 
drastic  methods,  has  followed  the  same  principles  which 
Dr.  Bell  enunciated,  namely,  a  cautious  use  of  medical 
remedies  and  "a  wise  expectation."  In  only  a  small 
group  of  mental  cases,  and  these  of  organic  nature,  is 
there  any  specific  treatment  by  drugs;  drugs  in  mental 
disorders  are  chiefly  used  for  paUiative  and  symptomatic 
purposes.  While  in  the  moral  management  of  cases  of 
mental  disorder,  the  value  of  occupation  and  diversion 
have  been  adequately  stressed  from  the  beginning  of  the 
history  of  the  McLean  Hospital,  the  careful  analytical 
researches  of  Dr.  Hoch,  later  continued  at  Bloomingdale 
Hospital,  contributed  a  great  deal  to  show  that  moral 
management  or  psychotherapy  has  a  very  technical 
aspect.  Dr.  Hoch  in  many  communications  emphasized 
the  fact  that  many  apparently  obscure  mental  upsets 
could  be  traced  to  very  definite  personal  problems  in  the 
individual  life,  problems  which  could  not  be  formulated  in 
the  simple  terms  of  biochemistry  nor  in  terms  of  a  psy- 
chology deaUng  merely  with  reaction  times  and  imper- 
sonal factors.    In  emphasizing  the   development  of  such 

53 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

disorders  and  in  estimating  the  emotional  factors  and  the 
difficulty  of  the  actual  situation  in  each  case,  he  contrib- 
uted not  only  to  the  understanding  of  the  individual 
patient,  but  indicated  principles  of  treatment  with  impor- 
tant bearings  on  the  question  of  the  prevention  of  mental 
disorders.  The  advance  made  during  the  last  century  in 
medical  thought  with  regard  to  mental  disorders  may 
be  illustrated  by  a  comparison  of  the  naive  formulations 
of  Benjamin  Rush  with  the  careful  analysis  of  a  nervous 
or  mental  patient  at  the  present  day.  The  underlying 
causes  of  the  individual  case  now  are  studied  in  the  Hght 
of  the  general  condition  of  the  metabolism,  the  state  of 
the  various  organs,  the  hereditary  endowment,  the  bal- 
ance of  the  instincts  and  emotions,  the  influence  of  past 
experiences,  the  stress  and  strain  of  the  present  situation. 
The  search  for  underlying  causes  was  much  less  keen  in 
the  time  of  Benjamin  Rush;  he  wrote  that  one  of  the 
causes  which  tend  to  produce  intellectual  derangement 
"is  the  frequent  and  rapid  transition  of  the  mind  from 
one  subject  to  another.  It  is  said  booksellers  have  some- 
times become  deranged  from  this  cause." 

Medicine  is  an  exigent  mistress,  never  satisfied,  always 
with  new  tasks,  the  fulfillment  of  one  task  leading  to  the 
development  of  many  others.  The  constant  straining 
forward  brings  fatigue  and  a  certain  longing  for  finality, 
and  one  can  appreciate  the  attitude  of  the  weary  sailor 
among  the  lotus  eaters: 

"Let  us  alone.    What  pleasure  can  we  have 
To  war  with  evil?    Is  there  any  peace 
In  ever  climbing  up  the  climbing  wave?" 

It  is  pleasant  to  rest  and  regard  complacently  the  prog- 
ress made.  It  is  pleasant  to  review  the  disappearance  of 
the  gross  inhumanity,  the  disappearance  of  offensive 
words  which  symbolized  this  inhumanity.  It  is  pleas- 
ant to  consider  the  asylum  transformed  into  the  hospital, 
and  to  think  of  all  the  apparatus  of  modern  medicine 
being  applied  to  deal  with  these  most  obscure  diseases. 
The  attitude  of  complacency,  however,  is  dangerous,  and 
we  would  have  learned  little  from  the  spirit  of  predeces- 
sors like  Wyman  and  Bell  and  Cowles,  if  we  complacently 

64 


Centennial 

accept  our  inheritance  and  do  not  rather  in  their  spirit 
dedicate  ourselves  to  the  tasks  which  are  before  us.  Per- 
haps there  is  much  to  be  done  in  the  twentieth  century 
in  relation  to  mental  disorders;  our  medical  schools  are 
in  general  hopelessly  inadequate  in  their  attention  to 
this  topic;  the  mediaeval  attitude  still  lingers  not  only 
in  the  mind  of  the  layman,  but  in  the  mind  of  the  physi- 
cian and  of  the  nurse;  mental  medicine  is  one  stage 
behind  general  medicine  in  its  progress  towards  preven- 
tive activity;  it  has  had  too  limited  a  conception  of  the 
functions  of  a  hospital,  considering  it  rather  a  place 
where  only  serious  cases  are  received  than  as  the  health 
center  of  a  community  from  which  radiates  out  knowl- 
edge with  regard  to  the  factors  which  tend  to  produce 
mental  disorders  and  which  social  organization  may  help 
to  modify.  It  may  be  that  one  hundred  years  from  now  a 
speaker,  reviewing  the  progress  of  psychiatry,  will  see  a 
great  deal  to  criticize  in  our  present-day  organization. 
In  his  enlightenment  he  may  wonder  that  we  could  be 
blind  to  certain  things  in  1921,  just  as  the  blind  spots  of 
men  like  Benjamin  Rush  and  others  tend  to  astonish  us. 
The  physician  of  the  twenty-first  century  may  compla- 
cently regard  the  arrangements  of  that  period  as  com- 
fortably final,  and  look  back  on  our  halting  arrangements 
in  a  maturely  critical  way.  He  may  even  criticize  the 
language  of  the  times  and  may  find  that  some  of  our 
words  have  become  as  offensive  to  him  as  the  term  "lun- 
atic" has  become  offensive  to  us.  He  may  shudder  when 
he  reads  that  a  sick  man  was  ''confined  in  an  institution," 
when  the  patient  was  really  admitted  to  a  hospital. 
He  may  be  astonished  at  the  limitations  of  the  twentieth 
century  hospital,  which  in  its  general  wards  paid  atten- 
tion merely  to  the  diseases  of  the  patients,  but  paid 
little  attention  to  the  patients  themselves.  The  indoor 
department  of  the  twenty-first  century  hospital  may  be 
a  comparatively  minor  factor  in  the  general  health  or- 
ganization, while  the  main  hospital  activity  may  be  in 
the  out-patient  preventive  department,  radiating  out 
into  every  region  of  the  community  where  help  is  needed; 
in  the  twenty-first  century  hospital,  every  patient  coming 
for  advice  may  have  some  attention  paid  to  the  personal 

55 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

aspect  of  the  disorder,  and  a  psychiatric  survey  of  the 
case  may  be  considered  imperative.  As  we  are  surprised 
that  the  nineteenth  century,  although  in  general  humane, 
enlightened,  cultured,  came  by  such  slow  steps  to  take 
up  adequate  responsibihty  for  the  insane  poor,  so  may 
the  twenty-first  century  regard  us  and  our  problems. 
There  may  be  in  the  present  community  large  numbers 
sadly  handicapped  by  reason  of  mental  difficulties,  who 
find  their  way  to  no  hospital,  are  recognized  by  none 
as  sick  and  ailing,  but  to  whom  perhaps  the  twenty-first 
century  will  give  comfort  and  technical  advice. 

After  looking  back,  therefore,  on  the  past  progress, 
and  being  duly  grateful  to  men  hke  Wyman,  Bell,  and 
Cowles,  who  have  left  such  a  permanent  imprint  of  their 
humanity  and  intelhgence,  it  may  be  well  to  turn  forward 
again  and  see  whether  contact  with  these  minds  has  not 
rendered  us  more  sensitive  to  some  of  the  tasks  which  he 
at  our  own  door,  but  which  we  have  singularly  failed  to 
notice. 


Dr.  Walcott:  In  the  year  1810,  when  Jackson  and  War- 
ren issued  the  appeal  for  a  hospital,  the  country  was 
slowly  drifting  into  the  War  of  1812,  when  for  the  last 
time  a  foreign  enemy  took  possession  of  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States.  Dr.  Warren  was  the  son  of 
a  distinguished  surgeon  of  the  Revolution  and  a  lifelong 
leader  in  the  medical  profession,  yet  neither  in  the  appeal 
nor  in  any  report  of  the  Trustees  during  the  building  of 
the  Hospital  is  there  a  hint  of  the  possible  idea  of  a  medi- 
cal service  in  time  of  war. 

The  quarrel  with  Mexico  made  httle  impression  on 
this  hospital,  as  it  did  upon  New  England  generally. 

In  the  great  war,  the  Civil  War,  members  of  this  Hos- 
pital and  men  connected  with  it  gave  their  services  to 
their  country.  But  still  there  was  not  direct  ofl&cial 
relation  between  this  Hospital  and  the  medical  service 
of  the  Army. 

In  the  World  War,  that  which  stands  the  greatest  of 
all  wars,  a  change  came  over  the  pohcies  of  the  Americans, 
and  for  the  first  time  the  country  entered  the  war  with 

56 


Centennial 

an  adequate  surgical  and  medical  corps.  In  the  begin- 
ning individuals  connected  with  this  Hospital,  as  with 
other  hospitals,  had  aheady  crossed  the  Atlantic  and 
taken  a  worthy  part  in  the  struggle  on  the  other  side  of 
the  seas  carried  on  by  the  Allies.  But  the  entering  of 
our  country  into  the  war  led  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Hospital,  Dr.  Frederic  A.  Washburn,  experienced  in 
military  matters,  to  suggest  to  the  Trustees  the  exped- 
iency of  joining  the  medical  staff  to  the  military  service 
of  the  United  States  in  case  of  war.  His  idea  was 
accepted. 

In  July,  1917,  Base  Hospital  No.  6,  an  organization 
within  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  left  Boston, 
and  went  into  service  near  Bordeaux,  France.  A  hospital 
was  estabhshed  there,  conspicuous  for  its  good  manage- 
ment and  maintenance.  Eveiy  man  connected  with  that 
organization  did  credit  to  himself  and  brought  renown 
to  this  institution. 

A  large  share  of  the  credit  for  the  preparation  of  the 
country  for  that  war  is  due  to  our  guest  of  today.  His 
remarkable  service  in  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
received  the  highest  distinction. 


57 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


THE  PLACE  OF  THE  CIVIL  GENERAL  HOSPITAL 

IN  THE  SCHEME  OF  MEDICAL 

PREPAREDNESS 

Major-General  Merritte  W.  Ireland 

Surgeon  General,  U.  S.  Army 

Three-quarters  of  a  century  ago  today  happened  the 
great  event  which  we  are  gathered  to  celebrate  and  which 
Weir  Mitchell,  with  characteristic  felicity  termed  ''The 
Conquest  over  Pain."  It  is  most  appropriate  that  Ether 
Day  should  be  marked  by  an  annual  celebration,  and  I 
am  glad  that  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army  has 
an  opportunity  to  speak  its  gratitude  for  this  beneficent 
gift  which  has  done  so  much  to  allay  the  vast  sum  of 
human  suffering  which  we  are  called  upon  to  witness  and 
to  relieve  as  best  we  may.    ^ 

I  could  not  have  brought  myself  to  stand  here,  in  the 
place  of  the  great  and  gifted  men  who  have,  in  past 
years,  lent  their  eloquence  to  the  celebration  of  this  day, 
but  for  the  fact  that  it  gives  me  an  opportunity  to  thank 
the  Trustees  of  this  great  Hospital  for  the  fine  public 
service  which  it  rendered  to  the  Army  during  the  World 
War.  A  century  has  passed  since  the  first  patient  was 
admitted  to  this  Hospital,  and  during  that  time  our  coun- 
try has  been  engaged  in  five  wars.  The  first,  in  1812, 
secured  for  us  the  liberty  of  the  seas.  The  second  burst 
the  bonds  which  would  have  held  back  the  march  of  civi- 
lization to  the  Pacific.  The  third  was  the  long  and 
bloody  operation  which  cut  out  the  cancer  of  slavery 
from  the  vitals  of  our  nation.  The  fourth  rescued  the 
fair  islands  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  in  which  we  had 
long  and  great  and  special  interests,  from  the  weak  and 
cruel  domination  of  Spain  and  awakened  us  to  our 
long-neglected  responsibilities  as  a  world  power  which 
have  been  so  magnificently  met  in  the  World  War.  For 
this  last  and  mightiest  war  we  are,  as  yet,  too  near  it, 
and  its  ultimate  results  are  too  much  shrouded  in  the 

58 


Centennial 

mists  of  the  future  for  me  to  undertake  to  name  them  in 
a  phrase. 

The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  is  a  civic  institu- 
tion which  was  founded  and  nourished  by  the  generosity 
of  your  citizens  of  former  days  for  benevolent  and  hu- 
mane purposes  which  have  nothing  to  do  with  war.  It 
has,  therefore,  in  these  former  wars,  sat  at  home  Uke  a 
good  mother,  attentive  to  the  duties  of  its  house,  sending 
forth,  it  is  true,  its  children  to  serve  their  country  and 
care  for  its  armies,  and,  Hke  a  good  mother,  welcoming 
them  when  they  return  with  the  laurels  of  duty  well 
performed.  It  has  also  never  failed  to  open  its  doors  to 
the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  But  in  the  last  great 
conflict  war  laid  its  rude  hands  on  every  department  of 
human  activity  and  on  the  persons  or  products  or  entire 
populations,  mobihzing  nations  for  its  own  terrible  pur- 
poses in  a  way  that  had  never  before  been  dreamed  of.  In 
mobihziQg  the  medical  profession  for  war,  we  went  fur- 
ther than  to  call  the  children  of  the  great  medical  institu- 
tions to  come,  one  by  one,  to  be  iacorporated  into  the 
medical  service. 

The  horticulturists,  when  they  find  a  fruit  tree  which 
produces  a  specially  valuable  and  delicious  fruit,  do  not 
take  the  time  to  reproduce  it  by  the  slow  process  of  rais- 
ing new  plants  from  the  seed.  This,  which  is  nature's 
process,  has,  in  addition  to  the  disadvantage  of  delay,  the 
uncertainty  as  to  what  may  come  from  a  seed  in  which 
many  atavistic  qualities  are  struggling  to  assert  them- 
selves. The  gardener  takes,  instead,  cuttings  of  the  tree 
itself,  which  have  the  property  of  breeding  true  and  con- 
tinuing in  the  new  plant  all  the  admirable  quahties  of 
its  parent. 

Many  months  before  our  country  entered  the  war, 
an  officer  of  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Army,  who  had 
been  charged  with  the  organization  of  the  activities  of 
the  Red  Cross  having  relation  to  our  mihtary  service, 
saw  an  opportunity  to  use  the  horticultural  method  and, 
by  cutting  off  bodily  a  mihtary  base  hospital  from  the 
existing  organizations  of  the  great  civil  hospitals,  to  ob- 
tain a  military  unit  which  bred  true  to  the  parent  stamp 
and  carried  into  mihtary  hfe  the  noble  traditions,  the  high 

59 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

professional  standard,  the  cohesion,  discipline  and  or- 
derly methods  of  the  parent  institution.  No  provision  for 
such  ready-made  hospitals  was  contemplated  by  any  law, 
but  by  the  ingenious  scheme  of  enrolling  all  of  the  person- 
nel in  the  Army  Reserve,  these  units  were,  by  the  act  of 
calling  them  into  service  in  time  of  war,  lifted  bodily 
from  the  Red  Cross  into  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Army.  The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  by  such  an 
operation,  furnished  to  the  Army  Base  Hospital  No.  6, 
which,  organized  and  commanded  by  your  distinguished 
Superintendent,  Colonel  F.  A.  Washburn,  was  among 
the  first  to  join  the  A.  E.  F.  in  France,  and  created,  in 
the  suburbs  of  Bordeaux,  a  noble  hospital  which  was  a 
worthy  daughter  of  this  famous  institution. 

Base  Hospital  No.  6  found  a  home  at  Talence,  a  suburb 
of  Bordeaux,  in  the  buildings  and  fine  park  of  the 
Petit  Lycee,  which  was,  however,  already  occupied  by 
the  French  Hospital  Complimentaire,  No.  25.  The 
French  mihtary  authorities  agreed  to  close  this  hospital 
as  soon  as  the  sick  could  be  evacuated,  but  this  was  not 
at  all  in  accordance  with  the  views  and  desires  of  the  chef, 
an  old  French  physician  of  Bordeaux,  who  thought  that 
it  would  be  far  more  agreeable  to  retain  his  position  and 
command  both  hospitals.  Here,  however,  he  came  in 
conflict  with  the  will  of  the  Conmianding  Officer  of  No.  6, 
which  had  something  elemental  and  glacial  in  its  slow, 
resistless,  forward  movement  which  gradually  shaped 
every  tenacious  root  and  removed  him  and  his  hospital 
from  the  scene. 

The  French  have  a  great  reverence  for  trees,  and  appre- 
ciate, in  a  way  that,  unfortunately,  most  Americans  do 
not,  that  these  beautiful  creations  of  nature  are  the 
gifts  of  the  decades  and  of  the  centuries  and  cannot 
be  made  to  order  by  the  hand  of  men.  Therefore  they 
were  not  willing  to  give  up  their  trees,  even  to  the  stern 
necessities  of  war,  and  stipulated  with  the  American 
authorities  that  the  trees  should  not  be  cut  down  in  ex- 
panding the  hospital  by  temporary  buildings  from  its 
original  500  beds  to  more  than  4,000,  which  it  sheltered 
at  the  time  of  the  armistice.  Accordingly  the  wards  had 
to  be  placed  here  and  there,  wherever  a  sufficient  space 

60 


Centennial 

among  the  trees  could  be  found,  and  the  ground  plan  of 
the  hospital  presented  extraordmary  outlines  which  re- 
sembled a  Chinese  idiograph  leather  than  any  architec- 
tural scheme.  As  the  cUmate  of  France  is  rainy  and  its 
soil  notoriously  adhesive  to  the  feet,  the  Commanding 
Officer  provided  corridors  which  would  protect  his  nurses 
and  patients  from  the  rain  and  mud  in  the  comings  and 
goings  between  the  wards  and  the  administrative  build- 
ings. Lumber,  however,  was  very  scarce  in  France  and 
most  of  the  planks  and  beams  from  which  our  hospital 
centers  were  constructed  were  standing  in  the  pine  for- 
ests of  the  Landes  when  the  American  Expeditionary 
Force  set  sail  for  France.  The  General  Staff  was,  there- 
fore, constantly  preaching  economy  in  the  use  of  lumber, 
and  when  several  of  them,  in  the  spring  of  1918,  visited 
the  sections  of  the  S.  0.  S.,  and  Bordeaux  among  them,  to 
see  how  their  injunctions  as  to  economy  and  overcrowd- 
ing were  being  carried  out,  they  were  scandalized  to  see 
these  long  and  numerous  corridors.  '^My  God!"  observed 
one  of  them,  "the  man  is  building  a  second  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  at  Bordeaux."  Little  they  knew 
how  well  these  corridors  would  serve  to  accommodate  the 
beds  in  the  crisis  expansion  of  the  terrible  October  days 
when  the  crest  of  the  epidemic  of  influenza  coincided  with 
the  crest  of  the  great  wave  of  wounded  which  flowed 
back  from  the  six  weeks'  battle  in  the  Argonne  and  which 
strained  the  strength  and  resources  of  the  Medical  De- 
partment very  nearly  to  the  breaking  point. 

But  at  this  time  Colonel  Washburn's  transfer  to  England 
was  ordered,  where  the  hospitaUzation  for  American 
troops  had  been  dragging  and  going  badly  and  where  the 
Chief  Surgeon,  who  knew  his  value,  felt  a  man  of  his 
qualifications  and  administrative  ability  was  needed. 
There  he  remained,  to  be  promoted  later  to  the  position 
of  Chief  Surgeon  of  the  Base  Section  and  the  rank  of 
colonel,  to  which  the  EngUsh  Government  added  the 
decoration  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
Surely  our  government  at  no  distant  date  will  recognize 
the  distinguished  service  of  this  officer. 

I  regret  that  I  cannot  go  with  some  detail  into  the 
operations J^of  the  several  departments  of  this  splendid 

61 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

hospital;  the  good  work  of  Colonel  Babcock,  the  next 
Commanding  Officer;  the  medical  service  under  Colonel 
R.  C.  Cabot;  the  surgical  service  imder  Colonel  Lincoln 
Davis,  and  the  fine  nursing  service  under  their  admired 
leader,  Miss  Sara  E.  Parsons.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  in 
their  work  they  maintained  the  fine  traditions  of  this 
great  Hospital.  The  cutting  brought  forth  fruit  true  to 
stock.  I  did  not  know  how  Colonel  Cabot  would  hke 
transplantation  into  military  atmosphere  and,  therefore, 
I  was  greatly  pleased  to  hear  him  say,  in  a  speech  at  a 
dinner  in  Paris,  that  he  considered  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  a  base  hospital  to  be  ideal  in  its  conditions  for  the 
attainment  of  the  best  results,  as  there  all  specialties 
were  represented,  all  worked  together  without  rivalry, 
without  any  intrusion  of  the  spirit  of  gain,  for  ends  which 
were  entirely  noble,  patriotism  and  the  alleviation  of 
human  suffering. 

As  regards  the  laboratory  service,  I  might  mention,  as 
something  novel  and  interesting,  that  when  a  very  fatal 
epidemic  broke  out  in  great  Remount  Depot  at  Souge 
which  the  veterinarians  were  not  able  to  check,  and  which 
seriously  depleted  the  supply  of  horses  which  were  de- 
pended on  to  draw  the  cannon  at  the  front,  the  Chief 
Surgeon  of  the  Bordeaux  section.  Colonel  Shaw,  a  gradu- 
ate, by  the  way,  of  this  Hospital,  took  charge  in  person 
and  took  with  him,  from  the  laboratory  section  of  No.  6, 
Drs.  Moss  and  Binger  as  laboratory  experts.  Although 
they  were  not  able  to  identify  the  causative  organism,  by 
the  strict  application  of  the  well-known  rules  of  epidem- 
iology, they  were  able  to  bring  the  epidemic  promptly  to 
an  end. 

On  January  14,  1919,  Base  Hospital  No.  6  closed  its 
records.  The  highest  number  of  patients  which  it  had 
sheltered  at  one  time  was  4,300.  The  number  of  cases 
received  in  the  surgical  service  was  more  than  17,000,  and 
3,442  operations  were. performed.  The  total  number  of 
patients  cared  for  in  the  hospital  during  the  sixteen 
months  that  it  was  in  operation  was  more  than  26,000. 
On  February  14,  1919,  the  staff  and  nurses  set  sail  from 
Bordeaux  and  received  a  fitting  welcome  on  their  return 
home. 

62 


Centennial 

In  speaking  of  the  contributions  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  in  the  war,  I  should  mention  that  Base 
Hospital  No.  6  had  a  half-sister,  Base  Hospital  No.  55, 
which,  though  not  a  cutting  from  the  old  tree,  was  raised 
from  Massachusetts  General  seed,  since  Colonel  Frank- 
lin A.  Balch,  who  was  the  Chief  of  the  Surgical  Service, 
selected  its  entire  surgical  staff  from  the  graduates  of 
this  institution,  which  contributed  also  its  chief  nurse 
and  the  majority  of  its  nurses.  The  fortunes  of  war 
carried  No.  55  to  Toul,  where  it  was  nearly  within  sound 
of  the  guns  and  was  ready  to  receive  the  wounded  from 
the  great  Argonne-Meuse  battle. 

Soon  after  its  return  I  wrote  to  the  Trustees  to  express 
my  appreciation  of  the  great  service  which  the  Base 
Hospital  had  rendered  to  our  Army  in  France  and  to 
express  the  hope  that  so  valuable  a  unit  would  not  be 
allowed  to  die,  but  that  its  organization  would  be  per- 
petuated by  the  constant  taking  in  of  new  men  and 
nurses,  so  that  if,  unfortunately,  the  time  should  again 
come  when  the  country  needed  the  help  of  this  institu- 
tion in  war,  we  would  find  a  hving  organization,  enriched 
and  strengthened  by  the  traditions  and  memories  of  its 
former  service,  and  so  starting  out  with  a  credit  balance 
of  morale  which  it  takes  a  new  organization  months  of 
training  and  skiUful  work  to  build  up.  Morale  is  a  word 
which  we  hear  very  often  these  days.  I  heard  a  story  of 
a  recruit,  some  months  ago  (when  we  were  having  recruits) , 
who  asked  his  sergeant  what  the  word  "morale"  meant. 
Sergeant  Hennessey,  an  old-timer,  replied,  "Morale,  me 
b'y,  is  something  that  we  had  in  the  old  days  but  didn't 
have  a  name  for  it.  Now  we  have  a  name  for  it  and  an 
officer  to  make  it,  but  we  haven't  got  it."  Well,  you  have 
it  here  at  the  Massachusetts  General  and  you  understand 
how  much  of  it  is  the  reflex  of  the  past,  and  the  product 
of  good  traditions.  The  pride  with  which  you  keep  this 
anniversary  is  an  evidence  of  it.  May  I  not  suggest 
that  among  your  anniversaries  you  choose  one  associated 
with  the  career  of  Base  Hospital  No.  6  when  its  members 
may  meet  together  and  cultivate  a  wholesome  pride  in 
their  membership  in  an  organization  which  represents 
the  patriotic  contribution  of  this  Hospital  in  the  World 

63 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

War,    and    which    has    so    well    maintained    its    best 
traditions  ? 

The  action  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  in 
giving  to  the  Army  Base  Hospital  No.  6  is  the  best 
answer  as  to  the  place  of  civil  hospitals  in  our  scheme  of 
medical  preparedness  to  meet  a  national  emergency. 


64 


Memorial 


The  Hospital  in  the  World  War 


BASE  HOSPITAL  No.  6 

As  one  of  the  few  large  American  hospitals  to  prepare 
for  military  action  long  before  the  United  States  de- 
clared war  on  Germany,  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital was  ready  to  take  the  field  when  the  call  came  in 
April,  1917.  In  May,  the  enhsted  men  were  ordered  out 
for  drilling  and  throughout  the  month  of  June  the  Unit 
of  Base  Hospital  No.  6  —  physicians,  nurses  and  en- 
listed men  —  waited  impatiently  for  the  order  to  embark 
for  France.  On  July  9,  1917,  the  order  at  last  came  and 
under  the  command  of  Major  F.  A.  Washburn,  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Hospital  in  time  of  peace,  the  unit  quietly 
entrained  for  New  York  and  sailed  for  England  on  the 
Aurania,  an  excellent  ship,  destined  on  a  later  trip  to 
be  torpedoed  and  sent  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

Twenty-eight  officers,  one  Red  Cross  chaplain,  sixty- 
four  nurses,  six  secretaries,  one  dietitian,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty-three  men  made  up  the  strength  of  the 
Base  Hospital  in  these  early  days.  They  were  a  small  bit 
of  the  greatest  crusade  in  all  history  and  a  few  pages  are 
here  consecrated  to  their  work. 

On  July  21,  the  unit  arrived  at  Queenstown,  two  days 
later  at  Liverpool.  From  Liverpool  dock  to  Southamp- 
ton dock  was  the  next  stage  of  the  journey,  then  across 
the  Channel  to  Havre  on  the  Australian  hospital  ship, 
Warilda,  also  later  a  victim  of  the  German  submarines. 
Headed  east  from  the  coast,  the  troop  train  just  missed 
Paris  and  instead  of  continuing  to  the  front  turned 
sharply  away  and  traveled  hour  after  hour  toward  Spain. 
The  destination  was  Talence,  a  little  town  three  miles 
south  of  Bordeaux.  Here  with  many  exasperating  de- 
lays the  French  Military  Hospital  No.  25  was  taken 
over,  almost  completely  rebuilt,  and  enlarged  many 
times.  The  French  army,  in  its  turn,  had  taken  over  the 

65 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

large  building  of  a  boarding  school  with  its  extensive 
grounds  on  which  to  develop  their  hospital  No.  25,  when 
the  war  began  for  them.  This  school,  called  the  Lycee  de 
Talence,  was  rather  attractively  located  in  the  environs 
of  Bordeaux  and  on  the  edge  of  the  enormous  vineyard 
country  of  the  Medoc  and  the  Grave.  Throughout  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1917  the  members  of  U.  S.  Base 
Hospital  No.  6  went  ahead  with  their  program  of  build- 
ing, collecting  supplies,  paper  work  and  care  of  patients. 
The  building  program  never  ceased,  and  even  when  the 
armistice  was  signed,  over  a  year  later,  the  hospital  was 
still  growing,  both  in  number  of  wards  and  in  number  of 
patients.  From  very  modest  beginnings,  in  that  short 
time  the  institution  grew  to  the  tremendous  size  of  nearly 
100  wards  and  nearly  5,000  beds,  all  occupied. 

The  personnel,  in  large  part,  remained  the  same 
throughout  the  existence  of  Base  Hospital  No.  6  in 
France — always  there  was  a  large  nucleus  of  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  dgctors,  nurses  and  orderlies. 
Frequently,  and  usually  for  short  periods,  medical  offi- 
cers were  added  to  the  roster,  generally  as  the  so-called 
"casuals."  Two  notable  and  permanent  additions  to  the 
original  unit  should,  however,  be  noted:  first,  in  March, 
1918,  Unit  O,  of  Charlotte,  North  CaroUna  —  a  group  of 
medical  officers,  nurses  and  enhsted  men,  about  one-half 
the  number  of  the  original  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital Unit;  and,  second,  later  in  the  spring,  a  group  of 
nurses  from  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  Chicago. 
Both  of  these  groups  were  of  great  help  to  Base  Hospi- 
tal No.  6. 

Other  changes  that  took  place  were  the  permanent  de- 
tachment of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Washburn,  Captain  Means 
and  Captain  Mixter  from  the  hospital  in  the  spring  of 
1918  for  service  in  England,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Babcock 
becoming  Commanding  Officer  at  that  time.  Captain 
Adams  and  Lieutenant  Aub  were  also  permanently  de- 
tached later,  for  service  elsewhere.  In  addition  to  these 
changes  among  the  officers  there  were  temporary  assign- 
ments here  and  there  of  practically  all  in  the  unit,  often 
for  long  periods  of  time,  such  as  the  mission  of  many 
months  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Davis  and  Captain  Irving 

66 


Memorial 

on  the  Italian  Front,  and  of  Major  Vincent  and  Lieuten- 
ant Clark  on  the  French  Front.  Short  periods  for  work 
and  instruction  elsewhere  were  frequently  arranged  in 
the  case  of  all  the  medical  officers.  Incidentally  these 
changes  and  the  few  leaves  of  absence  broke  the  monot- 
ony of  the  ceaseless  grind  at  Talence.  The  dullness  of 
this  grind,  in  the  mud  and  chill  of  the  first  winter,  is 
well  illustrated  by  the  joy  with  which  a  trip  to  Savenay 
was  welcomed  by  the  writer  in  February,  1918,  even 
though  it  consisted  in  sitting  up  all  night  in  a  stuffy 
French  train  to  prevent  several  psychopathic  patients 
from  committing  suicide  before  their  dehvery  to  a  psy- 
chiatric hospital  at  Savenay. 

U.  S.  Base  Hospital  No.  6  was  officially  opened  to 
receive  patients  on  August  21,  1917.  On  October  1,  1917, 
there  were  160  patients,  and  on  December  31,  1917,  there 
were  325.  From  then  until  November  12,  1918,  there 
was  steady  and  marked  growth  to  the  grand  total  of 
4,319  patients  the  day  after  the  armistice  was  signed. 
The  early  patients  were  among  the  first  American  soldiers 
in  the  vicinity  of  Bordeaux,  engineers,  stevedores,  medi- 
cal men  and  nurses.  Some  of  the  Canadian  foresters 
were  also  among  the  earliest  patients.  Pneumonia  and 
exanthematic  diseases  abounded  during  the  first  winter. 
In  the  late  spring,  when  American  mihtary  activity  at 
the  front  began,  wounded  and  gassed  American  troops 
began  to  appear.  Their  numbers  rose  by  leaps  and 
bounds  through  the  summer  and  fall  of  1918,  convoy 
after  convoy  coming  down  from  the  hospitals  at  the 
front,  often  quite  recent  casualties  straight  from  dressing 
stations.  On  April  3,  the  first  large  convoy  of  patients 
came  into  Bordeaux  by  ambulance  train,  and  from  that 
time  on,  the  trains  increased  in  number.  Finally,  in  the 
fall  of  1918,  the  burden  of  the  care  of  the  wounded,  gassed, 
and  sick  was  shared  with  newly  formed  American  base 
hospitals  at  a  near-by  center.  Beau  Desert. 

In  September  the  influenza  epidemic  hit  Base  Hospi- 
tal No.  6,  and  for  weeks  there  was  ceaseless  work  day  and 
night,  about  half  of  it  devoted  to  the  wounded,  as  the 
Argonne  struggle  began,  and  half  to  the  victims  of  the 
influenza,  scores  of  whom  died.    One  or  two  entire  wards 

67 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

were  devoted  to  the  care  of  those  beyond  hope  —  crowds 
of  dehrious  dying  patients,  a  hideous  nightmare  now  to 
all  who  attended  them. 

Parallel,  of  course,  with  the  building  of  hospital  wards, 
administration  quarters,  and  warehouses  was  the  de- 
velopment of  other  resources:  a  pathological  and  bac- 
teriological laboratory  under  Captain  Kinnicutt ;  an  X-ray 
department  under  Captain  Merrill;  operating  rooms 
under  Majors  Davis  and  Brenizer;  convalescent  resoiu-ces 
under  Lieutenant  White;  nursing  organization  under 
Miss  Sara  E.  Parsons;  Red  Cross  Hut,  chapel,  and  post 
office  under  Chaplain  Henry  K.  Sherrill  and  others. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Richard  C.  Cabot  added  much  to  the 
morale  of  the  hospital  by  his  zealous  development  of 
entertainments  of  all  kinds  for  nurses,  enlisted  men,  and 
officers.  His  talks  on  the  progress  of  the  war  to  hundreds 
of  men  grouped  about  the  outdoor  stage  of  the  Red  Cross 
Hut  in  the  summer  of  1918  were  memorable  events. 

Fortunately  the  Base  Hospital  was  situated  in  pleasant 
vineyard  country  with  much  of  historic  interest  within 
cycling  distance.  Throughout  the  eighteen  months  of 
residence  there  were  frequent  expeditions  by  members  of 
the  unit  on  foot  or  on  bicycle  to  visit  old  castles,  historic 
towns,  famous  vineyards  and  chateaux  and  beautiful 
viewpoints.  There  was  even  occasional  opportunity  to 
play  golf  at  the  Bordeaux  Club  a  few  miles  away,  and  to 
attend  the  opera  in  the  city.  Bordeaux  shops  and  res- 
taurants helped  to  make  hfe  more  pleasant  in  hours  off 
duty,  and  even  the  httle  Square  at  St.  Genes,  only  a  mile 
from  the  hospital,  will  be  remembered  gratefully  by  those 
who  relished  a  glass  of  cold  beer  on  a  hot  afternoon. 

Friendships  gradually  sprang  up  between  the  members 
of  the  imit  and  some  of  the  best  of  the  French  families 
with  estates  near  the  hospital.  Some  of  these  friend- 
ships have  persisted  to  this  day.  Those  who  took  ad- 
vantage of  these  opportunities  of  meeting  the  French 
people  became  quite  proficient  in  the  language  before 
they  left  for  home. 

As  the  summer  of  1918  drew  to  a  close  there  was  but 
httle  time  for  play  or  even  for  rest.  The  pace  grew  hotter 
and  hotter  until  that  memorable  day,   November   11, 

68 


Memorial 

appeared.  Quickly  things  changed  after  that,  and  in  a 
few  weeks  the  hospital  was  nearly  haK  empty.  Everyone 
had  time  to  think  once  more,  and  to  grow  restless  in  the 
wait  for  orders  to  be  relieved  of  duty  and  to  start  for 
home.  On  January  14,  1919,  the  Base  Hospital  No.  6 
Unit  was  relieved  by  U.  S.  Base  Hospital  No.  208. 
During  the  active  duty  of  the  hospital  in  France,  the 
unit  took  care  of  24,122  sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  The 
long  grind  was  over,  but  still  there  were  the  restless  days 
to  wait  before  the  return  home.  Some  of  the  unit  left 
Talence  at  the  end  of  January  and  beginning  of  Febru- 
ary, to  continue  their  work  in  the  Balkans,  in  Poland, 
and  in  France  itself.  The  remainder  of  the  unit  finally 
sailed  for  America  from  Bordeaux  on  the  transport 
Abangarez  on  February  14,  reaching  New  York  after  a 
stormy  voyage  on  March  2.  The  end  of  Base  Hospital 
No.  6  came  with  its  demobilization  at  Camp  Devens 
in  March,  1919. 

Built  up  on  the  structure  of  old  Base  Hospital  No.  6, 
a  new  military  hospital  is  now  in  existence  —  a  paper 
unit  as  yet,  but  definitely  listed  in  the  Army  Reserve 
Corps — to  carry  on,  if  need  be,  the  traditions  of  the  past. 

Paul  D.  White,  M.D. 


BASE  HOSPITAL  No.  55 

The  formation  of  Base  Hospital  No.  55  was  started  in 
1917.  It  was  an  army  base  hospital,  and  therefore  more 
restricted  in  its  personnel  than  if  it  had  been  a  Red  Cross 
organization. 

Acting  as  assistant  to  the  Surgeon  General,  Dr.  F.  G. 
Balch,  who  was  appointed  its  Chief  Surgeon  and  later 
its  Commanding  Officer,  nominated  the  majority  of  the 
surgical  and  medical  personnel.  Most  of  the  surgeons 
were  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  graduates.  Drs. 
Wayland  A.  Morrison,  James  R.  Torbert,  Kenneth  L. 
Dole,  George  F.  Dwinell,  Kemp  P.  Neal,  Arthur  M. 
Jackson,  Thomas  H.  Lanman,  Albert  J.  Scholl,  Jr., 
Horace  K.  Sowles  and  Neil  A.  Fogg  were  former  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  surgical  house  officers. 

69 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

The  chief  nurse  was  also  a  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital graduate,  and  a  majority  of  the  nurses  of  the  unit 
were  either  graduates  of  this  Hospital,  or  from  training 
schools  having  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  nurses 
as  superintendents. 

The  organization  left  for  overseas  August  30,  1918, 
arriving  at  Brest  September  12.  After  a  week  at  Pont- 
enzen  Barracks  it  moved  on  to  Mesves  sur  Loire,  where 
about  a  quarter  of  its  nurses,  who  had  been  distributed 
to  other  hospitals,  joined  it.  It  was  long  before  it  got 
its  full  complement  of  nurses;  they  had  been  scattered 
wherever  there  seemed  to  be  greatest  need  for  their 
services. 

Its  stay  in  Mesves  was  only  forty-eight  hours,  when 
it  was  ordered  on  to  Toul.  It  arrived  there  September 
28,  and  estabhshed  itself  in  a  French  barracks.  Un- 
suitable as  the  buildings  were,  it  soon  became  a  real  hos- 
pital, which  functioned  satisfactorily  until  March  25, 1919, 
when  the  last  patients  were  evacuated. 

Franklin  G.  Batch,  M.D. 

BASE  HOSPITAL  No.  5 

Base  Hospital  No.  5,  organized  as  a  Red  Cross  Unit 
by  Dr.  Harvey  Gushing  in  February,  1916,  officially  rep- 
resented the  Harvard  Medical  School  and  its  affiliated 
hospitals.  At  the  time  of  its  mobilization  13  of  the  25 
members  of  its  medical  staff  were  members  of  the  staff  or 
graduates  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  On 
April  29,  1917,  the  organization  was  ordered  ready  for 
immediate  service  overseas  and  sailed  from  New  York 
on  May  11.  The  hospital  was  assigned  to  service  with 
the  British  Army,  taking  charge  of  an  1,800  bed  hospital 
at  Dannes  Camiers  on  June  1,  1917.  After  a  service  of 
five  months  at  this  place,  the  organization  was  trans- 
ferred to  Boulogne,  where  it  functioned  for  the  remainder 
of  the  war.  It  suffered  the  first  casualties  of  the  Ameri- 
can Army  at  the  hands  of  Germany.  During  its  service 
of  nearly  two  years  45,837  patients  passed  through  the 
hospital.  The  unit  returned  to  the  United  States  April 
19,  1919.  Arlie  V.  Bock,  M.D. 

70 


Memorial 


HARVAKD  SURGICAL  UNIT,  GENERAL  HOSPITAL 
No.  22,  BRITISH  EXPEDITIONARY  FORCES 

Following  a  conversation  between  Sir  William  Osier 
and  Mr.  Robert  Bacon  in  1914,  an  American  surgical 
unit  in  the  British  forces  was  organized  with  the  intention 
of  having  several  American  universities  supply  its  medi- 
cal and  nursing  staff  throughout  the  duration  of  the  war. 
The  Harvard  Unit  was  Harvard's  contribution  to  this 
effort.  Owing  to  circumstances  which  developed,  Har- 
vard University  supphed  a  large  portion  of  this  service. 
The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  contributed  many 
officers  and  nurses.  The  unit  was  in  existence  from 
June,  1915,  until  demobihzed  in  London,  January  8, 1919. 
Over  175,000  sick  and  wounded  passed  through  the  wards 
of  this  hospital.  Drs.  C.  A.  Porter,  D.  F.  Jones,  and 
Hugh  Cabot  were  in  charge  of  the  surgical  staff  at  dif- 
ferent periods.  During  the  last  two  years  the  imit  re- 
mained for  continuous  service  with  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Hugh  Cabot  as  commanding  officer,  Major  George  C. 
Shattuck  in  charge  of  the  medical  division,  and  Major 
E.  Granville  Crab  tree  in  charge  of  the  surgical  division. 
The  British  government  conferred  the  following  decora- 
tions: Lieutenant  Colonel  Hugh  Cabot,  Cross  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George;  Major  George  C.  Shattuck, 
Distinguished  Service  Order;  Major  E.  Granville  Crab- 
tree,  Order  of  the  British  Empire;  Miss  Alvira  B.  Stevens, 
Miss  Helen  Joy  Hinckley,  and  Miss  Catherine  M. 
Fraser,  The  Order  of  the  Royal  Red  Cross. 

E.  Granville  Crabtree,  M.D. 


71 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


RECEPTION  HELD  AT  THE  HOSPITAL  JUNE  9, 
1919,  TO  THOSE  WHO  SERVED  IN  THE  WAR 

Address  of  Dr.  Henry  P.  Walcott 

Two  most  memorable  years  have  passed  since  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Unit  went  forth  after 
the  solemn  exercises  in  Trinity  Church,  to  enter  upon 
medical  service  in  France.  It  may  have  been  a  disap- 
pointment to  some  of  the  members  that  the  unit  was 
destined  to  remain  in  the  vicinity  of  Bordeaux.  In  the 
end,  however,  the  hospital  established  there  won  golden 
opinions  from  all  in  authority. 

Let  me  read  the  following  note  from  Dr.  Winter.  The 
competence  of  his  opinion  cannot  be  questioned. 

I  am  in  receipt  of  an  invitation  from  the  Trustees  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  inviting  me  to  be  present  on 
the  afternoon  of  Monday,  June  9,  to  meet  the  members  of  Base 
Hospital  No.  6  and  other  persons  who  have  served  in  the  army 
after  service  in  your  hospital. 

I  beg  to  thank  the  Trustees  for  the  invitation,  and  I  can't 
forego  a  word  of  regret  that  I  shall  be  unable  to  be  present  at 
any  function  which  in  any  way  comprehends  a  tribute  to  the 
personne*  of  Base  Hospital  No.  6. 

The  actuation  which  I  have  in  this  matter,  is,  of  course, 
abundantly  known  to  you;  but  I  shall  be  very  grateful  to  you 
if  you  will  express  for  me  to  the  members  of  the  unit  my  very 
substantial  and  abiding  appreciation  of  the  splendid  work  they 
all  did  in  the  trying  days  of  the  situation  of  Bordeaux.  It  is 
my  judgment  that  the  accomplishment  there  was  a  great  one, 
and  certainly  no  institution  in  the  Lines  of  Communication  in 
France  carried  forth  its  work  to  a  more  effective  and  entirely 
satisfactory  result  than  Base  Hospital  Unit  No.  6  accomplished 
at  the  Talence  Hospital. 

I  shall  appreciate  it  very  much  if  you  will  convey  to  all  the 
personnel  of  the  unit  my  very  deep  sense  of  gratitude  for  the  fine 
work  they  did  for  the  Medical  Department,  and  I  also  hope 
that  it  may  be  my  good  fortune  to  encounter  such  splendid 
people  should  another  emergency  put  us  in  the  position  we 
were  in  in  1917. 

With  best  wishes  for  yourself,  please  believe  me 

Very  sincerely  yours,       (Sd)  F.  A.  Winter, 

Colonel,  Medical  Corps,  U.S.A.,  Formerly  Chief  Surgeon, 
Lines  of  Communication. 

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Memorial 

Dr.  Washburn's  great  abilities  soon  won  for  him  pro- 
motion to  fields  of  larger  activities,  and  for  the  latter 
part  of  the  unit's  stay  abroad  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
American  hospitals  in  England. 

This  unit  does  not  by  any  means  represent  the  whole 
of  the  contribution  of  this  ancient  Hospital  to  the  fearful 
struggle  from  which  we  at  last,  let  us  hope,  have  emerged. 
Even  before  the  United  States  formally  entered  upon 
the  war  many  of  our  graduates  and  present  staff  had 
joined  the  various  organizations  which  were  undertaking 
the  merciful  work  of  the  physician's  calling  in  the 
fever-haunted  regions  of  unfortunate  Serbia,  on  the  battle 
fronts  of  France  and  Italy,  and  on  the  stormy  and  fate- 
ful waters  of  the  north  ocean,  and  everywhere  with  credit. 

This  Hospital  enjoys  an  inheritance  not  usual  among 
its  fellows.  It  was  dedicated  under  the  leading  of  two 
wise  men  more  than  a  century  ago  to  purposes  far  wider 
than  those  of  a  mere  asylum  for  the  disabled  sick.  It 
has  never  forgotten  the  pledges  given  to  its  generous 
benefactors,  and  I  am  fain  to  beUeve  that  its  successes 
of  these  recent  days  are  due  to  the  wider  conceptions  of 
the  scope  and  obhgations  of  medicine  than  those  which 
usually  prevail. 

I  beheve  that  our  representatives  have  succeeded  in 
their  most  trying  services  because  they  have  been  largely 
trained  in  a  school  with  a  more  generous  outlook,  and 
have  not  been  content  with  a  merely  routine  performance 
of  certain  prescribed  activities. 

Your  return  differs  widely  from  that  of  those  whom  we 
have  so  gladly  been  receiving  back  into  civil  hfe  in  these 
recent  days.  They  hope  to  have  seen  the  last  of  war  and 
to  forget  many  of  its  incidents.  You  are  to  devote 
yourselves  with  undiminished  zeal  to  the  attempt  to  con- 
quer disease. 

The  governments  of  the  world  may  indeed  close  the 
doors  of  their  temple  of  Janus  with  better  prospect  of 
success,  let  us  hope,  than  the  Romans  had,  for  they  were 
only  able  to  do  so  three  times  in  seven  hundred  years. 
But  for  you  the  doors  must  be  forever  open.  Peace  has 
for  us  no  respite  from  a  war  that  never  ends,  and  horrible 
as  are  the    cruelties  of  the   battlefields,   they  may  be 

73 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

matched  by  some  of  the  experiences  which  our  hospitals 
offer.  For  a  full-grown  man  in  all  the  vigor  of  his  man- 
hood to  be  deprived  of  sight  by  some  catastrophe  of  the 
battlefield  is  indeed  a  tragedy.  What  shall  we  say  of  the 
infant,  otherwise  sound  in  body,  deprived  of  sight  by  the 
ignorance  and  neglect  of  those  who  should  have  pro- 
tected it,  and  left  it  to  linger  on  in  its  dark  prison  house 
through  the  heavy  years? 

Let  us  realize  that  preventable  disease  has  destroyed 
more  lives  than  all  the  accursed  inventions  employed  for 
that  purpose  on  the  battle-front. 

You,  who  are  so  familiar  with  the  results  of  the  physi- 
cal examination  of  the  men  of  this  country  for  the  pur- 
pose of  procuring  soldiers  and  sailors  fit  for  service, 
know  too  well  how  great  are  the  defects  of  physical  con- 
dition of  those  subject  to  examination,  many  of  which 
can,  and  ought  to  be,  remedied. 

"Peace  hath  its  victories  no  less  renowned  than  war," 
and  to  these  we  welcome  you  back. 

Dr.  Washburn,  your  foresight,  knowledge,  and  energy 
brought  our  unit  to  a  high  state  of  efficiency  before  any 
similar  organization;  you  have  had  an  unusually  varied 
experience  and  can  speak  with  authority.  You  do  not 
need  an  introduction  here. 

Address  of  Colonel  Frederic  A.  Washburn, 
Commander,  Base  Hospital  No.  6 

The  great  war  is  ended.  It  is  true  that  the  Treaty  of 
Peace  is  not  yet  signed,  but  Germany  is  in  a  position 
where  she  cannot  renew  hostilities.  It  is  time  to  review 
the  field  and  see  what  part  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  has  taken.  We  find  it,  I  venture  to  say,  worthy 
of  her  glorious  traditions.  Our  records  show  that  its 
alumni  and  staff  have  furnished  238  commissioned  offi- 
cers. Two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  women  nurses,  and 
80  male  nurses  and  employees,  have  served  in  the 
armies  of  the  United  States  or  the  allied  nations, 
a  total  of  546.  Of  the  officers  there  were  two 
brigadier  generals  and  six  colonels,  and  a  considera- 
ble number  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel.    We 

74 


Memorial 

supplied  three  Chiefs  of  Professional  Services  in  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces  and  one  such  Chief  in  the 
United  States.  From  our  alumni  were  selected  two  Chief 
Surgeons  of  Base  Sections  of  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces,  three  Commanding  Officers  of  Base  Hospitals,  one 
Commanding  Officer  of  a  British  General  Hospital,  and 
many  Commanders  of  Camp  and  Evacuation  hospitals. 
Wherever  one  went  in  France  or  England  one  found  our 
graduates  rendering  valuable  and  much  appreciated  pro- 
fessional services.  We  were  well  represented  in  that 
band  of  one  thousand  doctors  with  American  commis- 
sions who  were  loaned  to  the  British.  The  Orthopedic 
group  working  in  large  British  hospitals  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  Oxford,  Liverpool,  and  elsewhere  in  England, 
was  composed  largely  of  our  men.  They  made  a  very 
definite  reputation  for  themselves  in  England  and  re- 
flected much  credit  upon  our  Hospital.  Base  Hospital 
No.  5,  which  served  with  the  British  with  such  effective- 
ness, was  officered  very  largely  by  our  men.  British  Gen- 
eral Hospital  No.  22  was  commanded  and  largely  offi- 
cered by  us.  United  States  Army  Base  Hospital  No.  55 
had  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  men  for  most  of  its 
officers  and  one  of  our  visiting  surgeons  as  its  Director. 
Base  Hospital  No.  204  was  commanded  by  one  of  our  Out- 
Patient  Surgeons.  Base  Hospital  No.  6,  our  distinctively 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Unit,  had  its  original 
staff  almost  entirely  composed  of  our  alumni  and  staff. 
No  one  ever  directed  a  more  efficient,  high-minded,  loyal 
group  than  was  this  unit  which  I  had  the  high  privilege 
to  command. 

Our  nurses  acquired  an  enviable  reputation  for  hard, 
efficient  work  and  set  an  example  of  true  womanly  con- 
duct of  which  we  may  well  be  proud. 

The  part  taken  by  our  employees  was  necessarily  a 
less  conspicuous  one.  Some  of  them  obtained  commis- 
sions and  many  reached  noncommissioned  rank  as  a 
reward  for  excellent  service. 

We  have  lost  by  death  five  doctors,  seven  nurses,  and 
one  member  of  the  Ladies'  Visiting  Committee.  One 
surgeon  was  killed  in  action,  one  died  of  wounds  received 
in  action,  the  others  died  of  disease. 

75 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

It  is  the  concensus  of  opinion  of  the  leading  medical 
officers  of  the  army  that  the  Base  Hospitals  organized 
at  our  civil  hospitals  and  ready  for  this  war  saved  the 
situation  for  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces.  The 
Medical  Department  would  have  been  lost  without  them. 
This  is  readily  admitted  by  all  in  a  position  to  know.  It 
is  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  us  that  our  hospital  was  one 
of  the  first  to  appreciate  the  situation,  and  began  its 
preparation  more  than  a  year  before  the  United  States 
entered  the  war. 

What  a  splendid  illustration  all  this  is  of  the  value  of 
our  Hospital  to  the  community.  How  it  shows  the  wis- 
dom of  its  founders  in  making  it  an  institution  for  the 
training  of  our  youth  as  well  as  for  the  care  of  the  sick. 

What  greater  asset  can  New  England  have  than  this 
glorious  old  institution,  which  not  only  cares  for  the  sick 
and  trains  doctors  and  nurses  for  its  needs  in  normal 
times,  but  can  make  such  a  showing  in  time  of  war  or 
national  calamity.  Let  the  faint-hearted  doubt  and  fear 
because  of  the  expense  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  meet 
the  demands  of  the  times  and  have  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  lead,  as  she  always  has  done.  Those  of 
us  who  are  her  true  children  are  confident  that  when  the 
Trustees  really  make  New  England  understand  the  Hos- 
pital's needs,  it  will  receive  a  support  worthy  of  the 
place  it  holds  in  the  affection  and  esteem  of  our  people. 

It  is  a  peculiar  pleasure  to  me,  Dr.  Walcott,  that  you 
represent  the  Hospital  on  this  occasion.  I  have  served 
under  you  as  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  six- 
teen years.  I  have  seen  the  Hospital  grow  under  your 
leadership,  and  I  have  been  in  a  position  to  know  that 
you  have  always  stood  for  progress  and  development, 
for  the  training  of  our  young  men  and  women,  teaching 
and  investigation  as  well  as  for  the  care  of  the  sick. 

These  flags  stood  for  twenty  months  in  the  Admin- 
istration Building  of  Base  Hospital  No.  6  in  Talence, 
Bordeaux.  They  saw  our  hospital  there  grow  from  mod- 
est beginnings  to  where  it  cared  for  forty-three  hundred 
patients  at  one  time.  They  stood  for  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  in  France  during  the  Great  War.  I 
hand  them  to  you,  sir,  with  the  request  that  the  Trustees 

76 


Memorial 

place  them  in  the  Treadwell  Library  of  this  Hospital  and 
preserve  them  with  the  care  which  we  believe  their  history 
warrants. 

The  flags  were  then  presented  by  the  colorbearers  to 
Dr.  Walcott,  who  received  them  with  these  words : 

''In  the  name  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
I  receive  these  flags,  and  assure  you  that  they  shall  be 
carefully  preserved  here." 

In  explanation  of  the  efiiciency  to  which  American 
Base  Hospital  No.  6  attained,  Lieut.  Col.  Richard  C.Cabot 
said:  "We  were  on  the  ground  long  before  American 
casualties  began.  We  had  months  in  which  to  equip  it 
with  every  device  of  a  modern  hospital.  There  was 
absolutely  nothing  lacking  in  our  equipment.  It  was 
not  necessary  to  wait  hours  for  the  attendance  of  a  spe- 
cialist at  a  consultation,  as  is  the  case  sometimes  at  hos- 
pitals on  this  side.  A  consultation  over  a  serious  case 
could  be  called  in  five  minutes. 

"Every  sitting  at  the  officers'  mess  was  a  potential 
consultation  on  the  most  severe  cases  in  the  hospital." 


Address  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Franklin  G. 
Balch,  Commander  Army  Base  Hospital  No.  55 

Perhaps  it  is  fitting  that  I  should  explain  why  we,  an 
Army  Base  Hospital,  feel  that  we  should  hke  to  place  the 
nurses'  flag  of  Base  Hospital  No.  55  in  the  Treadwell 
Library. 

We  were  not,  as  was  Base  Hospital  No.  6,  a  Red  Cross 
Unit,  and  in  consequence  had  no  flag  presented  to  us. 
Our  nurses  subscribed  for  and  bought  the  flag  which 
they  carried. 

At  the  time  the  hospital  was  organized,  Colonel  Mon- 
crief  gave  me  permission  to  pick  the  personnel,  both 
officers  and  nurses.  Naturally  I  turned  to  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital,  and  our  whole  surgical  staff  were 
graduated  from  there.  The  men  in  the  Medical  and 
Special  divisions  were  chosen,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
in  consultation  with  the  heads  of  the  special  departments 
in  Washington. 

77 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Miss  Jessie  E.  Grant,  a  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital graduate,  was  our  Chief  Nurse.  With  the  exception 
of  fifteen  who  were  sent  to  us  by  the  A.N.C.,  she  passed 
upon  the  fitness  of  all  our  nurses.  Ten  came  from  the 
Faulkner  Hospital,  which  is  affiliated  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  and  had  been  trained  under 
Miss  Cox,  herself  a  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  grad- 
uate. Two  came  from  the  Anna  Jacques  Hospital,  where 
they  had  been  trained  under  the  Chief  Nurse.  Ten  came 
from  the  Newton  Hospital,  the  high  standard  of  whose 
training  needs  no  word  of  praise  from  me.  One  from  the 
Boston  Homeopathic  Hospital  I  wanted  because  of  her 
excellent  work  at  the  time  of  the  Halifax  disaster.  There 
were  four  from  the  Baptist,  trained  under  Miss  Anderson, 
another  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  graduate;  one 
from  the  Children's;  three  from  the  City  Hospital. 
One  came  from  the  Deaconess.  One  from  the  Peter 
Bent  Brigham,  and  twenty-nine,  far  the  largest  propor- 
tion from  any  one  hospital,  from  our  own  training  school. 
When  you  consider  that  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital had  aheady  supplied  the  nurses  for  Base  Hospital 
No.  6,  some  for  Base  Hospital  No.  5,  many  for  the  Brit- 
ish General  Hospital  No.  22,  besides  many  to  other  or- 
ganizations for  both  home  and  foreign  service,  you  can 
appreciate  how  wonderfully  the  nurses  of  this  institution 
have  responded  to  the  call.  Base  Hospital  No.  55  was 
often  spoken  of  as  a  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Unit,  and  much  of  what  we  were  able  to  accomplish  was 
due  to  what  we  had  acquired  within  these  walls.  What 
more  fitting  resting  place  could  we  find  for  our  flag  than 
this  spot?  I  believe  none,  and  it  gives  me  great  pleasure 
to  transfer  to  the  care  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  the  flag  of  the  nurses  of  Army  Base  Hospital 
No.   55. 


78 


Memorial 


MEMBERS   OF  ALUMNI  AND   STAFF    OF    THE 

MASSACHUSETTS  GENERAL  HOSPITAL  WHO 

HAVE  BEEN  IN  MILITARY  SERVICE: 

B.  H.       =  Base  Hospital 

B.  G.  H.  =  British  General  Hospital 

Abbott,  Roy  Charles,  Major  M.C.,  U.SA. 

Adams,  Frank  Dennett,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.SA. 

Adams,  William  Bradford,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Adams,  Z.  B.,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Albee,  Fred  Houdelett,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Alden,  Eliot,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Allen,  Arthur  W.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Allison,  Nathaniel,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Alton,  Benjamin  Harrison,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Appleton,  Paul,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

AuB,  Joseph  Charles,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Austin,  A.  Everett,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Ayer,  James  B.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Badger,  George  S.  C,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Balch,  Franklin  G.,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  55,  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Baldwin,  Walter  Isaac,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Barnes,  Harry  A.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Barney,  Charles  Norton,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Bartol,  Edward  F.  W.,  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Bartol,  John  Washburn,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Beal,  Howard  Walter,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
{Died  of  Wounds) 

Beals,  Lynn  Stanley,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Bean,  Harold  Cotton,  Lieutenant,  J.G.      M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Beard,  Archibald  Hildreth,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Benner,  Richard  Stanwood,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

BiGELOw,  George  Hoyt,  Captain,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Binger,  Carl  A.  L.,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

BiNNEY,  George  Hayward,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

BiNNEY,  Horace,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Bock,  Arlie  Vernon,  Major,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Borden,  Russell  Potter,  Captain              C.A.M.C.  (British) 

BouTWELL,  Horace  Keith,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Brackett,  Elliott  G.,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Brigham,  F.  Gorham,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

79 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Bryant,  John,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

BuFFUM,  Wm.  Henry,  Lieutenant,  J.G.        M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

(Died  in  Service) 

Bull,  Edward  Cline,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Bunker,  S.  A.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Burnett,  Francis  Lowell,  Lieutenant,  J.G.  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
BuRRAGE,  Thomas  Jayne,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Butler,  Charles  Shore y.  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Butler,  Joel  Ives,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cabot,  Hugh,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.G.H.,  22 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 
Cabot,  Richard  C,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Cady,  Frederic  B.  M.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Capps,  Joseph  Almarin,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Chaffin,  George  Lawrence,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Chamberlain,  Weston  P.,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Chase,  Henry  Melville,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cheever,  Austin  W.,  Lieutenant,  J.G.  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Cheney,  Marshall  Chipman,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Churchill,  Frank  Spooner,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Clark,  DeWitt  S.,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Clymer,  George,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

CoDMAN,  Ernest  Amory,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cogswell,  William,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

CoLLER,  Frederick  Amasa,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Colwell,  Howard  Spencer,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cook,  Edgar  Charles,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cotton,  Frederick  Jay,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Crabtree,  Ernest  Granville,  Major,  B.G.H.  22 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 
Crosbie,  Arthur  Hallam,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Crothers,  Bronson,  Captain  '      M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cunningham,  Thomas  D.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Gushing,  Harvey,  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cutler,  E.  C,  Captain,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Daland,  Ernest  Merrill,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Danforth,  Murray  S.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Davis,  Lincoln,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Dennen,  Ralph  Waite,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Dennie,  Charles  Clayton,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Derby,  George  S.,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Dexter,  Richard  T.,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

DoDD,  Walter  James,  First  Lieutenant,  B.G.H.  22 

(Deceased)  R.A.M.C.  (British) 

80 


Memorial 

Dole,  Kenneth  Llewellyn,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Dunn,  William  Milos,  Lieutenant,  J.G.  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
DuEKiN,  Harry  Anthony,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Dwinell,  George  Francis,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Eaton,  Harold  B.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Eaton,  William  Edward,  Commander  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Emerson,  Benjamin  Kendall,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Emmons,  Arthur  Brewster,  2d,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Eustis,  Richard  S.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Favill,  John,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Faxon,  Nathaniel  Wales,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Finney,  John  M.  T.,  Brigadier  General  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Fitch,  Ralph  Roswell,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

FiTTS,  John  Blair,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Fitz,  Reginald,  Major,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Flagg,  Elisha,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Fogg,  Neil  Augustus,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Foley,  Thomas  Madden,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Forbes,  Henry  S.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Frost,  Harold  Maurice,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Gage,  Homer,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Gay,  Leslie  Newton,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

GoETHALs,  Thomas  R.,  Captain,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

GoLDTHWAiTE,  JoEL  E.,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

GooDALL,  Harry  Winfred,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Graves,  James  Chapman,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Graves,  Robert  John,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Greene,  D.  Crosby,  Jr.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Greenough,  Robert  B.,  Commander  M.C,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Greenwood,  Arthur  Moses,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C,  U.S.A. 
Gregg,  Alan,  Captain,  B.G.H.  22  R.A.M.C.  (British) 

GuLLiFER,  William  H.,  First  Lieutenant  B.H.  6  D.C.,  U.S.A. 
Hall,  Custis  Lee,  Major  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hall,  Francis  Cooley,  First  Lieutenant  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hammond,  John  Wilkes,  Jr.,  Lieutenant  M.C,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Harkiss,  William  J.,  Captain  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Harmer,  Torr,  W.,  Major  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hartwell,  Harry  Fairbanks,  Captain,  B.G.H.  22 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 
Hartwell,  John  Bryant,  Captain  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hatch,  Ralph  A.,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hatt,  Rafe  Nelson,  First  Lieutenant  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hill,  George  Hillard,  Captain  M.C,  U.S.A. 

Hodgson,  John  Sprague,  First  Lieutenant  M.C,  U.S.A. 

81 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

HoLBROOK,  Charles  Albert,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

HoLLiNGS,  C.  Byam,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

HoMANS,  John,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

HoRRAX,  Gilbert,  Major,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

HoTT,  Charles  Wentworth,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Hubbard,  Joshua  Clap,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Irving,  Frederick  Carpenter,  Major,  B.H.  6    M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Jackson,  Arthur  Morison,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  55 

M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Jackson,  Sumner  Waldron,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Janes,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Jennings,  Alpheus  Felch,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Johnson,  Harold  Abbott,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Jones,  Basil  Bradbury,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Jones,  Daniel  F.,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

JosLiN,  Elliot  Proctor,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Jouett,  Frederic  Robert,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Keller,  Ernest  Victor,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
(Died  in  Military  Service) 

Kerr,  William  John,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

KiDNER,  Frederick  Clinton,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

KiLGORE,  Alson  Raphael,  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

KiLGORE,  Eugene  Sterling,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Kingman,  Lucius  Collinwood,  Lieutenant  (S.G.) 

M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Kinnicutt,  Roger,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Knowles,  William  F.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Kramer,  James  G.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lacey,  Walter  Hamer,  Captain,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Langnbcker,  Harry  Lesley,  First  Lieutenant 

M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Lanman,  Thomas  Hinckley,  First  Lieutenant,  B.H.  55 

M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Lawrence,  Charles  H.,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Lee,  Roger  L,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lee,  William  George,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Leland,  George  A.,  Jr.,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Levek,  Joseph  Arthur,  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lincoln,  Merrick,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Loring,  Robert  G.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lougee,  John  L.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lund,  Fred  Bates,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

LuNT,  Lawrence  Kirby,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Lyon,  Arthur  Bates,  Captain,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

82 


Memorial 


Mabon,  Thomas  McCance,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

MacAusland,  Andrew  Roy,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Macomber,  Donald,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Manton,  Walter  Williamson,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Marble,  Henry  C,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Marvin,  Frank  W.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

May,  William  Ropes,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

McIver,  G.  a..  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Means,  James  H.,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Merrill,  Adelbert  S.,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Metcalf,  Carleton  Ray,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Miller,  Richard  H.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

MixTER,  Charles  Galloupe,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

MixTER,  Samuel,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Mixter,  W.  Jason,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Moore,  George  Albert,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Morrill,  Gordon  Niles,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Morrison,  Wayland  Augustus,  Major,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Morton,  John  J.,  Jr.,  Captain,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

MosHER,  Harris  P.,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Murphy,  Fred  Towsley,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Neal,  Kemp  Prather,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

O'Ferrall,  John  Tolson,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

O'Keefe,  Edward  S.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Oliver,  E.  Lawrence,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

O'Neil,  Richard  F.,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Osgood,  Howard,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Osgood,  Robert  B.,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Otis,  Walter  Joseph,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Packard,  George  Byron,  Jr.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Painter,  Charles  F.,  Lieutenant  (S.G.)        M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Palfrey,  Francis  Winslow,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Park,  James  Howard,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Parker,  Willard  Stephen,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Parmenter,  Derric  Choate,  First  Lieutenant 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 

Peabody,  Charles  William,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Peabody,  Francis  Weld,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Porter,  Charles  A.,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  B.G.H.  22 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 

Porter,  Charles  T.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Potter,  Alexander  Carleton,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Pratt,  J.  H.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Quackenboss,  Alexander,  Major,  B.G.H.  22  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

83 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Rackemann,  Francis  M.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Reid,  William  D,,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Richardson,  Edward  P.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Riley,  Augustus,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Robertson,  Oswald  Hope,  Major,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Robinson,  Samuel,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

RocKEY,  Eugene  Watson,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Rogers,  Mark  H.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Rogers,  Orville  Forrest,  Jr.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

RossER,  Curtice,  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Sadler,  Roy  Angelo,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sanford,  Henry  Lindsay,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sawyer,  Wilbur  Augustus,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

ScHNACK,  Adolph  George,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
ScHOLL,  Albert  John,  Jr.,  Captain,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Schwartz,  Abraham  Bernard,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sellards,  a.  W.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Seymour,  Malcolm,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Shattuck,  George  C,  Major,  B.G.H.  22  R.A.M.C.  (British) 
Shaw,  Henry  Alden,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sheahan,  George  Maurice,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sheldon,  Russell  Firth,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Silverman,  Abraham  Clement,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Simmons,  Channing  C,  Major,  B.G.H.  22  R.A.M.C.  (British) 
SissoN,  Warren  R.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Smith,  George  G.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Smith,  Harold  Wellington,  Lieutenant  Commander 

M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Sowles,  Horace  Kennedy,  Captain,  B.H.  55  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
Spear,  Lewis  Mahon,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Spooner,  Lesley  H.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Stern,  Newton  Samuel,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Stevens,  Harold  Wentworth,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Stevens,  Horace  Paine,  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 

Stoddard,  James  L.,  Major,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Stone,  James  Savage,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Strauss,  Arthur  Edgar,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Strong,  Richard  P.,  Colonel,  B.H.  5  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sweet,  Clifford  D.,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Taylor,  John  Houghton,  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Thaxter,  Langdon  Thom,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Thayer,  William  Sydney,  Brigadier  General  M.C.,  U.S.A. 
ToBEY,  George  L.,  Jr.,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

ToBEY,  Harold  G.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

84 


Memorial 

ToRBERT,  James  Rockwell,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Van  Nuys,  Fresenius,  Lieutenant  (S.G.)      M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Van  Stone,  Leonard  Mathews,  Captain,  B.G.H.  22 

R.A.M.C.  (British) 
Vickery,  Eugene  Augustus,  Lieutenant  Commander 

M.C.,  U.S.N.R.F. 
Vincent,  Beth,  Major,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

VosE,  Robert  H.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Walcott,  William  Wright,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

(Died  in  Military  Service) 
Walker,  Melvin  Harvey,  Jr.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Washburn,  Frederic  A.,  Colonel,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Webster,  Harrison  Briggs,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

(Killed  in  Action) 
Wetherell,  Bryant  Davis,  First  Lieutenant      M.C.,  U.S.A. 
White,  Paul  Dudley,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Whiteside,  George  Shattuck,  Lieutenant  (J.G.) 

M.C.,U.S.N.R.F. 
Whitney,  James  Lyman,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

WiGGiN,  William  L,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Wilson,  Philip  Duncan,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Wood,  James  Augustus,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Wright,  J.  H.,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Wright,  Wade,  Captain,  B.H.  6  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Young,  Ernest  Boyen,  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A. 


The  following  names  are  recorded  of  officers  of  U.S.A. 
Base  Hospital  No.  6,  in  addition  to  the  above  alumni: 

Basnett,  Douglas,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

BoGAN,  Edward  H.,  Captain  Q.M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Chick,  George  R.,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

Cloudman,  Francis  H.,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

Connors,  Harry,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

Everberg,  Gustave  W.,  Second  Lieutenant  Q.M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Heard,  Ralph  P.,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

Holmes,  Robert  W.,  Major  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

McAfee,  Larry  B.,  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

Moss,  William  L.,  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.C.,  U.S.A. 

RouNDY,  Edward  C,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sherrill,  Henry  K.,  First  Lieutenant  C.C.,  U.S.A. 

Sherburne,  William  H.,  First  Lieutenant  D.C.,  U.S.A. 

Walker,  Revello  M.,  First  Lieutenant  S.C.,  U.S.A. 

85 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

DEDICATION  OF  A  MEMORIAL  TABLET  IN  THE 
TREADWELL  LIBRARY,  OCTOBER  18,  1921,  IN 
MEMORY  OF  THE  ALUMNI  OF  THE  MASSA- 
CHUSETTS GENERAL  HOSPITAL  WHO  DIED 
IN  THE  WAR. 


WORLD  WAR  HONOR  ROLL 

*Major  Howard  Walter  Beal  M.C,  U.SA. 

*LiEUT.  William  Henry  Buffum  M.C,  U.SA. 

*Capt.  William  Wright  Walcott  M.C,  U.S.A. 

*Major  Harrison  Briggs  Webster  M.C,  U.S.A. 

*Major  Ernest  Victor  Keller  M.C,  U.S.A. 

*Lieut.  Walter  James  Dodd  R.A.M.C 


these  brave  and  devoted  men, 

members  of  the  alumni  association  of  this  hospital 

died  in  their  youth,  or  prime,  for  the  honor 

of  their  profession  and  their  country 

and  for  the  universal  cause  of 

liberty,  justice,  and  good 

will  among  men 


86 


Memorial 

Dr.  S.J.  MixTER :  It  is  my  privilege  and  duty  to  present 
to  the  Hospital,  on  behaK  of  the  Association,  a  tablet  bear- 
ing the  names  of  those  members  who  gave  their  lives  for 
their  comitry  and  the  world,  in  the  late  war.  It  is  most 
fitting  that  this  slight  tribute  to  the  memory  of  these,  our 
brothers,  should  be  unveiled  on  the  day  when  we  yearly 
recall  the  first  demonstration  in  this  hospital  of  the  bless- 
ings of  surgical  anaesthesia,  which  has  done  so  much  to 
reheve  human  and  animal  suffering,  and  has  rendered 
possible  the  greatest  advances  of  modern  surgical  science, 
in  the  saving  of  life  and  health.  These  men  whom  we 
honor  today  have  not  only  given  their  skill  and  knowl- 
edge, largely  acquired  within  these  walls,  for  us  and  for 
their  brothers  in  arms,  but  they  have  given  the  greatest 
gift  of  all,  their  fives.  While  we  honor  their  memories 
and  mourn  their  loss,  we  are  proud  that  their  devotion 
and  sacrifice  are  but  typical  of  that  spirit  of  service  for 
which  our  old  Hospital  stands,  yes,  for  which  the  whole 
medical  profession  has  always  stood. 

At  the  opening  of  the  war  the  physicians  of  the  country 
responded  nobly  to  the  call,  and  in  spite  of  lack  of  mih- 
tary  training  and  organization,  performed  their  tasks 
well;  let  us  hope  that  should  the  time  ever  come  when 
they  are  again  needed  for  such  duty,  which  God  forbid! 
the  medical  men  will  be  so  organized  and  with  some  ideas 
of  their  duties  as  possible  members  of  an  Army  Medical 
Corps,  that  the  trials  and  mistakes  of  the  past  war  may 
be  avoided.  We  are  confident  that,  under  able  and  judi- 
cious leadership,  a  Medical  Reserve  Corps  will  be  formed 
that  will  be  a  credit  and  safeguard  to  the  country. 

During  those  terrible  days  of  "Watchful  waiting" 
when  we,  as  a  nation,  were  held  back  from  helping  those 
who  were  fighting  our  battles  with  the  ''Mad  Beast"  of 
Europe,  many  of  our  numbers  crossed  the  seas  to  do  what 
they  could  under  other  flags  than  our  own,  and  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital,  the  first  hospital  in  the 
country  to  establish  a  unit,  formed  its  Base  Hospital 
No.  6.  This  Unit  was  authorized  by  the  Surgeon  General  in 
February,  1916,  confirmed  by  the  Trustees  in  March,  and 
sailed  on  July  9,  1917.  That  our  men  and  women  were 
ready  and  willing  to  do  their  part  is  shown  by  the  fact 

87 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

that  serving  with  the  United  States  or  with  the  AUies 
during  the  war  there  were  of  our  Alumni  223,  with  5 
deaths. 

Staff,  not  Alumni,  38,  with  1  death. 

Nurses,  female,  214,  with  7  deaths. 

Nurses,  male,  16. 

Employees,  19. 

Total,  510. 

To  these  are  added  those  of  the  McLean  Hospital,  a 
part  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Staff  No.  5. 

Nurses,  female,  26,  plus  23  included  in  the  Massachu- 
setts General  hst. 

Nurses,  male,  24. 

Employees,  20.  —  Total,  75.    Complete  total,  585. 

The  tablet  in  honor  of  the  nurses  who  gave  their  hves 
is  already  on  the  wall  of  this  room. 

Is  it  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  who  have  served  and 
loved  the  old  Hospital  nearly  all  our  hves  are  proud  of 
her.  May  she  never  lack  able,  patriotic  men  with  knowl- 
edge, quick  brains  and  skillful  hands  to  carry  on  her 
good  work,  and  friends  who  are  able  and  willing  to  supply 
the  means  that  will  enable  her  to  live  and  grow. 

These  are  the  men  who  have  honored  us  and  to  whom 
we  pay  om-  tribute  of  respect  today : 

Howard  Walter  Beal. 
Wilham  Henry  Buffum. 
WilUam  Wright  Walcott. 
Harold  Briggs  Webster. 
Ernest  Victor  Keller. 
Walter  James  Dodd. 


HowAKD  Walter  Beal 

Born  November  26,  1869,  at  Bangor,  Maine. 

Harvard  Medical  School,  M.  D.,  1898. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital  House  Officer,  South 
Surgical,  1899. 

Practised  surgery  in  Worcester,  and  was  on  staff  of 
Memorial  Hospital,  Worcester. 

Married  Henrietta  Hobbs. 


Memorial 

Military  record:  After  leaving  M.  G.  H.,  surgeon  in 
the  U.  S.  Army  for  nearly  four  years,  first  in  transport 
service  between  New  York,  Porto  Rico  and  Cuba,  then 
in  field  and  hospital  in  Philippines.  Resigned  June,  1903. 
Sailed  with  first  Red  Cross  ship  from  this  country  in  1914. 
Chief  Surgeon  American  Women's  War  Hospital,  Paign- 
ton, England.  Early  in  1915  returned  to  United  States 
owing  to  ill  health.  Went  overseas  again  when  the 
United  States  went  into  war,  as  Major,  M.C.  Later  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  first  Division.  T\Tiile  on  duty  near 
Montdidier  received  wounds  on  July  18,  1918,  of  which 
he  died  July  20,  1918. 

We  all  remember  this  splendid,  big  fine  man  with  a 
mihtary  carriage  and  a  love  for  army  life,  a  man  who  was 
ready  and  trained  for  mihtary  duty  by  his  service  in  the 
Philippines,  before  the  real  summons  came,  who,  not 
content  to  wait  for  an  official  call,  went  to  England  with 
the  first  Red  Cross  ship  and  did  splendid  work  there  until 
illness  forced  his  return  to  this  country.  From  the  time 
of  his  return  until  our  entrance  into  the  war,  he  lost  no 
opportunity  to  impress  upon  the  sluggish  minds  of  his 
fellow  countrymen  the  need  of  preparedness  for  the  inev- 
itable conflict.  He  was  mortally  wounded  by  a  bomb 
from  an  airplane  on  July  18,  1918.  I  have  seen  a  letter 
from  one  of  his  fellow  alumni,  speaking  of  his  mortal  in- 
juries and  the  httle  that  could  be  done  for  him,  and  later 
we  were  told  of  his  courage  in  the  face  of  certain  death. 
An  abstract  of  the  letter  reads  as  follows:  "I  operated 
the  other  night  on  Howard  Beal,  a  very  bad  chest  wound 
from  a  bomb,  that  I  did  under  local  anaesthesia,  but  it 
was  too  much  for  him  and  he  passed  out  in  almost 
twenty-four  hours."  An  honor  to  his  adopted  city,  where 
he  did  so  much  good  work,  to  the  army  and  to  us  all.  Of 
his  work  in  Worcester,  his  friend  and  colleague.  Dr.  Homer 
Gage,  writes: 

"His  professional  skill,  his  industry,  and  his  good 
judgment  made  him  an  exceedingly  valuable  man  to  the 
community  and  to  the  institutions  which  he  faithfully 
served,  but  to  all  who  had  the  privilege  of  enjoying  his 
friendship  it  was  the  character  and  personality  of  the 
man  that  can  never  be  forgotten.    His  modesty  and  gen- 

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Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

tleness,  his  kindliness,  and  eager  willingness  to  do  for 
others,  made  him  always  a  dehghtful  companion.  His 
fine  presence,  charming  manners,  and  a  thoughtfulness 
that  never  lapsed,  insured  him  a  welcome  in  every  circle. 
To  these  charms  he  added  a  keen  interest  in  his  profes- 
sion, a  great  capacity  for  work,  and  a  patience  with  de- 
tails that  pecuharly  fitted  him  for  the  work  in  which  he 
was  most  interested.  As  a  colleague  on  the  Hospital 
staff,  as  a  wise  consultant,  and  as  a  faithful  servant  to 
his  patients,  he  will  be  sadly  missed;  as  a  sincere  and 
faithful  friend  and  charming  companion,  he  leaves  a 
place  that  can  never  be  filled  in  the  memory  of  those 
who  knew  him  best," 


William  Henry  Buffum 

Born  June  25,  1877,  at  Providence,  R.  I. 

Graduate  Brown  University,  1898. 

Harvard  Medical  School,  1902, 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  East  Medical  House 
Officer,  1902-1903. 

Medical  externe  at  Rhode  Island  Hospital,  Out-Patient 
Department,  1903. 

Visiting  physician,  Out-Patient  Department,  Rhode 
Island  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  Children,  1906. 

Physician  to  Chnical  Department  for  children  affected 
by  diseases  of  the  digestive  organs,  Rhode  Island  Hospi- 
tal, from  1912,  to  death. 

Visiting  staff  of  Providence  Lying-in  Hospital  at  time 
of  death. 

Married  Edith  Campbell,  November  1,  1904.  She 
survived  him  with  one  son. 

Military  Record:  Commissioned  Lieutenant  Senior 
Grade,  M.C.,  U,S.N.  Served  with  Navy  Base  Hospital 
No.  5.  Died  at  Liverpool,  England,  October  13,  1918, 
of  influenza-pneumonia. 

A  colleague  writes:  "William  Henry  Buffum  may  best 
be  characterized  as  essentially  dependable,  well-born, 
well-educated,  a  gentleman.  He  was  honest  in  his  work, 
as  a  gentleman  would  be  in  all  things.  He  had  a  scien- 
tific type  of  mind  which  demanded  satisfactory  proof,  and 

90 


Memorial 

his  conclusions,  given  only  after  he  was  convinced,  were 
soon  found  to  be  accurate  and  reliable.  Buffum  was 
never  spectacular,  he  was  always  trustworthy,  and  from 
the  beginning  of  his  connection  with  this  Hospital,  to  the 
day  of  his  death,  he  remained  to  his  friends  the  same 
steady,  likable  and  dependable  fellow." 

William  Wright  Walcott 

Born  June  1,  1879,  Natick,  Mass. 

Newton  High  School. 

M.  I.  T.,  S.  B.,  1901. 

Harvard  Medical  School,  1905. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  South  Surgical,  1905- 
1906. 

Practised  in  Natick,  District  Health  Officer,  Depart- 
ment of  Health. 

Not  married. 

Mihtary  Record:  Medical  officer  of  the  First  Corps 
of  Cadets,  M.V.M.  Went  overseas  as  First  Lieutenant, 
M.C.,  with  the  101st  Engineers.  Made  Captain,  M.C., 
summer  of  1918.  He  was  in  battles  of  Chateau-Thierry, 
Chemin  des  Dames,  St.  Mihiel  and  Verdun.  Wounded 
by  shell  and  gassed,  but  recovered.  Died  in  France  of 
mihtary  tuberculosis,  March  16,  1919. 

At  about  the  time  of  finishing  his  service  as  House 
Officer  at  the  Hospital,  Walcott  was  attacked  by  tubercu- 
losis, and  though  he  recovered  and  did  splendid  work  the 
rest  of  his  life,  he  was  somewhat  handicapped  physically. 
His  service  to  the  community  in  which  he  lived  was 
wonderfully  fine,  both  as  physician  and  health  officer. 
After  good  work  in  the  Army,  having  been  gassed  and 
wounded  by  shell,  he  apparently  recovered,  only  to  die 
of  acute  tuberculosis  in  Paris,  a  victim  to  his  devotion  to 
duty  and  country. 

Harold  Briggs  Webster 
Born  January  26,  1884. 

Prepared  for  college  at  Noble  and  Greenoughs  School. 
Harvard  College,  A.B.,  1905.     Cum  laude,  Phi  Beta 
Kappa. 

Harvard  Medical  School,  1909.    Alpha  Omega  Alpha. 

91 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  East  Surgical  House 
Officer,  July  15,  1909-November  30,  1910. 

Spent  nearly  three  years  with  Dr.  Grenfell  in  New- 
foundland and  Labrador. 

In  1912,  settled  in  Castine,  Maine. 

May  1,  1913,  married  Margaret  Isabel  Gleason,  of 
Northampton,  by  whom  he  had  three  children,  a  boy 
and  two  girls. 

Military  Record:  In  Battery  A,  while  in  the  Medical 
School,  and  later  went  to  Plattsburg. 

Commissioned  First  Lieutenant  M.C.,  June,  1917. 

Active  service  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  July,  1917. 

Command  of  Ambulance  Company  No.  14. 

November,  1917,  Camp  Greenleaf,  Georgia,  made  Ad- 
jutant, Ambulance  Battalion. 

Sailed  overseas  May  26,  1918. 

Director  of  Ambulance  with  4th  Division. 

Regimental  Surgeon  to  47th  Regiment,  August,  1918. 

Promoted  Captain  July,  1917. 

Promoted  Major  March  14, 1918. 

Killed  in  action,  October  13,  1918,  at  Bois  de  Sept- 
sarges  (near  Cuisy  sur  Meuse) . 

An  able  man,  strong  in  mind  and  body,  he  was  one 
that  made  it  his  life's  work  to  help  ''the  other  fellow," 
as  was  early  shown  by  the  work  he  did  in  Newfoundland 
and  Labrador.  A  lover  of  country  life  and  thoroughly 
appreciating  the  need  of  trained  medical  men  in  the 
smaller  towns,  he  settled  down  in  that  most  beautiful 
place,  Castine,  where  he  established  a  much  needed  hos- 
pital, again  ''for  the  other  fellow,"  and  lived  a  useful  and 
happy  life  with  his  wife  and  little  family  till  the  call  came. 
His  promotion  was  a  matter  of  course  with  his  ability, 
all-round  experience,  and  previous  military  training.  He 
died,  as  he  lived,  helping  "the  other  fellow,"  for  he  was 
killed  by  a  shell  while  trying  to  push  an  ambulance  out 
of  the  mud. 


92 


Memorial 

Ernest  Victor  Keller 

Born,  Missouri,  1884. 

M.D.    Atlanta,    Georgia,    School   of   Medicine,    1911. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  House  Officer  Ortho- 
pedic Service,  1914. 

Military  Record:  Commissioned  in  British  Army, 
Lieutenant  R.A.M.C.,  and  was  on  duty  on  the  Ortho- 
pedic Staff  in  Edinburgh  War  Hospital,  Bangour,  West 
Lothian,  Scotland. 

Commissioned  Captain  M.C.,  U.S.A.,  April  27,  1918. 
Loaned  to  the  British  Army  and  continued  service  at  the 
same  hospital. 

Returned  to  the  United  States,  March  30,  1919. 

On  duty  U.  S.  General  Hospital  No.  6,  Fort  McPher- 
son,  Georgia. 

Later  at  Base  Hospital,  Camp  Gordon,  Georgia,  then 
again  at  No.  6,  Fort  McPherson. 

Promoted  Major  M.C.,  October  14,  1918. 

Died  June  3,  1919,  at  Fort  McPherson. 

Dr.  R.  B.  Osgood,  who  knew  Dr.  Keller  better  than 
most  of  us,  writes  the  following:  Dr.  Victor  Keller  was 
as  much  called  to  medicine  as  any  apostle  of  the  Faith. 
Born  in  the  middle  West,  without  financial  resources 
back  of  him,  he  became  early  in  his  education  determined 
to  study  medicine.  He  surmounted  great  difficulties,  and 
became  an  expert  telegraph  operator.  Later  in  life  than 
most  men  think  of  entering  the  profession,  he  accumu- 
lated sufficient  funds  to  put  him  through  the  medical 
school,  and  started  on  a  career  in  Atlanta.  He  soon  be- 
came attracted  to  orthopedic  surgery,  stimulated  by  Dr. 
Michael  Hoke,  by  whom  he  was  advised  to  come  North 
and  enter  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  which  he 
did  in  1914.  As  orthopedic  House  Officer  he  was  acquisi- 
tive to  a  marked  degree.  He  was  meticulous  in  his  care 
of  the  patients,  to  whom  he  endeared  himself  in  a  pecul- 
iar manner.    His  devotion  to  his  work  was  untiring. 

Many  months  before  America  entered  the  war,  Keller 
was  so  stirred  by  the  world  cataclysm  that,  at  a  very 
large  professional  sacrifice,  he  responded  to  the  call  of 
Sir  Robert  Jones  for  American  orthopedic  surgeons  to 
serve  the  British  soldiers.    Just  started  in  the  practice 

93 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

of  orthopedic  surgery  in  Atlanta,  he  packed  his  trunk  and 
set  off  at  his  own  expense,  landing  as  a  civilian  on  the 
Liverpool  docks  in  1917.  Through  the  agency  of  Sir 
Robert  Jones  he  received  a  commission  in  the  British 
Army,  and  reported  at  the  Edinburgh  War  Hospital. 
The  hospital  was  large  —  three  thousand  beds.  A  man 
of  Keller's  attainments  was  just  what  the  wounded  men 
were  crying  for,  and  forthwith  he  was  put  in  charge  of  a 
large  service. 

I  quote  from  a  personal  tribute  of  a  British  surgeon 
closely  associated  with  Keller  in  his  work  at  the  Bangour 
Hospital : 

"It  was  not  long  before  his  quahties  as  a  man  and  a 
surgeon  endeared  him  to  all  his  colleagues  and  associates. 
The  British  Tommy  whose  good  fortune  landed  him  in 
Keller's  wards  always  expressed  his  wholehearted  confi- 
dence in  the  'American  Doctor.'  To  hear  the  Jocks  sing 
his  praises  was  something  well  worth  hearing,  and  was 
Keller's  reward  for  his  unselfish  devotion  to  duty.  Kel- 
ler's was  an  outstanding  personahty,  and  he  was  beloved 
by  many  of  his  friends  in  Scotland.  I  know  more  than 
one  who  shed  a  tear  when  the  news  of  Vic  Keller's  death 
reached  Auld  Keekie." 

Keller  was  later  transferred  to  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces,  and  received  well-merited  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant  Colonel. 

Walter  James  Dodd 

Bom  in  London,  April  22,  1869. 

Came  to  America  when  ten  years  old,  attended  the 
pubhc  school  for  a  few  years;  then  went  to  work  to  earn 
his  own  Uving.  Attended  Harvard  Medical  School  for  one 
year,  1900.  Later  he  went  to  the  Medical  School  of  the 
University  of  Vermont,  where  he  received  his  degree  in  1908. 

In  1909  he  was  appointed  Instructor  in  Roentgen- 
ology at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  which  appointment 
he  retained  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  December,  1916. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Record:  Appointed 
Assistant  Apothecary  in  1892;  appointed  Apothecary  in 
1896;  appointed  Roentgenologist  in  1908. 

Married  Margaret  Lea,  1910. 

94 


Memorial 

Military  Record:  Sailed  with  First  Harvard  Surgical 
Unit  on  June  26,  1915;  remained  until  October,  1915, 
rendering  invaluable  service  as  Roentgenologist,  working 
directly  with  the  surgeon.    Rank:   Lieutenant  R.A.M.C. 

Walter  James  Dodd  never  was  a  House  Officer  in  the 
Hospital,  yet  he  was  so  much  a  part  of  it  and  of  us  that 
this  tablet  would  not  be  complete  without  his  name. 
Some  of  us  remember  him  when  his  pleasant  face  ap- 
peared in  the  Apothecaries'  room  in  1892.  He  was  a  man 
with  whom  one  did  not  have  to  "make  friends,"  he 
was  a  friend  from  the  start.  Skillful,  kind,  ingenious, 
accurate  and  wilhng,  he  was  from  the  first  of  the  greatest 
help  to  the  Staff  and  the  Hospital.  His  skill  in  photogra- 
phy made  the  case  records  more  complete  than  they  had 
ever  been  before,  and  added  much  to  their  value.  We 
all  know  of  his  pioneer  work  with  the  X-ray,  and  how 
much  it  meant  to  medicine  and  surgery,  and  we  also 
know  how  he  paid  for  his  wonderful  success  by  his  suffer- 
ings and  too  early  death.  His  work  in  the  army  was 
superb,  and,  knowing  as  we  do  his  physical  handicaps,  it 
seems  as  though  he  accomplished  the  impossible.  He 
entered  the  service  knowing  that  his  days  were  few,  and, 
with  certain  death  staring  him  in  the  face,  he  made  the 
most  of  them.  To  have  had  the  privilege  of  knowing 
him  and  loving  him  was  a  joy  and  an  honor. 

Mr.  Chairman,  in  the  name  of  the  Alumni  Association 
I  present  this  tablet  to  the  Hospital.  May  it  stand  in 
future  years  as  a  tribute  to  those  whose  names  are  here 
recorded,  and  also  as  a  symbol  of  what  the  Hospital 
stands  for  —  Service  —  Service  to  Country,  Service  to 
feUow  men.  Service  to  duty.  There  is  no  geographical 
limit  to  that  service.  It  calls  to  the  home,  the  hospital, 
the  laboratory,  the  school  the  world  over.  It  calls  to  the 
frozen  north,  to  the  pestilential  jungles  of  the  tropics,  to 
the  bloody  jfields  of  France,  to  Serbia,  China,  Africa, 
God  knows  where,  and  the  sons  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  have  ever  answered  that  call  and  devoted  their 
lives  to  that  service  willingly  and  faithfully.  Each  name 
graven  in  this  stone  carries  a  Golden  Star,  the  Golden 
Star  that  signifies  the  supreme  sacrifice  in  the  service  of 
the  nation  that  these  men  loved  and  died  to  save. 

95 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

ACCEPTANCE  OF  MEMORIAL  TABLET 

Mr.  Wigglesworth  :  In  accepting  this  Memorial 
Tablet,  the  Hospital  feels  that  it  is  receiving  a  gift  whose 
influence  will  be  felt  through  the  coming  time.  It  has 
been  said  that  a  surgeon  should  be  actuated  by  pity  as  a 
motive,  not  as  an  emotion.  Herein  lies  a  truth  which  is 
at  the  foundation  of  all  that  is  noblest  in  the  medical 
profession.  Back  of  all  the  skill  and  knowledge  of  sur- 
geon, physician,  or  nurse  must  be  the  ideal  of  service 
and  self-sacrifice.  The  nobility  of  the  profession  is  in  its 
consecration  to  the  relief  of  suffering  humanity.  If  this 
ideal  did  not  exist  in  the  community,  hospitals  would 
never  be  established,  and  if  this  same  feeling  were  not  the 
basis  of  the  work  done  within  the  hospital,  the  workers 
there  would  never  attain  the  best  results.  It  is  this  spirit, 
this  ideal,  which  has  been  nobly  shown  in  the  lives  of 
those  whose  memorial  you  have  today  here  established. 
Carlyle  has  said  that  everywhere  in  life  the  true  question 
is  not  what  we  gain  but  what  we  do.  These  men  have 
offered  their  all  to  duty.  We  may  say  of  them  in  the 
words  of  Milton,  ''Faithful  hath  been  your  warfare,  and 
of  God  accepted,  fearless  in  his  righteous  cause."  The 
tablet  not  only  honors  them,  but  will  be  an  incentive 
and  an  inspiration  to  others.  The  Hospital  gratefully 
accepts  your  gift  with  a  full  realization  of  all  it  symbol- 
izes and  means,  and  will  preserve  it  as  one  of  the  Hos- 
pital's sacred  and  inspiring  possessions. 


96 


Memorial 

DEDICATION  OF  A  MEMORIAL  TABLET  IN 
THE  TREADWELL  LIBRARY,  SEPTEMBER  10, 
1920,  IN  MEMORY  OF  THE  GRADUATES  OF 
THE  MASSACHUSETTS  GENERAL  HOSPITAL 
TRAINING  SCHOOL  FOR  NURSES,  WHO  DIED 
IN  THE  WAR. 


1914  1918 

IN  MEMOEY  OF 

FRANCES  E.  BARTLETT 

MARY  F.  EMERY 

LUCY  N.  FLETCHER 

JESSIE  BROWN  JAGGARD 

CONSTANCE  M.  SINCLAIR 

NELLIE  J.  WARD 

ANNA  B.  WEST 


GRADUATES   OF  THE 

MASSACHUSETTS    GENERAL    HOSPITAL 

SCHOOL    FOR  NURSES 

THEY    GAVE    THEIR   LIVES 

IN  THE  SERVICE   OF  THEIR  COUNTRY 

IN   THE    GREAT   WAR 


97 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Mr.  Wigglesworth  :  We  come  here  this  afternoon  to 
dedicate  this  memorial  and  to  express  our  deep  sense  of 
gratitude  and  admiration  for  our  nurses  who  died  in  the 
great  war.  When  we  look  back  to  the  time  of  Florence 
Nightingale  and  reflect  that  from  that  time  to  this  is 
less  than  an  ordinary  lifetime,  and  then  consider  the 
enormous  development  of  the  work  which  she  started 
and  its  influence  on  the  world  (both  in  war  and  in  peace), 
the  contrast  is  almost  overwhelming.  When  we  think  of 
the  needless  loss  of  hfe  and  suffering  from  disease  before 
women,  as  nurses,  devoted  their  lives  to  the  Christ-like 
work  of  caring  for  such  suffering,  the  fact  is  one  to  make 
us  shudder.  To  this  work  these  nurses  devoted  their 
help,  their  strength,  and  their  unwavering  devotion. 
They  faced  danger  without  flinching,  hardship  without 
complaining,  and  sealed  their  service  with  their  lives. 

We  cannot  express  to  them  what  we  feel,  but  it  is 
fitting  that  there  should  be  dedicated  this  memorial 
tablet  as  a  sound  and  enduring  evidence  of  the  heroism  of 
these  women,  and  of  the  splendid  example  which  they 
gave  of  the  spirit  which  belongs  to  and  abides  in  a  great 
hospital. 

Rev.  Mr.  Sherrill:  An  occasion  like  this  is  one 
which  is  almost  too  deep  to  express  in  words,  because  as 
we  think  of  these  seven  women  who  gave  their  lives  in 
this  great  cause,  I  presume  each  one  of  us  has  his  own 
memories  and  his  own  associations  with  each  one  who 
made  the  supreme  sacrifice.  On  this  occasion  we  might 
sum  up  all  in  the  words,  "Greater  love  hath  no  man  than 
to  lay  down  his  life  for  his  friend."  I  am  sure  that  these 
words  of  the  Master  apply  more  truly  to  nurses  than  to 
anyone  else  who  had  anything  to  do  with  the  World  War. 
Somehow  I  cannot  imagine  the  Master  with  a  rifle  in  his 
hand;  but  I  can  imagine  the  picture  of  a  nurse  going 
from  bed  to  bed,  making  a  patient  comfortable,  and 
doing  the  hundred  other  little  things  which  all  make  up 
a  nurse's  life. 

I  feel  that  the  nurses  who  served  in  this  war  have  not 
been  given  their  full  reward  by  the  public  —  not  that 
they  are  asking  for  any  reward.  We  hear  a  great  deal  of 
all  the  battles  and  of  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  and 

98 


Memorial 

Y.M.C.A.,  and  in  it  all  we  hear  very  little  of  the  work  of 
the  Army  nurse. 

It  is  a  very  fortunate  circumstance  that  this  tablet  is 
placed  in  this  Hospital,  where  in  the  years  to  come  hun- 
dreds and  thousands  of  nurses  are  to  be  trained  to  think 
of  nursing  as  a  service,  and  that  as  they  pass  the  memo- 
rial they  will  feel  the  inspiration  which  comes  from  the 
realization  that  they  are  entering  upon  a  great  and  noble 
profession. 

Miss  Parsons:  The  seven  nurses  in  whose  memory 
we  have  met  were  all  known  to  me.  Mrs.  H.  A.  Jaggard, 
nee  Jessie  W.  Brown,  left  her  home,  husband,  and  child, 
and  was  one  of  the  very  first  to  go  overseas.  While  she 
was  chief  of  the  unit  and  did  her  duty  by  day,  she 
nursed  the  sick  nurses  by  night  and  thus  overtaxed  her 
strength  and  contracted  the  disease  which  caused  her 
death. 

Constance  Sinclair  was  one  of  our  most  successful  pri- 
vate nurses.  She  could  hardly  have  been  expected  to 
volunteer  her  services  for  active  work  overseas  until  all 
other  nursing  resources  had  been  exhausted,  yet  she  was 
also  one  of  the  first  to  go  across. 

Lucy  Fletcher  and  Mary  Emery  had  been  my  own 
students,  and  were  both  on  my  staff,  both  in  this  Hospital 
and  abroad.  The  other  nurses,  Frances  E.  Bartlett, 
Nellie  Ward  and  Anna  B.  West,  I  had  known  as  earnest, 
capable  students  and  successful  nurses. 

These  nurses  had,  besides  youth,  happiness  and  future 
hopes  to  take  to  the  altar,  to  sacrifice  if  need  be.  They 
went  with  high  courage;  they  did  their  work  faithfully; 
they  suffered  and  laid  down  their  lives  with  splendid 
courage  and  glad  devotion  to  the  cause. 

They  will  not  have  died  in  vain  if  the  nurses  who  visit 
this  beautiful  spot  of  our  revered  and  beloved  Hospital 
stop  a  moment  to  read  their  names  and  to  pledge  them- 
selves anew  to  all  the  splendid  principles  which  alone 
make  a  nurse's  work  glorious. 


99 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

DEDICATION  OF  A  MEMORIAL  TABLET  IN 
THE  TREAD  WELL  LIBRARY,  DECEMBER  11, 
1919,  TO  MISS  HELEN  HOMANS. 


IN  MEMOEY  OF 

HELEN  HOMANS 

BORN  IN  BOSTON 

JANUARY  26th,  1884 

DIED  AT  PONTOISE,  FRANCE 
NOVEMBER  5tH,  1918 

A   VISITOR 

AND  SOCIAL  WORKER 

AT  THIS  HOSPITAL 

IN  1915  SHE  VOLUNTEERED 

FOR  WORK  IN  THE 

FRENCH   HOSPITALS 

DIED  IN  SERVICE  TO  THE 

ARMIES  OF  FRANCE 


Dr.  Washburn:  We  have  assembled  today  to  pay- 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  Helen  Homans.  She  gave  her 
life  for  France  in  the  World  War  just  as  truly  as  though 
she  had  been  killed  upon  the  field  of  battle. 

The  blood  that  is  within  the  veins  of  a  man  or  woman, 
the  family  heritage,  traditions,  and  teaching  are  what  de- 
termine the  conduct  of  an  individual  when  the  time 
comes  for  great  decisions. 

An  examination  of  the  antecedents  and  background 
of  Helen  Homans'  life  furnishes  the  clue  to  her  actions. 

100 


Memorial 

Her  family  has  been  noted  for  its  connection  with  medi- 
cal work  and  for  its  patriotic  response  to  the  call  of  the 
nation  in  the  time  of  peril.  With  the  exception  of  a  few 
years  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  an  in- 
terval between  the  death  of  one  ancestor  and  the  matu- 
rity of  his  son,  there  has  been  a  John  Homans  practicing 
medicine  in  this  vicinity  since  1775.  Helen  Homans' 
great-grandfather.  Dr.  John  Homans,  was  a  surgeon  in 
the  Continental  Army  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 
From  this  descent  her  eldest  brother  Robert  is  a  member 
of  the  society  of  the  Cincinnati.  Her  grandfather,  Dr. 
John  Homans,  was  a  practicing  physician.  Her  father, 
again  the  same  name.  Dr.  John  Homans,  is  well  remem- 
bered by  most  of  us  in  this  room. 

He  was  graduated  as  house  pupil  of  this  Hospital  in 
1861,  joined  the  regular  navy  upon  graduation,  served 
with  it  for  one  year,  and  resigned  to  accept  a  commission 
in  the  Medical  Corps  in  the  United  States  Army.  He  was 
on  duty  with  the  Army  until  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War,  from  1862  to  1865.  His  service  was  conspicuous 
and  distinguished,  well  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  he  was 
medical  director  upon  General  Sheridan's  staff  during  the 
Shenandoah  campaign  of  1864.  None  but  an  able  man 
of  initiative  and  courage  would  have  been  chosen  for  such 
a  position.  Uncle  John,  as  we  house  officers  called  him, 
served  this  Hospital  from  1876  to  1899  actively,  and  as 
consulting  surgeon  until  his  death  in  1903.  We  remem- 
ber him  affectionately  for  his  humor,  quick  appreciation, 
impatience  with  pretense,  and  underlying  warm-heart- 
edness. His  chief  claim  for  distinction  here,  and  that  a 
great  one,  is  that  he  forced  the  Hospital  to  permit  abdom- 
inal surgery  to  be  done  within  its  waUs  against  the  op- 
position of  a  too  conservative  board  of  directors  and 
staff. 

Miss  Helen  Homans'  cousin,  another  Dr.  John  Ho- 
mans, was  a  house  officer  of  this  Hospital.  One  of  her 
brothers,  again  a  surgeon,  and  a  graduate  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  is  the  present  representative 
of  the  name.  Three  of  her  brothers  were  commissioned 
officers  of  the  United  States  Army,  serving  with  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces. 

101 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Helen  Homans  herself  was  connected  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  upon  the  Board  of  Visiting 
Ladies,  from  1912  to  1917.  She  was  a  volunteer  in  the 
Social  Service  Department,  working  especially  with  tu- 
berculosis patients  during  this  same  period,  the  latter 
part  of  the  time  working  here  in  the  short  intervals  be- 
tween the  periods  of  her  service  in  France. 

I  have  gone  into  some  detail  of  the  ancestry  of  Helen 
Homans  and  her  previous  hospital  work  to  show  how 
naturally  she  would  come  to  connect  herself  with  medical 
activities  in  a  military  emergency. 

She  had  lived  in  France  for  a  number  of  months  at 
one  time  and  grown  to  love  the  country.  When  the 
brutal  attack  was  made  by  Germany  and  all  civilization 
was  imperiled,  when  her  beloved  France  was  writhing 
under  the  tortures,  the  agony  and  death  of  her  children, 
Helen  Homans  suffered  with  her,  and  longed  for  the 
chance  to  help.  The  opportunity  came  when  the  first 
Harvard  Unit  went  abroad;  and  she  went  with  it.  She 
performed  the  work  of  a  nurse  at  I'Hopital  de  L' Alliance, 
No.  41,  bis  Yoetot  Seine  Tuferience  from  May  to  Septem- 
ber, 1915,  and  again  from  February  to  December,  1916. 
Then  for  a  short  period  she  was  in  another  French  hos- 
pital. From  January  to  September,  1917,  she  served  in 
THopital  Auxiliare  109  at  Pont  Audemes,  Eure;  and 
from  September,  1917,  to  February,  1918,  she  was  with 
I'Hopital  d'Evacuation,  No.  18,  as  a  member  of  the 
Ambulance  Automobile  Chirurgicale  Nos.  21  and  22,  Vas- 
seny,  Aisne.  Her  last  position  was  with  I'Hopital  de 
I'Arm^e  65  at  Pontoise,  Seine  et  Oise,  where  she  served 
from  July  to  November,  and  where  she  died  of  pneu- 
monia following  influenza  in  the  terrible  epidemic  of 
that  fall. 

When  taken  sick  she  was  in  charge  of  a  ward  of  French 
wounded.  The  hospital  had  been  under  bombardment 
and  the  service  was  hard  and  hazardous. 

Her  services  were  appreciated  by  the  French  authori- 
ties, and  she  was  awarded  the  Croix  de  Guerre  with  Palm, 
in  a  citation  signed  by  the  great  French  General,  Petain, 
himself.    Translated  it  reads  as  follows : 

102 


Memorial 

Miss  Helen  Homans 

"With  the  armies  since  the  twenty-ninth  of  February,  1916, 
she  has  been  noted  for  her  absolute  devotion  to  duty,  particu- 
larly in  the  Evacuation  Hospitals  at  Courlandon  and  Vasseny 
in  the  bombarded  zone  and  in  an  Auxiliary  Hospital  of  the 
Army  where  she  has  contracted  in  caring  for  the  sick  wounded 
soldiers  a  contagious  disease  which  places  her  life  in  danger." 

Given  at  Great  Headquarters  by  the  General,  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Petain. 

What  greater  honor? 

Well  earned  —  we  her  friends  know  it  to  be. 

She  laid  down  her  life  for  the  France  that  she  loved 
and  "greater  love  hath  no  man  than  this." 

Helen  Homans  would  not  wish  the  claim  made  for  her 
that  the  free  gift  of  her  all  to  the  cause  was  an  excep- 
tional act  amongst  the  women  of  the  warring  countries. 
Anyone  who  was  privileged  to  see  the  work  and  the  sac- 
rifice of  the  women  of  England,  France,  and  America, 
appreciates  that  such  devotion  was  the  usual  thing. 

The  physicians  and  nurses  connected  with  this  hospi- 
tal responded  in  large  numbers  to  their  country's  call. 
Five  physicians  and  seven  nurses  made  the  last  sacrifice 
for  the  great  cause. 

I  like  to  think  that  the  training  and  the  standards  of 
this  hospital  were  an  inspiration  to  its  children,  and  that 
the  thought  of  it  helped  them  to  run  straight  even  when 
death  itself  was  the  goal.  Can  we,  who  have  been  spared, 
allow  an  institution  which  has  produced  such  offspring 
to  fail  to  progress  and  develop,  and  then  fall  behind? 
That  is  what  is  happening  and  will  continue  unless  there 
is  a  united  effort  immediately  to  provide  her  with  the 
sinews  of  war. 

The  Board  of  Visiting  Ladies  have  given  this  tablet  to 
Helen  Homans'  memory.  The  work  of  Boston  women  at 
this  hospital  has  for  many  years  been  conspicuous.  They 
have  given  freely  of  their  time,  strength,  and  money. 
They  have  helped  us  to  keep  the  human  side  of  our  work 
prominent,  and  their  ideals  have  always  been  high  for 
what  this  hospital  should  be.  It  is  therefore  fitting  that 
a  tablet  should  be  erected  in  this  room  to  one  of  their 
number. 

103 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

I  take  this  opportunity  to  pay  my  tribute  to  the  won- 
derful courtesy,  kindness,  and  hospitaUty  shown  the 
Americans  by  both  Enghsh  and  French.  In  England  the 
houses  of  the  people  were  thrown  open  to  our  convalescent 
soldiers.  Several  thousands  of  our  men  upon  leaving 
the  hospitals  went  into  British  homes  and  stayed  for  a 
week  or  ten  days  before  rejoining  their  organizations. 
This  was  allowed  with  some  hesitation,  but  there  were 
surprisingly  few  instances  where  difficulties  ensued. 
Thousands  of  our  men  became  better  acquainted  with 
their  British  brothers,  and  they  in  turn  learned  to  know 
the  Yankees. 

In  those  trying  days  of  October,  1918,  when  we  in  Eng- 
land were  receiving  into  our  hospitals  the  American 
wounded  from  Flanders,  and  at  the  same  time  transport 
after  transport  arrived  from  America  with  many  cases  of 
influenza  and  pneumonia,  the  Chief  Surgeon  had  a  con- 
ference with  General  Sir  John  Goodwin,  Director  General 
R.A.M.C.,  as  to  the  disposition  of  our  sick  and  wounded 
when  our  own  hospital  capacity  should  be  exceeded. 
General  Goodwin's  reply  was,  "While  there  is  a  bed  in 
England  it  shall  be  at  the  disposal  of  the  Americans." 
This  was  when  the  British  casualties  were  coming  into 
England  at  the  rate  of  3,000  to  4,000  daily,  and  ours  at 
the  rate  of  300  to  400  daily.  Our  hospital  capacity  in 
England  at  that  time  was  15,000  beds,  limited  to  that 
number,  because  we  were  not  allowed  additional  medical 
personnel,  which  was  needed  more  desperately  in  France 
at  the  moment. 

Our  hospitals  in  England  were  visited  by  the  King  and 
Queen,  and  Princess  Mary,  and  many  distinguished 
citizens  and  high  officers  of  the  army  and  navy.  Dances, 
theatrical  performances,  prize  fights,  and  many  other 
forms  of  amusement  were  arranged  for  our  soldiers  on 
leave  in  England,  and  there  seemed  no  limit  to  what  the 
British  tried  to  do  for  us. 

Americans  hving  in  England  did  much.  Lady  Har- 
court  ran  a  small  hospital  for  us  in  Lancaster  Gate, 
London.  Mrs.  Spender  Clay  conducted  an  officers'  Conva- 
lescent Home  at  Ford  Manor,  Lynnfield.  Sir  WUliam 
and  Lady  Osier  kept  open  house  for  American  Medical 

104 


Memorial 

Officers  at  Oxford.  Those  who  partook  of  their  dehght- 
ful  hospitahty  will  never  forget  it.  Sir  WilUam  made 
American  and  British  physicians  know  each  other  as  they 
never  would  have  done  without  him. 

In  France  there  was  the  same  spirit.  It  is  harder  for 
a  Frenchman  than  for  an  Enghshman  to  take  an  American 
into  his  home,  but  it  was  done  in  thousands  of  instances. 
In  Bordeaux  many  of  us  made  firm  friendships  and  de- 
lightful acquaintances.  The  appreciation  of  the  French 
for  what  America  was  doing  was  great.  This  was  more 
openly  shown  by  the  humble  peasants.  It  was  touching 
and  embarrassing  to  those  of  us  who  thought  we  should 
be  doing  more,  and  that  our  help  should  have  come 
much  sooner. 

I  remember  that  upon  the  anniversary  of  the  saihng  of 
Rochambeau  from  Bordeaux,  on  his  way  to  Newport, 
the  school  at  Talence  closed  early  and  the  children 
brought  a  basket  of  flowers  decorated  with  French  and 
American  colors  to  the  American  Hospital  in  their  midst. 

We  who  have  hved  among  them  know  the  sincere  and 
earnest  desire  of  the  British  and  French  peoples  to  live 
in  harmony  and  union  with  us,  and  with  us  to  bear  the 
burdens  of  this  distressed  world,  and  solve  its  mighty 
problems.  When  we  think  of  this,  and  contemplate  the 
sacrifice  of  the  noblest  and  best  youth  of  these  nations, 
one  is  tempted  to  offer  a  prayer  that  the  gift  may  have 
its  complete  reward;  that  having  frustrated  the  foul  de- 
signs of  Germany,  we  may  succeed  in  forming  a  Union  of 
Nations  which  will  endure  and  make  war  more  and  more 
difficult.  Politics  and  obstinacy  delay  the  making  of  a 
peace  and  the  establishment  of  some  form  of  a  League 
of  Nations.  Can  we  look  upon  our  dead  and  tolerate  that 
such  motives  should  stand  between  the  civilized  world 
and  the  consummation  of  its  victory? 

Helen  Homans'  fife  was  one  of  service.  The  gift  of  this 
life  to  France  was  cheerfully  and  gladly  made. 

May  this  tablet  commemorate  these  quahties  of  hers 
and  be  an  inspiration  to  the  coming  generations  of  young 
men  and  women  who  shall  use  this  library. 


105 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Historical 


HISTORICAL  NOTES 

Extracts  from  the  History  of  the  Hospital  to  1852  by 
N.  I.  Bowditch,  and  to  1872  by  Dr.  Ellis, 
with  additions  to  date 

1810.  A  circular  letter  was  issued  by  Drs.  James  Jack- 
son and  John  C.  Warren,  August  20,  inviting  subscrip- 
tions ^'for  a  hospital  for  the  reception  of  lunatics  and 
other  sick  persons."  This  letter  may  be  regarded  as  the 
corner-stone  of  our  institution.  It  contains  a  perspicuous 
statement  of  the  advantages  which  a  hospital  would  ex- 
tend to  all  classes  of  society,  and  closes  as  follows: 

''Hospitals  and  infirmaries  are  found  in  all  the  Chris- 
tian cities  of  the  Old  World;  and  our  large  cities  in  the 
Middle  States  have  institutions  of  this  sort,  which  do 
great  honor  to  the  liberality  and  benevolence  of  their 
founders.  We  flatter  ourselves  that  in  this  respect,  as  in 
all  others,  Boston  may  erelong  assert  her  claim  to  equal 
praise." 

1811.  Charter  obtained  from  the  Legislature,  Febru- 
ary 25.  It  incorporates  James  Bowdoin  and  fifty-five 
others  of  the  most  distinguished  inhabitants  of  the  vari- 
ous towns  of  the  Commonwealth,  by  the  name  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  A  grant  was  made  of 
the  Province  House  Estate,  so  called,  with  authority  to 
sell  the  same  and  use  the  proceeds  at  pleasure,  provided 
that  within  five  years  an  additional  sum  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  should  be  obtained  by  private  subscrip- 
tions and  donations.  On  April  1,  1817,  the  Hospital 
leased  this  estate  to  David  Greenough,  Esq.,  for  ninety- 
nine  years,  at  an  annual  rent  of  two  thousand  dollars,  or 
an  outright  sum  of  thirty-three  thousand  dollars,  at  his 
option;  and  on  October  1,  1824,  he  elected  to  pay  this 
latter  sum. 

106 


Historical 

1811.  The  first  meeting  of  the  Corporation  was  held 
April  23.  The  Corporation  was  organized  by  (the  choice 
of)  a  President  and  Vice-President,  Treasurer  and  Sec- 
retary; the  Secretary  being  ex  officio,  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees. 

1813.  Trustees  first  chosen  February  2.  At  first,  the 
President  always  attended  the  meetings  of  Trustees,  and 
presided;  but  since  1818,  the  Trustees  have  acted  by  a 
Chairman,  who  presides  at  all  their  meetings;  the  duty  of 
the  President  or  Vice-President  being  merely  to  preside 
at  the  annual  meetings  of  the  Corporation. 

1814.  By  act  of  Legislature  the  Corporation  was  au- 
thorized to  grant  annuities  on  fives.  In  a  charter,  subse- 
quently granted  to  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  Life 
Insurance  Company,  a  proviso  was  inserted,  by  which 
one-third  of  its  whole  net  profits  from  insurance  on 
fives  is  made  payable  to  the  Hospital. 

An  additional  act,  passed  January  17,  1824,  sanctions 
a  most  important  agreement  between  these  two  Corpo- 
rations, by  which  the  Hospital,  in  fieu  of  all  former  rights, 
became  entitled  to  one-third  of  all  the  earnings  of  said 
Insurance  Company,  over  and  above  six  per  cent. 

1816.  The  Board  decided  to  purchase  part  of  Mr. 
Joy's  land,  the  old  BarreU  estate  in  Somerville  (site  of 
McLean  Hospital). 

1817.  The  Committee  reported  that  they  had  exam- 
ined several  sites  (for  a  General  Hospital),  and  were 
pleased  with  one  in  North  Allen  Street,  and  arranged 
that  the  Board  should  visit  it.  Charles  Bulfinch  sent  in 
a  plan  for  a  General  Hospital. 

The  Committee  for  building  an  Asylum  reported  in 
favor  of  two  wings  or  buildings,  seventy-six  feet  by  forty, 
three  stories  high  instead  of  one,  and  of  brick  instead  of 
stone.  Authority  was  given  to  buy  the  Allen  Street 
Estate  at  twenty  thousand  dollars,  if  the  offer  should  be 
accepted  in  six  days. 

By  a  resolve  passed  by  the  Legislature,  June  12,  it  is 
provided  that  the  stone  for  the  erection  of  the  Hospital 
should  be  hammered  and  fitted  for  use  by  the  convicts 
in  the  State  Prison.  The  work  thus  done  is  estimated  at 
over  thirty  thousand  dollars. 

107 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

A  common  seal  was  ordered  to  be  prepared;  and,  on 
November  30,  Colonel  May  laid  it  before  the  Board  — 
the  device  being  an  Indian  with  his  bow  in  one  hand,  and 
an  arrow  in  the  other;  and  on  his  right,  a  star,  being 
encircled  with  the  inscription,  ''MASSACHUSETTS 
GENERAL  HOSPITAL,  1811";  and  it  was  accepted 
accordingly. 

1818.  Several  plans  were  received  by  the  Board,  and 
on  January  11,  referred  to  a  Committee.  On  January  25 
the  Committee  reported  that  the  plan  of  a  Hospital  by 
Mr.  Bulfinch  deserved  the  premium;  and  on  February  1, 
Mr.  Bulfinch's  plan  (with  slight  modifications  suggested 
by  the  Committee)  was  adopted,  and  immediate  meas- 
ures were  directed  for  getting  stone  hammered  at  the 
State  Prison. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  Hospital  in  North  Allen  Street 
was  laid  July  4,  in  Masonic  form,  by  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Massachusetts. 

The  Visiting  Committee  report  nine  patients  received 
at  Asylum. 

1821.  Notice  was  ordered  to  Drs.  Jackson  and  Warren 
that  the  Hospital  will  be  ready  for  patients  on  Septem- 
ber 1.  One  patient  was  admitted  September  1;  and, 
until  September  20,  not  a  single  other  application  was 
made  for  admission. 

1822.  Six  free  beds  were  established;  three  for  med- 
ical, three  for  surgical  patients. 

Committee  appointed  December  1,  to  wait  on  Hon. 
William  Phillips  (President  of  the  Corporation  and 
Donor  of  $20,000),  to  request  him  to  sit  for  his  portrait. 
This  portrait  by  Stuart  is,  it  is  needless  to  say,  a  fine 
painting  and  an  excellent  likeness. 

1823.  A  mummy  from  Thebes  was  presented  by 
Bryant  P.  Tilden  and  Robert  B.  Edes,  in  behalf  of  Jacob 
Van  Lennep  and  Company,  of  Smyrna  (the  Hospital  pay- 
ing two  hundred  dollars  out  of  the  proceeds  of  its  exhibi- 
tion to  the  Boston  Dispensary),  which  was  gratefully 
accepted.  The  Committee  reported  October  7,  that  they 
had  leased  the  mummy  one  year  for  exhibition  in  other 
cities. 

108 


o 


Historical 

The  gratifying  announcement  was  made  November  2, 
of  a  bequest  from  John  McLean,  of  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars,  payable  on  death  of  his  widow,  and  with  the  in- 
formation that  he  had  also  made  this  institution  his 
residuary  legatee,  by  which  "si  much  larger  sum"  would 
be  secured.  This  residue  proved  to  be  over  ninety  thou- 
sand dollars. 

1824.  Thanks  were  given  to  Gorham  Parsons,  Esq., 
''for  the  present  of  a  sow  of  an  uncommonly  fine  breed." 
Her  weight,  in  the  Visiting  Committee's  records,  is  stated 
at  273  pounds.  As  this  gift  is  noticed  in  both  records 
it  evidently  made  a  great  sensation. 

1825.  General  Lafayette,  with  his  son  and  several 
gentlemen,  accompanied  by  his  Excellency  the  Governor 
and  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  visited  the  Hospital  June 
20.  They  were  received  by  the  President  of  the  Corpora- 
tion, the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  the  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  were  conducted  through  the  several  wards 
and  other  parts  of  the  building. 

An  important  vote  was  passed  on  October  23,  placing 
a  free  bed  for  one  year  at  the  disposal  of  anyone  who 
should  pay  one  hundred  dollars. 

The  fact  that  certain  persons  were  in  the  habit  of 
visiting  the  Hospital  on  Sundays,  and  having  religious 
worship  in  the  wards,  often  producing  an  unfavorable 
excitement  in  the  patients,  was  communicated  to  the 
Board;  and  the  subject  was  referred  to  the  Chairman 
and  Mr.  Prescott,  who,  by  a  written  report  at  the  next 
meeting,  put  an  end  to  the  practice  alluded  to. 

1826.  The  Committee  appointed  at  the  last  meeting 
of  the  Corporation,  to  take  into  consideration  the  best 
mode  of  perpetuating  the  memory  of  John  McLean,  rec- 
ommended that  the  Asylum  be  hereafter  known  as  "The 
McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane." 

1827.  Erysipelatous  inflammation  having  appeared  at 
the  Hospital,  the  expediency  of  removing  all  the  patients  was 
discussed;  and  four  Trustees  were  appointed  a  Commit- 
tee on  the  subject.  January  14,  the  Committee  reported 
that  they  had  decided,  after  conference  with  the  Physi- 
cian and  Surgeon,  to  make  a  temporary  removal  of  all 
patients  from  the  Hospital  (as  far  as  practicable),  with  a 

109 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

view  to  a  ^'thorough  purification  by  fumigation  or  other- 
wise;" and  that  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  Freeman  has  very 
hberally  and  readily  offered  his  dwelling  house  in  Vine 
Street,  near  the  Hospital,  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
patients.  January  21,  twelve  patients  were  reported  as 
removed  to  Dr.  Freeman's  house,  and  twenty-one  dis- 
charged. January  28,  the  Hospital  was  reported  to  be 
entirely  clear  of  patients,  and  '' cleansing,  fumigation,  and 
alteration  of  fireplaces,  etc.,  in  progress."  February  4, 
the  patients  from  Dr.  Freeman's  house  were  received 
back  into  the  Hospital.  March  25,  Dr.  Robbins  was  ap- 
pointed a  Committee  to  return  to  Dr.  Freeman  the  key 
of  his  house,  with  thanks. 

1828.  The  Superintendent  was  directed  not  to  buy 
any  more  ''domestic  coffee."  The  nature  of  this  "vil- 
lainous compound"  is  not  stated  on  the  records;  but  it 
was  probably  a  preparation  of  rye. 

Colonel  May  was  requested  March  9  to  prepare  a 
list  of  all  donations  to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospi- 
tal, and  one  hundred  dollars  Vas  appropriated  to  that 
object.  This  vote  is  the  origin  of  the  "Donation-book," 
decidedly  the  most  important  of  all  the  records  of  the 
institution. 

Mr.  Greenough  applying  to  buy  the  reversionary  in- 
terest of  the  Corporation  in  the  Province  House  Estate, 
Messrs.  Francis  and  Lawrence  were  appointed  a  Commit- 
tee to  ascertain  its  value.  The  Hospital  declined  making 
the  proposed  sale. 

1839.  Messrs.  Shaw  and  Brimmer  were  instructed  to 
report  as  to  the  expediency  of  rejecting  syphilitic  patients, 
or  of  charging  them  extra  board;  and  this  Committee  subse- 
quently reported  that  such  patients  should  be  received 
only  in  urgent  cases,  and  should  always  be  charged 
double  the  usual  rates  of  board. 

1841.  Dr.  (John  C.)  Warren  transmitted  a  letter  en- 
closing one  thousand  dollars  as  a  fund  for  the  purchase 
of  religious  and  moral  books  to  be  given  to  patients  on 
leaving  the  Hospital. 

1846.  On  October  16,  "Sulphuric  Ether  was  first  used 
for  the  prevention  of  pain  to  a  patient  undergoing  a 
serious  operation  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

110 


Historical 

This  application  was  made  by  Mr.  W.  T.  G.  Morton. 
The  experiment  was  a  success." 

1847.  A  communication  from  Dr.  Henry  I.  Bowditch, 
as  to  the  formation  of  a  Medical  Library  at  the  Hospital, 
was  referred  to  Messrs.  Rogers  and  Amory,  who  subse- 
quently recommended  an  appropriation  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  dollars  for  that  purpose. 

1848.  The  Building  Committee  reported  that  the 
new  west  wing  cost  $29,500;  east  wing,  $28,000;  fur- 
nishing, $19,000;  repairing  center,  rebuilding  old  east 
wing  cellar  throughout,  three  reservoirs,  copper  gutters, 
old  kitchen,  outside  painting,  $24,000;  new  kitchen, 
$16,500;  autopsy  room,  sheds,  chains,  roads,  sodding, 
fences,  $3,000;  total,  $120,000. 

1849.  Gas  was  ordered  to  be  introduced  into  the 
Hospital  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Dexter. 

1854.  The  Physicians  and  Surgeons  offered  a  commu- 
nication to  the  Board  recommending  the  establishment  of 
a  Pathological  Museum  at  the  Hospital,  and  the  Visiting 
Committee  were  instructed  to  report  upon  the  subject. 
November  19,  the  Visiting  Committee  reported  that  it 
was  expedient  to  establish  a  Pathological  Museum  at 
the  Hospital. 

1855.  In  the  annual  report  for  1854,  it  is  stated  that 
the  urgent  need  that  had  long  been  felt  of  a  separate 
ward  for  cases  of  a  foul  and  dangerous  nature,  to  relieve 
and  secure  other  patients  from  discomfort  and  risk,  had 
during  the  year  been  supplied.  At  the  cost  of  $12,000, 
including  that  for  a  necessary  sea  wall,  a  commodious 
building  of  two  stories  ("the  Brick,"  1899),  west  of  the 
main  edifice,  had  been  erected,  containing  sixteen  rooms, 
with  every  needful  convenience. 

1861.  The  Secretary  was  directed  to  communicate  to 
His  Excellency,  Governor  Andrew,  the  following  vote, 
passed  in  view  of  the  pending  Civil  War:  ''That  the 
Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  assiu-e 
the  Executive  of  the  Commonwealth  that,  in  the  event 
of  any  diseased  or  wounded  soldiers  being  returned  to 
this  city,  they  shall  consider  it  their  duty  and  privilege 
to  extend  to  them  all  the  succor  and  relief  that  may  be 
within  their  power." 

Ill 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

1862.  It  was — "Voted,  That  the  subject  of  proper 
acconunodations  in  this  Hospital  for  the  sick  and 
wounded  of  the  United  States  Army  be  referred  to  Drs. 
Dale  and  Howe;  and  in  the  meantirae  that  Dr.  Dale 
shall  have  authority  to  place  for  treatment  in  the  Hospi- 
tal any  invalid  soldier  for  whom  there  is  suitable  room, 
the  rate  of  their  board  being  $4.50  per  week." 

Dr.  Dale  reported  at  the  next  meeting,  March  23, 
'^That,  unless  some  extraordinary  exigency  should  occur, 
the  accommodations  now  afforded  by  this  institution  are 
ample  for  the  present. 

1863.  Leave  was  granted  to  Dr.  Shaw  to  accept  the 
appointment  of  Commissioner,  or  Examining  Surgeon, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States  Pension  Office 
—  his  services  to  be  rendered  at  the  Hospital.  This 
office  was  to  be  held  by  him  in  accordance  with  docu- 
ments communicated  to  the  Board  relative  thereto. 

1872.  Out-Patient  Departments  for  Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System  and  Diseases  of  the  Throat  were  estab- 
lished. 

1873.  The  Training  School  for  Nurses  was  established. 
The  Warren  Ward  (A)  and  Jackson  Ward  (B)  were 

built.    They  were  both  one-story  buildings  of  corrugated 
iron. 

An  Out-Patient  Department  for  Diseases  of  the  Eyes 
was  established. 

1874.  The  Allen  Street  House  for  Pathology  and  the 
Bigelow  Ward  (C)  were  built. 

1875.  The  Townsend  Ward  (D)  was  built.  Land  in 
that  part  of  Belmont  called  Waverley  was  purchased  for 
the  future  site  of  the  McLean  Asylum. 

1882.  Convalescent  Home  in  Waverley  opened. 

The  Training  School  for  Nurses  at  the  McLean  Asylum 
was  organized. 

1883.  The  Thayer  Building  for  Nurses  was  opened 
and  the  Gay  Building  for  Out-Patients  was  built. 

1888.  The  Bradlee  Ward  (E)  for  aseptic  surgery  was 
built. 

1891.  A  house  for  the  Resident  Physician  was  built. 

1892.  The  name  McLean  Asylum  was  changed  to 

112 


Historical 

McLean  Hospital.     Building  on  the  land  at  Waverley 
was  begun. 

1894.  The  Gardner  Ward  (F)  for  contagious  diseases 
was  built. 

1895.  The  McLean  Hospital  was  transferred  from 
Somerville  to  the  new  buildings  in  Waverley.  This  was 
completed  on  November  15. 

1896.  The  Pathological  Laboratory  was  opened,  and 
the  management  of  the  Training  School  for  Nurses  of  the 
General  Hospital  was  transferred  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 

The  Semi-Centennial  of  Anaesthesia  was  celebrated  on 
October  16. 

1901.  A  new  Operating  Building,  a  new  Domestic 
Building  and  an  addition  to  the  Nurses'  Home  were 
built  at  the  General  Hospital. 

1902.  The  Weld  Ward  (G)  for  Diseases  of  the  Skin 
was  finished,  and  a  Ward  for  Children  (H)  was  opened 
in  the  Bulfinch  Building. 

1903.  The  new  Out-Patient  Building  on  Fruit  Street 
was  opened,  and  the  Orthopedic  Department  was  es- 
tablished. 

1905.  Social  Service  was  estabhshed  by  Dr.  Richard 
C.  Cabot  in  the  Out-Patient  Department. 

Reclamation  of  gauze  by  steriHzation  inaugurated, 
later  adopted  by  other  hospitals,  resulting  in  a  large 
saving  in  expense. 

1907.    Orthopedic  Ward  (I)  opened. 

1910.  A  Children's  Medical  Department  and  a 
Genito-Urinary  Department  were  estabhshed. 

Disinfection  of  excreta  by  heat  estabhshed  here,  and 
later  adopted  by  many  other  hospitals. 

1911.  Reorganization  of  the  Surgical  and  Medical 
Staffs,  by  the  appointment  of  a  Chief  of  Service  for  each 
of  these  services. 

1912.  A  similar  reorganization  was  carried  out  in 
other  departments  and  the  General  Executive  Committee 
was   established. 

1913.  A  Nurses'  Home  on  Fruit  Street  was  completed 
and  occupied. 

113 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

A  Department  of  Syphilis  called  the  South  Surgical 
Department  was  established. 

1916.  The  Moseley  Memorial  Building,  containing  the 
Administrative  Offices,  Treadwell  Library,  Emergency 
Ward  and  rooms  for  House  Officers  and  others,  was 
opened. 

The  nucleus  of  a  Base  Hospital,  organized  under  the 
Red  Cross,  was  established. 

1917.  Base  Hospital  No.  6,  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  Unit,  departed  for  France  on  July  9. 

The  work  of  the  members  of  the  Staff  who  remained 
behind  was  made  lighter  by  the  return  of  several  past 
members  of  the  Staff  as  volunteers. 

The  PhilUps  House  was  opened  and  the  Medical 
Laboratory  was  estabUshed. 


114 


Historical 


McLEAN  HOSPITAL* 

WAVERLEY,    MASS. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  Massa- 
chusetts had  no  hospital,  either  general  or  for  the  insane, 
although  institutions  had  for  some  years  been  estab- 
lished in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  while  Virginia 
boasted  the  first,  and,  until  1808,  when  the  insane  of  the 
New  York  Hospital  were  removed  to  a  separate  building, 
the  only  hospital  solely  for  the  insane,  in  her  asylum  at 
Wilhamsburg.  There  had  been  some  agitation  of  the 
subject  and  one  or  two  attempts  had  been  made  to 
found  such  an  institution  in  Boston;  the  earliest  in  1797, 
when  WiUiam  Philhpps  devised  $5,000  towards  the  build- 
ing of  a  hospital,  afterwards  increased  to  $20,000  by  his 
heirs  and  paid  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  Corporation.  The  circular  letter,  how- 
ever, prepared  in  August,  1810,  by  Drs.  James  Jackson 
and  John  C.  Warren,  was  the  first  definite  appeal  to  the 
pubhc,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  beginning  of  the 
present  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  of  which 
McLean  is  a  part.  This  circular  sets  forth  at  some 
length  the  need  of  a  hospital  for  the  sick  and  the  insane, 
especially  the  sick  and  insane  poor,  for  whom  at  that 
time  there  was  no  place  except  in  the  almshouse  at 
Charlestown,  where  not  more  than  eight  persons  could  be 
cared  for;  the  various  town  almshouses,  or  the  jails,  to 
which  the  ''furious  insane"  were  sent;  the  need  of  clini- 
cal instruction  for  medical  students  which  such  a  hospital 
only  could  supply;  and,  finally,  the  obligation  entailed 
upon  the  wealthy  and  influential  to  help  their  sick 
and  suffering  neighbors. 

The  response  to  this  appeal  was  immediate,  and  in 
January  following  (1811)  a  charter  was  obtained  from 
the  Legislature.  It  incorporated  James  Bowdoin  and  55 
other  citizens  of  the  various  towns  of  the  coromonwealth, 
under  the  name  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 

♦Extracts  from  its  History  by  Dr.  George  T.  Tuttle  to  1912,  with  extension  to  date  by 
Dr.  F.  H.  Packard. 

115 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

with  power  to  hold  real  and  personal  estate  yielding  an 
annual  income  not  exceeding  $30,000,  the  same  to  be 
placed  under  the  care  of  12  trustees,  four  of  whom  were 
to  be  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Visitors,  which  was  com- 
posed of  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  President 
of  the  Senate,  Speaker  of  the  House  and  the  chaplains  of 
both  houses  of  the  Legislature.  A  grant  was  made  by 
the  commonwealth  of  the  "Province  House  Estate" 
(then  valued  at  $20,000),  upon  the  condition  that  within 
ten  years  an  additional  sum  of  $100,000  should  be  raised 
by  private  subscriptions.  In  return  for  the  grant  of  this 
property  by  the  State,  the  charter  imposed  upon  the 
corporation  the  obligation  of  supporting  a  number 
''which  shall  at  no  time  exceed  30"  sick  or  insane  per- 
sons chargeable  to  the  commonwealth.  This  condition 
was  afterwards  modified  to  make  the  number  of  such 
patients  depend  upon  the  actual  income  derived  from  the 
Province  House  property,  and  finally,  in  1816,  was  re- 
pealed because  such  provision  tended  to  make  of  the 
Hospital  a  pauper  institution. 

Province  House  had  an  interesting  history.  Built  in 
1679  by  Peter  Sargeant,  nearly  opposite  the  Old  South 
Meeting-House  on  Washington  (then  Marlborough) 
Street,  in  Boston,  it  was  purchased  in  1716  by  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislature  for  the  residence  of  the  royal  Gov- 
ernors, and  was  used  as  such  until  the  Revolution.  After 
the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  England  it  became 
"Government  House,"  and  was  held  by  the  State  until 
1811,  when  it  was  presented  to  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  Corporation.  In  1813  plans  were  made  to 
remodel  the  house  for  a  hospital  and  asylum,  and  a  Mr. 
Hornby,  of  Newport,  R.  L,  was  selected  to  have  charge 
of  the  proposed  institution.  This  project  was  found  to  be 
impracticable,  however,  and  in  1817  the  estate  was 
leased  to  David  Greenough  for  a  term  of  99  years.  He 
erected  stores  in  front  of  the  house  and  converted  it  to 
uses  of  trade.  It  later  became  a  tavern,  and  figures  in 
Hawthorne's  "Twice-told  Tales."  In  1864  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

The  war  of  1812  delayed  the  plans  for  building  the 
Hospital,  but  in  1816  the  Board  of  Trustees  instituted  a 

116 


Historical 

house-to-house  canvass  and  received  such  hberal  re- 
sponses that  within  a  week  $93,969  was  subscribed, 
$43,997.47  of  which  was  contributed  specifically  for  the 
asylum.    There  were  1,047  original  subscribers. 

Negotiations  were  at  once  opened  for  the  purchase  of 
a  site  suitable  for  an  asylum  for  the  insane,  the  need  of 
which  branch  of  the  proposed  hospital  was  considered  to 
be  more  urgent  than  a  general  hospital.  In  December  of 
1816  the  Joy,  or  Barrell,  estate  (known  also  as  Poplar 
Grove  and  Cobble  Hill)  at  Charlestown,  was  bought 
for  $15,650. 

This  estate  contained  approximately  18M  acres.  Here 
on  Cobble  Hill,  in  1775,  General  Putnam  and  Colonel 
Knox  laid  out  a  fort,  which  received  the  name  of  "Put- 
nam's Impregnable  Fortress."  At  the  foot  of  the  hill 
flowed  a  small  stream.  Miller's  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Charles,  and  for  some  years  to  come  McLean  Asylum  did 
nearly  all  its  transportation  by  water.  Upon  this  hill, 
surrounded  by  trees  and  gardens,  stood  a  colonial  dwell- 
ing house  built  in  1792  by  Joseph  Barrell.  Charles 
Bulfinch  designed  this  mansion,  which,  enlarged  and 
altered,  was  used  as  the  administration  house  of  the 
asylum  for  77  years.  In  1817  two  three-story  brick 
houses  known  as  the  East  Houses,  accommodating  30 
patients  each,  were  built  adjacent  to  this  mansion,  but 
on  diverging  lines  from  it.  The  Joy  estate  and  the  addi- 
tional buildings  and  alterations  prior  to  1818  cost 
$89,821.16.  The  first  patient  was  admitted  October  6, 
1818  —  a  yoimg  man  whose  father  thought  him  pos- 
sessed with  a  devil  which  he  had  tried  to  exorcise  with 
the  rod.  The  Trustees  spent  three  hours  discussing  his 
case,  but  finally  decided  to  receive  him.  It  is  recorded 
that  he  made  a  complete  recovery,  became  a  pedlar,  and 
acquired  a  property  of  $10,000  or  $12,000.  At  the  end  of 
the  first  year  13  patients  had  been  admitted. 

Until  1826  the  Charlestown  branch  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  was  known  simply  as  the 
"Asylum,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  "Hospital,"  which 
was  opened  for  patients  in  1821.  It  was  officially  named 
The  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane  on  June  12,  1826, 
and  as  such  was  known  until  1892,  when  it  was  rechris- 

117 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

tened  McLean  Hospital.  The  name  of  McLean  was  given  to 
it  in  honor  of  John  McLean,  a  Boston  merchant,  who  in 
1823  left  the  corporation  $25,000  and  naming  it  as  his 
residuary  legatee.  Eventually  the  corporation  received 
nearly  $120,000  from  the  McLean  estate.  To  further 
perpetuate  his  memory,  the  Trustees  commissioned 
Gilbert  Stuart  to  paint  his  portrait,  which  was  finished 
in  1825,  and  now  hangs  in  the  library  at  Waverley. 

The  first  superintendent  of  the  asylum  was  Dr.  Rufus 
Wyman,  elected  March  23,  1818.  During  the  17  years 
of  Dr.Wyman's  superintendency  several  changes  were  made 
in  the  asylum.  There  was  of  necessity  much  pioneer 
work  to  be  done  and  much  remodeling  of  buildings  to 
suit  the  peculiar  needs  of  this  asylum.  Rooms  for  'Hhe 
occasional  seclusion  of  refractory  boarders"  were  required, 
and  accordingly,  in  1822,  five  '^  strong  rooms  for  raging 
female  patients"  were  constructed,  which  were  removed 
in  1836  when  the  new  "cottage"  for  "female  patients  in 
seclusion"  was  erected.  A  similar  addition  to  the  men's 
department  was  built  in  1826.  This  was  the  "lodge,"  or 
"retreat,"  a  brick  building  of  two  stories,  costing  $22,700. 
During  1826-29  still  further  additions  and  improvements 
were  made,  to  the  amount  of  $91,822.33.  These  included 
the  "lodge"  referred  to  above;  a  new  five-story  building 
for  men,  called  the  North  Building,  costing  $65,000;  a 
new  roof  for  the  mansion  house,  with  an  additional  story 
in  the  middle  and  extensive  repairs  throughout;  im- 
provements in  ventilation;  the  addition  of  a  laundry 
and  a  new  kitchen.  No  further  additions  appear  to  have 
been  made  until  1835,  when  $28,000  was  voted  to  be 
used  for  a  new  building  for  women  known  as  the  Belknap 
House,  named  in  honor  of  Miss  Mary  Belknap  of  Boston, 
who,  in  1832,  left  the  asylum  a  sum  of  nearly 
$90,000. 

In  the  matter  of  the  treatment  of  patients,  from  the 
first  great  stress  was  laid  upon  the  "system  of  moral 
management"  under  which  the  asylum  was  conducted. 
The  attendants  were  carefully  chosen  and  were  instructed 
to  treat  their  patients  with  kindness  and  gentleness. 
In  1833  Dr.  Wyman  writes  that  "chains  or  strait  jackets 
have  never  been  used  or  provided  in  this  asylum"  and 

118 


Historical 

that  ''no  attendant  is  allowed  to  put  the  smallest  re- 
straint upon  a  patient  without  the  direction  of  the  super- 
visor, who  enters  the  fact  in  a  book  and  reports  it  to  the 
physician";  also  that  ''no  person  is  ever  allowed  to  strike 
a  patient,  even  in  self-defence." 

In  the  first  report  published  by  the  Hospital  (1822), 
Dr.  Wyman  speaks  of  the  advantage  of  occupation  and 
diversion  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane,  and  says  that 
the  "amusements  provided,  as  draughts,  chess,  back- 
gammon, ninepins,  swinging,  sawing  wood,  gardening, 
reading,  writing,  music,  etc.,  divert  the  attention  from 
the  unpleasant  subjects  of  thought  and  afford  exercise 
both  of  body  and  mind."  He  further  argues  that  regu- 
larity in  meals,  exercise,  work  and  rest  "have  a  powerful 
effect  in  tranquilizing  the  mind,  breaking  up  wrong 
associations  of  ideas  and  inducing  correct  habits  of  think- 
ing as  well  as  acting."  Outdoor  exercise  was  insisted 
upon,  and  in  1828  the  first  carriage  and  pair  of  horses  for 
the  use  of  the  patients  were  bought. 

During  the  year  1835-36,  under  Dr.  Lee's  adminis- 
tration, the  first  piano  and  the  first  billiard  table  were 
purchased;  the  general  library  was  started  with  120 
volumes;  religious  services  were  introduced;  the  "Bel- 
knap Sewing  Society"  for  women  patients  was  organized, 
and  the  carpenter  shop  for  the  use  of  the  men  patients 
was  opened.  One  evening  in  each  week  those  patients 
who  were  well  enough  were  invited  for  dancing  and  con- 
versation to  the  oval  room  at  the  administration  house. 
The  men  patients  worked  on  the  farm  and  the  women  in 
the  laundry  and  kitchen.  Dr.  Lee  says  in  his  report  that 
"useful  labor  is  the  best  employment,"  but  his  successor 
was  obliged  to  abandon  many  of  these  industries,  as  the 
class  of  patients  later  received  at  McLean  was  not  accus- 
tomed to  such  manual  labor  and  refused  to  do  it.  Six 
acres  of  land  were  purchased  for  $6,000;  the  "strong 
rooms"  before  mentioned  were  removed,  the  "cottage" 
was  built,  and  the  "Belknap  House"  for  50  women 
begun. 

The  next  superintendent  of  the  asylum  was  Dr.  Luther 
V.  Bell,  one  of  the  foremost  psychiatrists  of  his  day. 
During  the  19  years  of  Dr.  Bell's  service  the  asylum  grew 

119 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

in  all  directions.  The  Belknap  House  was  finished  in 
1837,  12  new  rooms  were  finished  in  the  North  Building 
in  1838,  and  billiard  rooms  and  attendants'  rooms  were 
converted  into  quarters  for  patients,  making  accommo- 
dations for  61  men  patients  in  all;  new  rooms  were 
built  into  the  fourth  story  of  the  Belknap  House  in  1839, 
increasing  the  capacity  of  the  whole  asylum  to  145 
patients. 

By  1840,  owing  to  the  opening  of  the  various  State 
hospitals  in  New  England,  the  social  status  of  the 
patients  in  McLean  Hospital  had  changed,  making  it  neces- 
sary to  provide  more  commodious  and  luxurious  quar- 
ters for  them  in  order  that  they  might  not  miss  their 
home  surroundings.  Therefore  carpets,  wall  paper,  mir- 
rors, mantels  and  better  furniture  were  introduced,  and 
in  order  that  still  further  luxuries  might  be  available,  in 
1850  Wilham  Appleton,  president  of  the  corporation, 
donated  $20,000.  To  this  gift  was  added  the  bequest 
of  $20,000  received  in  1839  from  Joseph  Lee,  of  which  a 
separate  investment  had  been  made  and  which  in  1851 
exceeded  $45,000.  With  these  two  gifts  two  houses  for 
men  and  women,  accommodating  eight  persons  each  and 
providing  a  suite  of  sitting  room,  bedroom  and  bath  for 
each  patient,  were  begun  in  1850  and  finished  in  1853. 
By  the  desire  of  the  Lee  family  Mr.  Appleton's  name  was 
given  to  these  houses,  and  at  their  suggestion  the  North 
Building,  for  which  the  name  of  Lee  had  been  proposed, 
was  officially  changed  to  Dix  Ward,  in  honor  of  Miss 
Dorothea  Dix. 

The  ventilating  and  heating  plants  were  completely 
made  over  in  1848,  hot-water  heating  being  introduced. 
According  to  Dr.  Bell,  McLean  Asylum  was  the  first 
institution  for  the  insane  in  the  country  to  try  this 
method.  Cochituate  water  from  Boston  was  brought  into 
the  asylum  under  the  railroad  tracks  in  block  tin  pipes 
in  1851  and  gas  was  introduced  in  1854.  New  bowling 
alleys  and  billiard  rooms  for  men  and  women  were  pro- 
vided in  1855;  also  in  the  same  year,  six  rooms  and  a 
corridor  below  the  dome  in  the  North  Building  were 
removed  and  made  into  one  large  dormitory  for  10  or 
12  patients. 

120 


Historical 

As  may  be  gathered  from  the  record  of  these  alterations 
and  additions,  McLean  Asylmn  had  begun  to  outgrow 
its  quarters.  In  1844,  for  the  first  time  in  its  history, 
patients  were  refused  admission  for  want  of  room, 
and  in  1852  more  were  turned  away  than  were  admitted. 
As  early  as  1839  Dr.  Bell  had  foreseen  this  situation  and 
had  then  proposed  several  schemes  by  which  the  number 
of  patients  could  be  limited.  The  one  which  was  adopted 
was  an  increase  in  the  rate  of  board. 

The  rates  at  first  charged  in  the  asylum  ranged  from 
$2.50  to  15  per  week.  These  rates  gradually  increased. 
In  1827  the  Visiting  Committee  reported  that  the  rates 
should  never  be  less  than  $3  nor  more  than  $12,  but 
later  they  were  made  sometimes  as  low  as  $2  and  as  high 
as  $20  a  week;  at  that  time  the  expenses  of  the  asylum 
were  about  $18,000  a  year.  In  1839,  in  the  effort  to 
relieve  the  overcrowded  condition  and  limit  the  number 
of  apphcations,  a  rate  was  made  of  not  less  than  $4.50 
for  persons  outside  the  State  and  $3  for  those  from 
Massachusetts.  It  was  then  estimated  that  one-third 
of  the  patients  admitted  to  McLean  came  from  other 
States. 

In  1832  the  opening  of  the  State  Asylum  at  Worcester, 
and  in  1839  of  the  Boston  Lunatic  Asylum,  freed  McLean 
from  a  large  number  of  her  lower-rate  patients,  but  the 
new  asylums  founded  during  this  period  in  the  other 
New  England  States  drew  away  many  of  those  who  had 
paid  higher  rates.  To  meet  expenses  and  not  turn  away 
desirable  patients  who  could  not  afford  to  pay  even  the 
$3  rate,  WiUiam  Appleton  gave  $10,000  in  1843  and 
Samuel  Appleton  added  another  $10,000  to  this  fund 
in  1854.  In  1844  there  were  reported  30  patients 
who  paid  only  $1.50  a  week;  in  1846,  $500  from  the 
Belknap  fund  was  placed  at  Dr.  Bell's  disposal  for  poor 
patients. 

From  its  earliest  days  McLean  Hospital  has  done 
much  for  charity.  There  has  usually  been  a  larger  num- 
ber of  patients  in  the  Hospital  who  pay  less  than  the 
actual  cost  than  of  those  who  pay  more,  and  it  has  been, 
and  is,  the  policy  of  the  Trustees  to  apply  the  excess 
of  income  from  the  latter  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the 

121 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

former.  Should  a  surplus  occur  at  the  end  of  the  year  it 
is  devoted  to  the  other  department  of  the  corporation 
(the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital)  to  help  meet  the 
expenses  of  its  non-paying  patients. 

Of  the  170  patients  in  the  asylum  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1847,  153  paid  $5  a  week  or  less;  the  expenses  for 
that  year  are  reported  as  being  $32,500.  In  1864  the 
cost  per  patient  is  computed  at  $9.77  and  the  rates  were 
again  raised.  In  1875  the  average  cost  was  $21.07,  with 
the  expenses  increased  to  $165,000.  In  1912  the  average 
cost  per  patient  was  reckoned  as  $25  and  the  expenses 
for  the  year  amounted  to  $359,038.15. 

The  different  railroads  now  merged  into  the  Boston 
&  Maine  system  began  to  encroach  upon  the  asylum 
grounds  in  1837.  Various  lawsuits  resulted,  and  from 
1837  until  the  removal  of  the  Hospital  in  1895  to  Waver- 
ley,  when  the  entire  property  was  sold  to  the  Boston  & 
Lowell  Railroad,  there  were  frequent  struggles  with  the 
railroads.  In  1871  the  Boston  &  Lowell  took  a  strip  of 
land  through  the  front  of  the  asylum  grounds  across  the 
main  avenue.  The  final  result  was  that  the  asylum  was 
virtually  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  large  freight  yard, 
being  entirely  surrounded  by  tracks.  Moreover,  the 
neighborhood  grew  further  undesirable  because  of  ad- 
jacent factories,  pork-packing  establishments  and  cheap 
tenements. 

After  his  first  visit  to  Europe  in  1840  Dr.  Bell  was  more 
than  ever  interested  in  the  new  science  of  psychiatry. 
In  1843  he  wrote  an  analytical  summary  of  his  experience 
during  the  preceding  eight  years  from  a  medical  point 
of  view,  in  which  his  discussion  of  the  causation,  classi- 
fication and  treatment  of  insanity  was  well  abreast  of 
his  time. 

His  ideas  on  restraint  and  non-restraint  are  set  forth 
in  this  report  and  also  in  the  earlier  one  of  1840  and  the 
later  one  of  1855.  Although  not  a  believer  in  absolute 
non-restraint,  he  says  in  1840  that  very  little  restraint 
is  used  at  McLean  and  that  ''for  some  years  the  average 
number  of  patients  under  the  restraint  of  leather  mittens 
has  not  exceeded  one  per  cent,  and  often  week  after  week 
elapses  without  a  single  instance." 

122 


Historical 

In  those  early  days  the  superintendents  and  assist- 
ant physicians  devoted  themselves  to  a  greater  extent  to 
the  entertainment  of  their  patients  than  they  do  at  pres- 
ent. They  ate  with  them,  drove  with  them,  worked  and 
played  with  them;  they  rarely  absented  themselves 
from  the  asylmn.  No  vacations  were  given  till  1873, 
when  it  was  voted  that  each  member  of  the  staff  should 
be  allowed  two  weeks  during  the  year.  Previous  to  this, 
upon  very  rare  occasions,  leave  of  absence  for  a  week  or 
two  was  asked  and  granted.  The  Visiting  Committee  of 
the  Trustees  also  took  a  serious  view  of  their  duties  and 
made  it  a  point  to  see  personally  each  patient  in  the 
asylum  once  a  week,  checking  his  name  off  a  prepared 
list. 

The  nurses  of  that  time  were  for  the  greater  part 
school-teachers.  In  1843,  with  150  patients,  25  nurses 
were  considered  "a  very  liberal  number  of  attendants." 

In  his  report  for  1848,  Dr.  Bell  mentions  the  fact,  not 
generally  recognized  at  that  time  but  since  become  of 
national  importance,  that  other  countries  were  sending 
over  their  vagrants,  paupers  and  insane,  and  casting 
them  upon  our  shores  to  rid  themselves  of  their  care. 

By  1847  the  asylum  was  full,  with  173  patients,  and 
only  two-thirds  of  all  who  applied  could  be  admitted. 
In  his  report  for  1848  Dr.  Bell  states  that  there  are  184 
patients  in  the  asylum  and  that  "the  architecture  is 
hopelessly  inadequate"  to  accommodate  that  number. 
Accordingly  in  1852  he  began  to  advocate  building 
another  asylum  and  using  one  for  men  and  the  other  for 
women.  Meantime  the  number  of  patients  increased, 
and  in  1852,  with  comfortable  accommodations  for  160 
patients,  there  were  at  times  210  crowded  into  attics, 
dormitories  and  the  fifth  stories.  The  external  dimen- 
sions, with  the  exception  of  the  two  Appleton  houses, 
just  finished,  were  the  same  as  in  1837,  when  there  were 
one-half  as  many  patients. 

In  his  second  year  of  office  Dr.  Tyler  asked  for  and 
received  a  regular  appropriation  of  $300  for  the  general 
library,  which  appropriation  continues  to  the  present 
day.  He  devoted  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  the  amuse- 
ment and  diversion  of  patients  in  the  way  of  weekly 

123 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

entertainments,  sleigh  rides,  singing  classes,  and  orches- 
tra composed  of  men  patients,  drawing  and  French 
classes  for  the  women,  and  the  like.  Believing  thoroughly 
in  the  idea  that  bodily  infirmities  influence  the  mind  for 
ill,  he  engaged  Dr.  Dio  Lewis  as  gymnastic  teacher  in 
1860.  Of  an  extremely  rehgious  temperament  himself, 
he  encouraged  the  wave  of  religious  revival  which  swept 
over  the  institution  in  1858,  and  in  1867  succeeded  in 
getting  a  chaplain  appointed  —  the  Rev.  David  G. 
Haskins. 

In  1866  a  large  sum  of  money  was  expended  for  repairs 
and  improvements;  the  grounds  were  graded  and  im- 
proved and  the  farm  buildings  removed  from  their 
former  close  proximity  to  the  front  entrance  and  repaired. 

The  Trustees  decided  in  1871  that,  owing  to  the  con- 
tinued encroachments  of  the  railroads  and  the  other 
objectionable  features  of  its  location,  the  asylum  must 
be  removed,  and,  therefore,  for  the  next  few  years  prac- 
tically no  repairs,  alterations  or  improvements  were 
made.  In  1875,  107  acres  of  land  on  Wellington  Hill, 
Belmont  (Waverley),  were  purchased  for  S75,000.  In 
1878  the  Trustees  entered  upon  negotiations  to  sell  the 
Somerville  property,  and  in  1880  the  Fitchburg  Railroad 
bought  23  acres  of  their  land  for  $70,000,  which,  with 
damages  awarded  from  various  lawsuits,  created  a  fund 
of  $122,076.30  for  the  new  hospital  buildings  at  Waverley. 

Dr.  Cowles  came  to  McLean  with  the  experience  of 
16  years  in  the  Army  and  as  superintendent  of  a  large 
city  hospital  behind  him.  He  at  once  proceeded  to  make 
of  the  asylum  a  distinctly  modern  hospital.  In  1880, 
his  first  year,  the  bars  were  taken  off  some  of  the 
windows  and  unobtrusive  screens  were  put  in.  The 
following  year  he  tried  the  experiment  of  unlocked  doors 
between  the  wards  of  some  of  the  buildings  for  conva- 
lescent patients;  the  women  nurses  on  the  men's  side 
introduced  by  Dr.  Jelly  were  increased  to  four;  ward 
maids  were  employed,  and  visitors  were  admitted  freely 
to  the  patients. 

The  same  year  (1881)  was  the  first  in  which  patients 
were  admitted  voluntarily  to  the  hospitals,  and  McLean 
had  one  such.     In  1882  there  were  11  voluntary  admis- 

124 


Historical 

sions  and  in  1883,  33.  Since  January  1,  1883,  when  the 
admission  of  patients  on  the  voluntary  basis  had  become 
an  estabhshed  custom,  43.5  per  cent  of  all  admissions 
have  been  voluntary. 

In  1882  the  McLean  Hospital  Training  School  for 
Nurses  was  established,  the  first  formally  organized 
training  school  in  a  hospital  for  the  insane  in  the  world. 
The  "attendants"  were  called  ''nurses"  and  put  in  uni- 
form; a  superintendent  of  nurses,  Miss  Mary  F.  Palmer, 
was  appointed;  a  two  years'  course  of  lectures  and  clini- 
cal work  was  laid  out.  The  first  class  to  graduate  was 
that  of  1886,  when  15  women  received  their  diplomas; 
the  same  year  saw  the  formation  of  a  class  of  men,  and  in 
1888,  20  women  and  four  men  were  graduated. 

In  1884  Miss  Palmer  resigned  as  superintendent  of 
nurses  and  Miss  Lucia  E.  Woodward  was  appointed  in 
her  place,  and  held  that  position  until  her  resignation  in 
the  fall  of  1912.  Miss  Woodward  came  to  the  asylum  as 
an  attendant  in  1864;  was  made  supervisor  in  1870,  and 
superintendent  of  nurses  in  1884,  having  previously 
spent  some  months  in  the  training  school  for  nurses  at 
the  Boston  City  Hospital.  For  48  years  Miss  Woodward 
was  identified  with  McLean  Hospital,  and  the  success 
of  the  Training  School  owes  much  to  her  personahty. 

As  the  removal  of  the  Hospital  from  Somerville  to 
Waverley  was  delayed  from  year  to  year,  it  became 
absolutely  necessary  to  make  alterations  and  repairs. 
In  1886  accommodations  were  made  for  14  women  nurses 
in  a  large  dormitory  under  the  dome  of  the  Belknap 
House,  and  in  1888  changes  were  made  in  the  cottage; 
there  were  minor  repairs  till  1892,  when  the  buildings  at 
Waverley  were  at  last  begun.  In  that  year  the  Trustees 
bought  a  house  and  barn  at  Waverley  for  $8,000,  and 
voted  to  erect  on  the  land  previously  acquiied  there  two 
buildings  for  patients  —  the  Belknap  and  Appleton 
houses  for  women,  and  the  stable,  appropriating  for  these 
buildings  $288,622.  In  1893  the  Upham  Memorial 
Building,  gift  of  George  P.  Upham,  was  begun. 

On  May  14,  1894,  the  Upham  Memorial  House  was 
formally  presented  by  its  donor  to  the  Trustees,  and  on 
October   1,    1895,   the   new  McLean   Hospital,   offering 

125 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

accommodations  for  180  patients,  was  open  for  inspec- 
tion. The  plant  cost  SI, 395,404.29  and  included  the 
Pierce  Building  (administration  house),  the  Upham 
Memorial,  the  Belknap,  Proctor  and  Bowditch  houses 
for  men;  the  Belknap,  East,  Appleton  and  Wyman 
houses  for  women;  the  stable,  laboratories  and  various 
service  buildings.  In  the  following  year  the  two  gym- 
nasiums were  finished,  and  the  Hope  Cottage,  built  by 
Mrs.  Sarah  S.  Matchett. 

The  new  Hospital  is  built  on  the  cottage  plan,  with 
houses  quite  widely  separated,  but  with  corridor  connec- 
tion, and  located  as  far  as  possible  wdth  reference  to  view 
and  sunlight  in  the  patients'  rooms. 

The  first  patients  were  transferred  from  Somerville 
to  Waverley  in  April,  1895.  Gradually  others  were 
brought  over,  a  few  at  a  time,  until  the  final  transfer 
November  15,  1895.  On  November  16,  the  groimds 
where  the  asylum  had  been  started  77  years  before  were 
dehvered  to  the  Boston  &  Lowell  Railroad. 

Dr.  William  Noyes  was  appointed  pathologist  in  1888, 
and  in  1889  the  Trustees  appropriated  S600  for  the  de- 
velopment of  the  pathological  department.  Dr.  William 
W.  Gannett,  of  Boston,  had  served  as  pathologist  for 
several  years,  and  aside  from  his  other  duties  had  given 
instruction  to  the  medical  staff.  Dr.  Noyes,  besides  act- 
ing as  pathologist,  began  research  work  in  connection 
with  the  patients  and  was  the  pioneer  in  the  estabhsh- 
ment  of  a  clinical  laboratory.  He  resigned  in  1893  and 
Dr.  August  Hoch  was  appointed  in  his  place.  Under  the 
latter's  leadership  Kraepelin's  classification  of  mental 
diseases  was  adopted,  case-records  were  kept  in  a  much 
more  scientific  manner,  and  cases  were  studied  and  com- 
pared and  research  work  was  carried  on.  Dr.  Hoch 
resigned  in  1905,  when  he  was  appointed  assistant  phy- 
sician at  Bloomingdale  Hospital,  White  Plains,  N.  Y., 
and  Dr.  Frederic  H.  Packard,  junior  assistant  physician, 
who  had  studied  with  Dr.  Hoch,  took  his  place.  In 
December,  1909,  he  exchanged  positions  with  Dr.  E. 
Stanley  Abbot,  then  first  assistant  physician. 

The  chemical  laboratory  was  estabhshed  in  1900,  and 
Dr.  Otto  Folin  was  appointed  chemist,  in  which  capacity 

126 


Historical 

he  served  until  1908,  when  he  was  elected  professor  of 
biological  chemistry  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
During  this  time  extensive  researches  in  physiological 
chemistry  were  carried  on,  new  methods  of  analysis  were 
devised,  and  many  important  investigations  and  valuable 
contributions  to  science  were  made  by  Dr.  Folin,  which 
gave  him  an  international  reputation.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Erdman. 

The  psychological  laboratory  was  opened  in  1904,  with 
Dr.  Shepherd  Ivory  Franz  at  its  head.  Dr.  Franz  did 
much  valuable  work  in  physiological  psychology  during 
the  two  years  he  remained  at  McLean.  Upon  his  resig- 
nation in  1906  Dr.  F.  Lyman  Wells  succeeded  him. 
Dr.  Wells  has  devoted  his  attention  to  experimental  and 
abnormal  psychology. 

In  1899  hydro  therapeutic  apparatus  was  installed  at 
a  cost  of  $10,000. 

One  of  the  pleasantest  features  of  the  institution  is  the 
collection  of  paintings  in  the  art  room,  which  was  started 
in  1898  upon  the  suggestion  of  a  former  patient.  While 
it  began  as  a  loan  exhibition,  many  pictures  have  since 
been  given  to  the  Hospital. 

In  1903  the  Trustees  of  the  Hospital  voted  that  the 
medical  superintendent  and  the  first  and  second  assist- 
ant physicians  "shall  be  retired  upon  reaching  the  age 
of  64  years,  and  if  so  retired  after  a  service  in  the  Hospi- 
tal of  not  less  than  14  years  they  shall  receive  thereafter 
a  retired  salary  equal  to  60  per  cent  of  the  salary  they 
received  at  the  time  of  their  retirement." 

Accordingly,  Dr.  Cowles,  having  reached  this  age 
limit,  was  retired  in  December,  1903,  carrying  with  him 
the  loyal  affection  of  all  who  had  been  associated  with 
him  in  his  work. 

Upon  Dr.  Cowles'  retirement  Dr.  George  T.  Tuttle, 
who  had  been  associated  with  Dr.  Cowles  as  second  and 
then  first  assistant  physician  for  25  years,  was  appointed 
medical  superintendent,  taking  office  January  1,   1904. 

The  Samuel  Eliot  Memorial  Chapel  was  dedicated 
May  31,  1906. 

Much  attention  has  always  been  paid  in  this  Hospital 
to  physical  exercise  in  the  treatment  of  patients.     To 

127 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

promote  this,  a  static  machine,  a  mechanical  vibrator, 
and  a  set  of  Zander  apparatus  were  installed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  baths  in  the  gymnasium  building  for  women 
in  1904;  a  golf  course  of  nine  holes  was  laid  out  and  is 
kept  in  good  condition;  three  tennis  courts  have  been 
built,  and  all  forms  of  outdoor  exercise  encouraged. 

The  importance  of  various  forms  of  diversion,  and 
especially  of  manual  occupation,  has  been  recognized  in 
this  Hospital  from  its  very  beginning.  As  early  as  1822, 
Dr.  Wyman  writes  of  their  value,  and  Dr.  Bell,  in  1839, 
says  that  ''the  experiment  of  mechanical  labor  was  here 
first  introduced,  and  the  safety,  expediency  and  immense 
utility  of  putting  tools  into  the  hands  of  the  patients 
entirely  and  satisfactorily  decided."  Although  later, 
owing  to  the  class  of  patients  received  at  McLean,  me- 
chanical and  agricultural  labor  was  abandoned  for 
''some  form  of  busy  idleness,"  yet  each  superintendent 
has  done  his  share  in  developing  this  method  of  treat- 
ment. For  the  men,  as  long  ago  as  1836  the  carpenter's 
shop  was  opened  for  their  use,  and  of  late  years  wood- 
carving  and  cabinet  making  have  been  taught;  while 
the  women  have  had  lessons  in  drawing  and  painting,  and 
have  done  various  forms  of  fancywork.  In  1910  two 
rooms  in  the  women's  gymnasium  were  prepared  for 
industrial  occupations  of  a  somewhat  different  type;  a 
teacher  of  handicrafts  was  engaged,  and  instruction  is 
now  given  daily  in  basketry,  leather  work,  lace  making, 
weaving,  and  other  forms  of  industry. 

In  1907  one  acre  of  land  with  house  and  barn  was 
bought;  in  1908,  71,800  square  feet  of  land  on  Mill  Street 
was  purchased,  also  the  "Brown  Farm"  of  a  little  more 
than  56  acres,  containing  a  spring  which  supplies  all  the 
water  for  the  Hospital.  In  1909  a  lot  of  land  containing 
seven  and  one-half  acres  and  a  house  on  Mill  Street  was 
bought  to  provide  a  third  residence  for  married  physicians. 

McLean  Hospital  occupies  an  estate  of  317  acres  on 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  Arlington  Heights 
range  of  hills  overlooking  the  Charles  River  Valley.  It 
accommodates  220  patients  in  eleven  houses. 

Patients  are  received  according  to  the  laws  of  Massa- 
chusetts, voluntarily  or  by  commitment.     The  Hospital 

128 


M 
O 
O 


Historical 

is  not  large  enough  for  reception  wards,  nor  are  they 
needed,  for  no  one  is  admitted  except  by  previous  ar- 
rangement and  after  sufficient  information  has  been 
obtained  to  make  it  reasonably  certain  that  there  is 
room  in  the  house  where  the  patient  would  properly 
belong.  With  opportunity  for  making  many  classes  of 
men  and  women  in  houses  quite  widely  separated,  there  is 
little  difficulty  in  making  a  proper  assignment  of  rooms 
at  the  time  of  admission.  Each  patient  is  given  special 
nursing  care  during  the  first  few  hours,  to  lessen  the 
shock  of  admission  to  a  hospital  for  mental  diseases  and 
to  obtain  further  information  for  the  attending  physician. 

With  the  opening  of  the  Codman  House  in  1907,  the 
capacity  of  the  Hospital  was  enlarged  so  that  it  could 
accommodate  220  patients.  Although  afterward  in 
every  year  large  numbers  of  patients  were  refused 
admission  on  account  of  lack  of  accommodations,  no 
further  enlargement  of  the  plant  was  considered,  for  the 
reason  that  it  was  thought  that  with  a  larger  number 
of  patients,  the  same  individual  care  and  attention 
could  not  be  given. 

Nevertheless,  Hope  Cottage,  built  in  1896,  and  the 
South  Cottage,  built  in  1912,  each  for  a  single  patient, 
providing  at  the  same  time  the  atmosphere  and  sur- 
roundings of  a  private  home  and  proper  hospital  care 
and  supervision,  filled  such  a  need  that  in  1916  the 
Arlington  House  (a  gift  of  Mr.  Frank  E.  Peabody)  was 
built,  and  in  1919  the  West  Cottage,  making  a  total  of 
four  cottages  for  single  patients.  They  were  a  distinct 
addition  to  the  Hospital  in  that  they  extended  its  field 
of  service  to  people  of  wealth,  and  at  the  same  time 
added  to  the  revenue  which  could  be  devoted  to  the  care 
of  those  in  moderate  circumstances. 

The  continued  success  of  occupational  therapy  in  the 
treatment  of  patients  warranted  an  enlargement  of  the 
facilities,  and  in  1913  a  considerable  addition  was  made 
to  the  Women's  Gymnasium,  providing  greatly  enlarged 
space  for  weaving,  and  a  large  room  for  pottery  work. 
In  1914  an  addition  was  made  to  the  Men's  Gymnasium 
which  gave  much  needed  room  for  the  expansion  of  the 
activities  carried  on  there.     Weaving,  rug  making  and 

129 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

pottery  work  were  immediately  begun,  and  in  1920  book 
binding  and  printing  were  added.  With  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  men's  department  in  1914,  two  regular 
occupational  instructors  were  employed  for  men  patients. 
In  the  same  year,  because  the  number  of  pieces  made  in 
the  pottery  rooms  was  so  large,  a  glazing  apparatus  and 
a  kiln  were  installed. 

The  remodeling  and  refurnishing  of  the  main  kitchen 
in  1921  did  much  to  facilitate  the  preparation  and  serv- 
ing of  food. 

In  1915  the  Hospital  began  to  feel  the  effects  of  the 
World  War.  Some  of  the  nurses  left  to  join  the  Harvard 
Unit,  and  in  1917  half  the  staff  of  physicians  enlisted  in 
the  United  States  Army  Medical  Corps.  The  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Hospital  was  chairman  of  one  of  the 
auxiliary  committees  of  National  Defence,  and  two  others 
of  the  remaining  physicians  served  on  medical  advisory 
boards. 

In  the  following  year  thirty-five  men  nurses  entered 
the  service  directly  from  the  Hospital  and  forty-four 
other  men  graduate  nurses  enlisted,  mostly  in  the  Medical 
Corps.  Forty-nine  women  nurses,  graduates  of  the 
Training  School,  enlisted  in  the  service. 

The  Hospital  also  gave  a  three  months'  course  in 
psychiatric  nursing  to  seven  groups  of  students  from  the 
Army  Nursing  School  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
United  States  Army  —  one  hundred  and  six  women  in 
all. 

During  the  period  of  the  war  the  patients  in  the  occu- 
pational departments  made  1,176  knitted  articles  for  the 
soldiers. 

The  war,  of  necessity,  interrupted  all  but  necessary 
work  in  caring  for  patients.  The  chemical  and  psycho- 
logical laboratories  were  closed  and  only  routine  work 
was  done  in  the  pathological  laboratory.  In  1920,  how- 
ever, a  pathologist  was  again  appointed,  and  in  the  same 
year  Dr.  Otto  Folin,  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  was  appointed  Chemist  to  the 
Hospital  in  an  advisory  capacity  and  in  the  following 
year  a  resident  chemist  was  again  procured.  In  1921  the 
position   of    assistant    in    pathological    psychology    was 

130 


Historical 

filled  again,  and  during  the  year  the  psychological  labora- 
tory was  enlarged  and  additional  equipment  added, 
making  it  probably  the  best  equipped  hospital  laboratory 
of  its  kind  in  the  country.  The  appointment  of  Dr. 
Walter  B.  Cannon,  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School,  as  Physiologist  in  an  advisory 
capacity,  and  at  the  same  time  the  appointment  of  a 
resident  physiologist,  gave  the  Hospital  the  distinction  of 
being  the  first  hospital  for  mental  diseases  in  the  country 
to  have  a  physiologist  on  its  staff,  as  it  was  also  the  first 
to  have  a  resident  psychologist  and  chemist.  With  the 
appointment  of  a  physiologist,  a  physiological  laboratory 
was  estabhshed  and  fitted  up  with  apparatus  for  physio- 
logical research. 

As  has  been  noted  previously,  by  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  the  nursing  service  became  much  depleted  and  few 
new  pupils  entered  the  Training  School,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  war  conditions  opened  to  all  young  men  and 
women  many  remunerative  occupations.  The  Hospital 
was  therefore  obliged  to  resort  to  the  use  of  many  attend- 
ants. This  undesirable  situation  prevailed  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent  till  1922,  when  reorganization  of  the  Train- 
ing School  was  undertaken.  A  three  years'  course  in 
nursing  is  now  given  to  the  women,  the  intermediate 
year  of  which  is  spent  in  a  general  hospital  where  addi- 
tional practical  experience  in  medical  and  surgical  nursing 
is  obtained.  In  December,  1923,  the  course  for  men  nurses 
was  increased  from  two  to  three  years  and  made  similar 
to  that  for  women. 

In  March,  1923,  work  was  begun  on  the  much  needed 
home  for  women  nurses,  providing  accommodations  for 
about  one  hundred. 

On  April  15,  1919,  Dr.  George  T.  Tuttle  resigned 
after  a  loyal  and  devoted  service  of  forty  years  to  the 
Hospital,  the  last  fifteen  as  Superintendent.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Frederic  H.  Packard,  who  had  been  in 
the  service  of  the  Hospital  seventeen  years,  the  last  ten 
as  First  Assistant  Physician. 


131 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


The  Discovery  of  Ether 


A    CONSIDERATION    OF    THE    INTRODUCTION 
OF   SURGICAL   ANESTHESIA* 

By  William  H.  Welch,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

Professor  of  Pathology,  Johns   Hopkins   University, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

It  is  a  happy  conception  of  the  Trustees  and  Staff  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  to  set  apart  the 
sixteenth  of  October  as  "Ether  Day,"  and  to  provide  for 
the  annual  public  celebration,  in  this  historic  place,  of 
the  anniversary  of  that  most  beneficent  gift  of  medicine 
to  mankind  —  the  introduction  of  surgical  aneesthesia. 
I  esteem  it  a  high  honor  to  be  invited  to  deliver  the 
annual  address  in  commemoration  of  the  great  event 
which  took  place  within  these  walls  sixty-two  years  ago 
today.  Of  the  significance  of  this  event  there  can  be  no 
question,  whatever  controversy  there  may  be  concerning 
the  exact  share  of  all  who  participated  in  the  discovery 
of  surgical  anaesthesia. 

The  attendant  circumstances  were  such  as  to  make  the 
operation  performed  on  October  16,  1846,  in  the  surgical 
amphitheater  of  this  Hospital,  by  John  Collins  Warren, 
upon  the  patient,  Gilbert  Abbott,  placed  in  the  sleep  of 
ether  anaesthesia  by  WilUam  Morton,  the  decisive  event 
from  which  date  the  first  convincing,  public  demonstra- 
tion of  surgical  anaesthesia,  the  continuous,  orderly,  his- 
torical development  of  the  subject,  and  the  promulga- 
tion to  the  world  of  the  glad  tidings  of  this  conquest 
of  pain. 

Had  this  demonstration  or  any  subsequent  one  of 
like  nature  failed  of  success,  it  is  improbable  that  we 
should  have  heard  much  of  claims  to  the  prior  discovery 
of  surgical  anaesthesia.    Often  as  the  story  has  been  told, 

♦Address  delivered  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  on  the  sixty-second  anniver- 
sary of  Ether  Day. 

132 


Historical 

and  full  as  it  is  of  bitter  controversy,  I  may  be  permitted 
to  recall  to  your  minds  enough  of  the  preceding  discov- 
eries and  efforts  to  indicate  the  proper  historical  setting 
of  the  event  which  we  celebrate. 

When  and  by  whom  artificial  anaesthesia  was  discovered 
is  unknown.  It  is  certain  that  the  old  Greek  and  Roman 
physicians  were  acquainted  with  the  power  of  various 
narcotic  drugs  to  produce  insensibility  to  pain  and  that 
narcotic  potions  and  even  their  fumes  were  frequently 
administered  from  ancient  times  onward  before  a  sur- 
gical operation  in  order  to  lessen  the  sufferings  of  the 
patient.  At  a  later  period  more  limited  use  was  some- 
times made  of  certain  devices  for  the  same  purpose,  such 
as  compression  of  the  carotids,  the  tightening  of  a  tour- 
niquet and  pressure  upon  nerve  trunks.  The  EUzabethan 
dramatist,  Middleton,  even  portrayed  an  age  of  surgical 
anaesthesia  when  he  wrote  in  one  of  his  plays : 

"I'll  imitate  the  pities  of  old  surgeons 
To  this  lost  limb,  who,  ere  they  show  their  art, 
Cast  one  asleep;  then  cut  the  diseased  part." 

But  we  know  that  none  of  these  procedures,  and 
"not  poppy,  nor  mandragora,  nor  all  the  drowsy  syrups 
of  the  world"  were  safe,  effective  and  available  agents 
to  benumb  the  senses  during  a  siu-gical  operation. 

The  history  of  the  events  connected  with  modern 
surgical  anaesthesia  begins  with  the  remarkable  devel- 
opment of  chemistry  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  due  in  large  measure  to  the  discovery  and  study 
of  gases,  and  especially  with  the  discovery  of  nitrous 
oxide  by  Priestley  in  1776  and  the  investigation  of  its  prop- 
erties by  Humphrey  Davy  at  the  end  of  the  century  in  Dr. 
Beddoes'  "Pneiunatic  Institute"  near  Bristol,  England. 
At  this  period  there  was  widespread  interest  in  England 
in  the  study  of  the  effects  of  inhalation  of  gases  of  differ- 
ent sorts,  particularly  of  the  newly  discovered  "vital 
air,"  or  oxygen  and  nitrous  oxide,  and  exaggerated  ideas 
were  entertained  of  their  medicinal  virtues,  so  that  there 
arose  a  school  of  pneumatic  medical  practitioners.  The 
institute  of  the  leader  of  this  school.  Dr.  Beddoes,  is  now 

133 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

chiefly  remembered  as  the  place  which  afforded  to 
Humphrey  Davy,  then  a  young  man  who  had  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine,  the  opportunity  for  the 
first  manifestations  of  his  remarkable  genius  for  dis- 
covery in  the  physical  sciences. 

The  particular  discovery  which  here  concerns  us  is 
that  of  the  intoxicating,  and  especially  the  anaesthetic 
properties  of  nitrous  oxide  gas,  made  in  Dr.  Beddoes' 
institute  and  vividly  portrayed  by  Davy  in  his  "Re- 
searches, chemical  and  physical,  chiefly  concerning 
nitrous  oxide  and  its  respiration,"  published  in  1799. 
Here  is  found  the  memorable  and  often  quoted  sentence: 
"As  nitrous  oxide  in  its  extensive  operation  seems  capa- 
ble of  destroying  physical  pain,  it  may  probably  be  used 
with  advantage  during  surgical  operations  in  which  no 
great  effusion  of  blood  takes  place."  It  seems  to  us 
today  amazing  that  this  pregnant  suggestion  from  such 
a  source  should  have  passed  unheeded  and  that  the 
application  of  Davy's  discoyery  should  have  been  de- 
layed for  over  forty  years.  Davy's  interests  and  activi- 
ties were  soon  transferred  at  the  Royal  Institution  to 
fields  remote  from  practical  medicine,  and  it  does  not 
appear  that  he  made  any  further  effort  to  bring  the  sug- 
gestion to  the  attention  of  surgeons. 

Observations  and  tests  of  the  intoxicating  effects  of 
the  inhalation  of  nitrous  oxide  were  from  this  time  on 
frequently  made,  and  there  is  repeated  mention  of  its 
capacity  to  produce  insensibility  to  pain.  One  of  the 
most  dramatic  situations,  unnoticed  hitherto  in  the  volu- 
minous literature  on  the  history  of  anaesthesia,  is  the 
occasion  when,  in  March,  1800,  William  Allen,  the  ac- 
complished lecturer  on  chemistry  at  Guy's  Hospital, 
demonstrated,  in  the  presence  of  Astley  Cooper  and 
others,  the  phenomena  of  inhalation  of  nitrous  oxide, 
noting  especially  the  loss  of  sensation  to  pain.  The 
description  was  recorded  by  Allen  in  his  diary  and  is 
quoted  by  Wilks  and  Bettany  in  their  "Biographical 
History  of  Guy's  Hospital."  The  great  surgeon  had  eyes, 
but  he  saw  not  the  revelation  which  a  similar  observa- 
tion brought  forty-four  years  later  to  the  poor  and  un- 
known dentist,  Horace  Wells,  in  Hartford,  Conn. 

134 


Historical 

The  narcotic  properties  of  ether  —  a  body  known  since 
its  production  in  the  sixteenth  century  by  the  German 
physician,  Valerius  Cerdus  —  had  been  noted  before 
those  of  nitrous  oxide.  In  1795,  Dr.  Richard  Pearson 
recommended  and  employed  the  inhalation  of  ether  in 
pulmonary  consumption,  and  after  him  Thornton,  John 
Collins  Warren,  Nysten,  and  others  used  etherial  inhala- 
tion for  the  relief  of  painful  affections,  especially  of  the 
respiratory  tract,  including  that  caused  by  the  accidental 
inhalation  of  chlorine  gas.  In  1818,  Faraday  pointed 
out  that  the  inhalation  of  the  vapor  of  sulphuric  ether 
produces  intoxicating  and  stupefying  effects  similar  to 
those  of  nitrous  oxide,  and  in  Pereira's  "Materia  Medica," 
a  widely  read  and  authoritative  text-book  in  its  day, 
first  published  in  1839-40,  it  is  stated  that  "if  the  air 
be  too  strongly  impregnated  with  the  ether,  stupefac- 
tion ensues." 

The  inebriating  properties  of  both  nitrous  oxide  and 
ether  became  widely  known,  not  only  to  the  medical 
profession,  but  also  to  the  general  public,  by  their  fre- 
quent exhibition,  for  amusement  oftener  than  for  in- 
struction, in  chemical,  medical  and  popular  lectures. 
The  thirties  and  forties  of  the  last  century  were  the 
palmy  days  of  the  itinerant  lyceum  lecturer.  In  the 
laughing  gas  and  ether  frolics,  associated  sometimes  with 
these  lectures,  and  occurring  also  for  private  entertain- 
ment, an  acute  observer  might  note  that  intoxicated 
subjects  in  their  antics  often  barked  their  shins  or  were 
otherwise  injured  without  manifestations  of  pain.  The 
first  trials  of  anaesthetic  inhalation  to  annul  the  pain  of 
a  surgical  operation  came  from  the  incidental  observa- 
tion under  such  circumstances  of  the  benumbing  effects 
of  ether  and  of  nitrous  oxide  gas. 

The  great  French  surgeon,  Velpeau,  doubtless  ex- 
pressed the  accepted  opinion  of  surgeons  before  the  dis- 
covery of  sm-gical  anaesthesia  when,  in  1839,  he  wrote: 
"To  escape  pain  in  surgical  operations  is  a  chimera  which 
we  are  not  permitted  to  look  for  in  our  day.  Knife  and 
pain,  in  surgery,  are  two  words  which  never  present 
themselves  the  one  without  the  other  in  the  minds  of 
patients,  and  it  is  necessary  for  us  surgeons  to  admit 

135 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

their  association."  In  less  than  a  decade  this  erring 
prophet  hailed  before  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Paris 
the  discovery  of  what  he  had  called  a  chimera  as  "si 
glorious  triumph  for  humanity." 

For  several  years  before  the  invention  of  anaesthetic 
inhalation  for  surgical  purposes,  considerable  popular  and 
some  medical  interest  in  the  possibility  of  securing  un- 
consciousness of  pain  during  a  surgical  operation  had 
been  aroused  by  the  claims  of  the  mesmerists,  and  there 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  Esdaile,  in  East  India,  and 
others,  had,  in  certain  cases,  succeeded  in  performing 
painless  operations  in  hypnotic  sleep.  The  method,  how- 
ever, was  not  widely  applicable  or  successful,  and  the 
general  attitude  of  the  profession  toward  its  employment 
is  sufficiently  shown  by  the  joy  of  the  eminent  surgeon, 
Liston,  the  first  after  the  dentist,  Robinson,  to  verify  in 
Great  Britain  the  discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia,  when 
he  shouted,  ''Hurrah!  Rejoice!  Mesmerism  and  its  pro- 
fessors have  met  with  a  heavy  blow  and  great  discour- 
agement. An  American  dentist  has  used  the  inhalation 
of  ether  to  destroy  sensation  in  his  operations  and  the 
plan  has  succeeded  in  the  hands  of  Warren,  Hayward  and 
others,  in  Boston.  In  six  months  no  operation  will  be 
performed  without  this  previous  preparation.    Rejoice!" 

It  has  been  sometimes  represented  that  the  invention 
of  ansesthetic  inhalation  for  surgical  purposes  consisted 
in  nothing  more  than  the  application  to  this  particular 
use  of  knowledge  which  already  existed.  This  view  falls 
far  short  of  the  truth.  What  was  known  of  the  anaesthe- 
tizing properties  of  the  two  agents  which  here  come  under 
consideration  —  the  vapor  of  ethyl  ether,  commonly, 
although  incorrectly,  called  sulphuric  ether,  and  nitrous 
oxide  gas  —  was  enough  to  suggest  the  possibility  of 
their  use  in  surgical  operations,  and,  as  I  have  stated. 
Sir  Humphrey  Davy  pubhshed  this  definite  suggestion 
as  early  as  1799.  Much  more  knowledge,  however,  was 
needed  of  the  physiological  effects  of  these  agents  in  order 
to  demonstrate  their  applicability  as  safe,  efiicacious  and 
generally  available  surgical  anaesthetics.  The  only  pos- 
sible sources  for  obtaining  this  additional  knowledge,  as 
well   as   that  which   had   already   been   acquired,   were 

136 


Historical 

experiments  upon  either  animals  or  man.  From  both  of 
these  sources  the  desired  knowledge  was  obtained,  but 
with  a  larger  use  of  experimentation  upon  man  than  we 
should  today  consider  justifiable. 

The  honor  of  making  the  first  trial  of  anaesthetic  in- 
halation in  surgical  operations  belongs  to  Dr.  Crawford 
W.  Long,  a  respected  and  honorable  country  doctor, 
then  living  in  Jefferson,  Jackson  County,  Ga.,  who,  in 
March,  1842,  removed  painlessly  a  small  tmnor  from  the 
neck  of  James  M.  Venable,  anaesthetized  by  ether.  He 
seems  to  have  performed  at  least  eight  minor  surgical 
operations  during  the  next  four  years  upon  patients 
under  the  influence  of  ether.  Dr.  Long  is  necessarily 
deprived  of  the  larger  honor  which  would  have  been  his 
due  had  he  not  delayed  publication  of  his  experiments 
with  ether  until  several  years  after  the  universal  accept- 
ance of  surgical  anaesthesia.  It  is  also  to  be  regretted 
that  his  published  details  of  the  mode  of  administering 
the  ether  and  the  depth  of  the  anaesthesia  are  so  meager 
and  unsatisfactory.  While  the  accepted  rule  that  scien- 
tific discovery  dates  from  publication  is  a  wise  one,  we 
need  not  in  this  instance  withhold  from  Dr.  Long  the 
credit  of  independent  and  prior  experiment  and  discovery, 
but  we  cannot  assign  to  him  any  influence  upon  the  his- 
torical development  of  our  knowledge  of  surgical  anaes- 
thesia or  any  share  in  the  introduction  to  the  world  at 
large  of  the  blessings  of  this  matchless  discovery. 

Until  the  prior  work  of  Dr.  Long  became  generally 
known,  largely  through  the  pubhcation  of  an  article  by 
Marion  Sims  in  1877,  although  the  announcement  had 
been  made  by  Long  in  1849,  and  more  fully  in  1852,  the 
credit  of  first  using  inhalation  of  an  effective  anaesthetic 
for  surgical  purposes  was  generally  assigned  to  Horace 
Wells,  a  dentist  of  Hartford,  Conn.  Impelled  by  the 
observation  of  apparent  loss  of  sensation  to  pain  in  a 
person  intoxicated  with  nitrous  oxide  gas,  and  exhibited 
at  a  lecture  by  Dr.  Gardiner  Q.  Colton  in  December, 
1844,  Wells,  the  following  day,  at  his  own  request,  sub- 
mitted to  the  extraction  of  a  tooth  while  under  the 
influence  of  the  gas  and  experienced  no  pain.  He  at  once 
began  the  use  of  nitrous  oxide  in  extracting  teeth,  and 

137 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

other  dentists  in  Hartford  used  it.  Desiring  to  secure 
larger  publicity  for  his  discovery,  Dr.  Wells  went  to 
Boston  in  January,  1845,  and  was  given  the  opportunity 
by  Dr.  Warren  to  demonstrate  the  value  of  his  claims 
before  him  and  the  students.  Dr.  Morton,  his  former 
partner,  being  also  present.  Either  from  the  too  early 
withdrawal  or  the  inferior  quality  of  the  gas  this  test  was 
a  tragic  failure,  which  exerted  such  a  depressing  influence 
upon  Wells  that  he  soon  withdrew  from  his  profession, 
abandoned  his  experiments,  and  four  years  later  ended 
his  own  life  under  most  distressing  circumstances.  From 
what  we  now  know  of  the  valuable  anaesthetic  properties 
of  nitrous  oxide,  and  from  contemporary  evidence,  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  Horace  Wells  painlessly  ex- 
tracted teeth  by  its  use,  and  that  if  he  had  persevered  in 
his  efforts  he  would  have  been  able  to  perfect  the  method 
of  producing  anaesthesia  by  this  gas  and  to  demonstrate 
to  the  world  the  art  of  surgical  anaesthesia.  While  he 
did  not  achieve  this  complete  success,  the  credit  which 
belongs  to  him  is  large  and  the  name  of  Horace  Wells 
should  always  be  held  in  honored  remembrance. 

Unlike  the  pioneer  work  of  Long,  that  of  Wells  forms 
a  direct  and  important  link  in  the  chain  of  discovery 
which  led  through  the  event  celebrated  here  today  to 
the  universal  adoption  of  surgical  anaesthesia.  So  far  as 
was  known  then,  and  for  years  afterwards  to  those  con- 
cerned in  the  further  development  of  the  subject.  Wells 
was  the  first  to  take  the  step  to  which  the  finger  of  Hum- 
phrey Davy  had  pointed  forty-five  years  before,  and  the 
results  and  claims  of  Wells  were  familiar  to  his  friend 
and  former  partner,  Morton,  and  must  have  stimulated 
the  interest  of  the  latter  in  the  possibihties  of  surgical 
anaesthesia,  although  Morton  believed  that  the  particu- 
lar agent  used  by  Wells  was  not  adapted  to  secure  this 
end. 

The  significance  of  the  public  demonstration  of  sur- 
gical anaesthesia  in  this  Hospital  sixty-two  years  ago 
today  does  not  depend  upon  the  settlement  of  the  bitter 
controversy  between  Charles  T.  Jackson  and  William 
Morton  concerning  their  respective  shares  in  this  event. 
I  deem  it,  however,  fitting  and  only  historical  justice  to 

138 


Historical 

say  that  in  my  judgment,  after  careful  study  of  the  evi- 
dence, the  greater  share  of  the  honor  belongs  to  Morton. 
This  was  the  prevailing  opinion  of  those  most  competent 
to  judge  and  best  acquainted  with  the  facts  at  the  time, 
the  Trustees  and  staff  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  and  the  leaders  of  the  profession  in  this  city,  of 
such  men  as  John  Collins  Warren,  Jacob  Bigelow,  James 
Jackson,  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
George  Hayward,  Henry  I.  Bowditch,  George  Shattuck, 
Walter  Channing,  John  Ware  and  many  others,  although 
it  is  only  fair  to  state  that  the  petition  in  favor  of  Jack- 
son's claim  was  headed  by  the  honored  name  of  Morrill 
Wyman  and  contained  the  names  of  many  respected 
physicians.  This  opinion  has  remained,  I  believe,  the 
prevailing  one,  not  only  in  this  city,  but  throughout 
this  country.  The  judgment  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  awarding  equal  honors  to  Jackson  and  to 
Morton  estabUshed  European  opinion  to  a  large  extent 
up  to  the  present  time. 

Morton  undoubtedly  received  helpful  suggestions  from 
Jackson,  who  was  a  highly  trained  and  eminent  chemist 
and  geologist.  It  is  not  wholly  clear  to  what  extent 
these  contained  information  not  accessible  elsewhere,  but 
the  evidence  seems  conclusive  that  Morton  was  indebted 
to  Jackson  for  valuable  information  which  the  latter  had 
acquired  by  personal  experience  four  years  earlier  con- 
cerning properties  of  ether,  strongly  suggesting  its  avail- 
ability for  surgical  anaesthesia;  also  for  suggesting  the 
use  of  chemically  pure  rather  than  commercial  ether, 
and  for  apparatus  for  administering  the  ether.  There 
is,  however,  good  evidence  that  Morton,  while  reaching 
out  for  all  the  information  and  assistance  which  he  could 
obtain  from  different  sources,  acted  independently,  and 
conducted  experiments  and  tests  with  ether  upon  his 
own  initiative  and  in  accordance  with  his  own  ideas. 
The  supposition  appears  to  me  irreconcilable  with  the 
facts  that  he  was  merely  a  hand  to  execute  the  thoughts 
of  Jackson. 

In  the  conflict  of  testimony,  there  is  not  likely  ever  to 
be  entire  agreement  of  opinion  concerning  the  exact 
measure  of  Morton's  indebtedness  to  Jackson,  but  assign- 

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Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

ing  to  it  all  possible  weight,  and  remembering  Humphrey 
Davy  had  suggested  the  use  of  nitrous  oxide  for  surgical 
anaesthesia  in  1799,  and  that  enough  was  already  known 
of  the  anaesthetic  properties  of  both  ether  and  nitrous 
oxide  to  have  led  Long,  in  1842,  to  apply  the  former, 
and  Wells,  in  1844,  the  latter  to  painless  surgery  with  a 
considerable  measure  of  success,  it  seems  to  me  clear 
that  the  chief  glory  belongs  not  to  Jackson's  experiences 
of  1842,  or  his  thought  of  suggestion,  whatever  these  may 
have  been,  but  to  Morton's  deed  in  demonstrating  pub- 
licly and  convincingly  the  apphcability  of  anaesthetic 
inhalation  to  surgical  purposes  and  under  such  fortunate 
circumstances  that  the  knowledge  became,  as  quickly 
as  it  could  be  carried,  the  blessed  possession  of  the  whole 
world. 

There  are  circumstances  in  the  conduct  of  Morton  as 
well  as  of  Jackson  much  to  be  regretted  in  connection 
with  this  great  discovery,  and  especially  is  it  to  be  de- 
plored that  Morton,  the  least  heroic  of  great  discoverers, 
should,  if  only  for  a  short  time,  have  kept  secret  the 
nature  of  his  "letheon,"  and  that  he  and  Jackson  should 
have  patented  it. 

Participation  in  the  gift  of  surgical  anaesthesia  to  the 
world  brought  to  none  of  the  claimants  to  this  honor  any 
adequate  material  rewards  or  fame  during  their  lives, 
but  rather  the  stings  of  embittered  controversy,  result- 
ing in  mental  derangement  in  the  case  of  two  of  the 
participants.  The  boon  of  painless  surgery  is  the  greatest 
gift  of  American  medicine  to  mankind  and  one  of  the 
most  beneficent  ever  conferred.  There  is  a  growing 
tendency  to  celebrate  the  gift  with  too  little  thought  of 
the  giver.  This  easy  procedure  is  doubtless  due  to  the 
difficulty  of  meting  out  equal  and  exact  justice  to  all 
concerned  and  to  disinclination  to  stir  the  ashes  of  old 
controversies.  This  disposition  of  the  matter,  however, 
is  unjust,  and  it  seems  to  me  that  every  effort  should  be 
made  to  determine  the  share  and  the  credit  belonging  to 
each  contributor  to  the  discovery  and  the  introduction 
of  surgical  anaesthesia,  and  to  secure,  so  far  as  possible, 
an  agreement  of  opinion  in  this  important  matter.  We 
are  not  likely  to  come  into  possession  of  important  new 

140 


Historical 

facts,  but  their  unbiased  presentation  in  historical  order, 
and  the  consideration  of  their  relative  values  and  signifi- 
cance, should  clarify  professional  and  public  opinion 
and  enable  us  to  give  honor  where  honor  is  due.  One  of 
the  most  attractive  and  instructive  accounts  of  the  ether 
controversy  is  the  chapter  on  this  subject  in  Dr.  Mum- 
ford's  charming  "Narrative  of  Medicine  in  America," 
where  references  will  be  found  to  more  detailed  state- 
ments and  the  historical  documents.  I  have  endeavored 
in  this  brief  and  imperfect  historical  survey  incidentally 
to  express  in  some  measure  my  personal  judgment  of  the 
relative  importance  of  the  leading  contributions,  and  my 
conclusions  are  in  essential  agreements  with  those  of 
Dr.  Mumford  when  he  says  that  "time  and  history  are 
at  last  placing  the  honor  where  it  belongs  —  with  Morton, 
who  for  his  errors  most  certainly  was  punished  beyond 
his  deserts."  But  whatever  may  be  the  differences  of 
opinion,  one  fact  of  the  first  historical  importance  stands 
and  will  continue  to  stand  unshaken :  the  world  received  the 
gift  of  surgical  anaesthesia  as  the  immediate  and  direct 
result  of  the  convincing,  pubhc  demonstration  of  its 
efficacy  in  this  Hospital  on  the  sixteenth  of  October,  1846. 

In  the  bestowal  of  honors  the  name  of  the  eminent 
surgeon,  John  Colhns  Warren,  should  not  be  forgotten, 
who  had  the  courage  to  subject  his  patient  to  unknown 
risks  in  the  hope,  which  was  far  removed  from  any 
assurance,  that  a  great  blessing  was  about  to  be  conferred 
upon  suffering  humanity.  Great  indeed  was  his  joy  in 
the  fulfilment  of  this  hope. 

Turning  now  from  these  historical  considerations, 
permit  me  to  direct  your  attention  to  certain  attributes 
of  the  discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia,  and  certain 
lessons  to  be  drawn  from  it. 

It  is  to  be  emphasized  that  this  discovery  was  a  tri- 
umph of  the  experimental  method,  albeit  man  was  made 
the  principal  subject  of  experiment.  Animal  experi- 
mentation played  a  part,  for  I  see  no  reason  to  question, 
although  this  has  been  done,  Morton's  statements  that 
during  the  summer  of  1846  he  successfully  anaesthetized 
dogs  and  other  animals  with  ether,  and  that  the  results 
of  these  experiments  influenced  his  trial  of  the  anaesthetic 

141 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

upon  human  beings.  It  must,  however,  be  admitted 
that  the  production  of  unconsciousness  in  man  by  ether 
had  not  been  preceded  by  such  numerous  and  properly 
conducted  experiments  on  animals  as  were  required  to 
furnish  adequate  conception  of  its  effects  or  its  possi- 
bilities of  danger.  Such  experiments  would  have  yielded 
knowledge  of  this  character,  and  we  know  that  at  the 
present  time  as  full  information  as  possible  would  have 
been  secured  from  this  source  before  administering  to 
man  an  agent  with  unknown  possibilities  of  danger,  one 
indeed  in  this  instance  stated  in  text-books  of  the  time 
to  be  dangerous  to  life  when  pushed  to  the  point  of 
producing  complete  unconsciousness.  If  the  opponents 
of  animal  experimentation  attempt  to  utilize,  as  they 
have  done,  the  relatively  small  share  of  this  method  of 
advancing  knowledge  in  the  discovery  of  surgical  anaes- 
thesia, the  only  implication  of  the  argument  is  that  they 
would  substitute  experiments  upon  human  beings  for 
those  upon  animals,  for  only  from  one  or  the  other  of 
these  sources  could  the  discovery  have  been  derived. 

We  place,  then,  the  discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia 
with  such  other  great  discoveries  as  those  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  of  vaccination  against  smallpox,  of 
antiseptic  surgery,  of  antitoxin,  and  many  more  among 
the  great  contributions  to  the  welfare  of  mankind  made 
by  the  use  of  that  indispensable  aid  to  the  advancement 
of  medical  science  art  —  the  experimental  method  of 
investigation. 

A  quite  different  line  of  thought  suggested  by  the 
discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia  is  the  aid  to  medicine 
which  comes  often  in  the  most  unexpected  ways  from 
discoveries  in  other  sciences.  Not  only  did  chemistry 
furnish  the  anaesthetic  agents,  but  the  wonderful  discov- 
eries of  pneumatic  chemistry,  which  revolutionized  the 
whole  science  of  chemistry  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  were  the  immediate  stimulus  to  the 
study  of  the  physiological  effects  of  various  gases,  a 
study  which  led  promptly  to  the  recognition  of  the  anaes- 
thetic properties  of  nitrous  oxide  gas,  and  which,  con- 
tinued through  half  a  century,  resulted  finally  in  the 
demonstration  of  the  applicability  of  certain  of  these 

142 


Historical 

gases  for  surgical  anaesthesia.  Here,  as  for  so  many  other 
gifts,  medicine  owes  a  large  debt  to  chemistry,  as  she 
does  likewise  to  physics,  as  may  be  exemplified  by  the 
appHcations  of  the  Rontgen  rays  in  medical  and  surgical 
diagnosis. 

While  it  does  not  appear  to  us  that  the  discovery,  or, 
as  some  prefer  to  say,  the  invention,  of  surgical  anaes- 
thesia required  any  remarkable  intellectual  endowments 
or  high  scientific  training,  and  it  cannot  be  said  that 
Long,  Wells,  or  Morton  were  possessed  of  these,  it  was 
the  outcome  of  a  spirit  of  inquiry,  of  keen  observation, 
of  boldness,  of  perseverance,  of  resourcefulness,  of  a 
search  for  means  to  improve  a  useful  art,  of  interest  in 
the  practical  rather  than  the  theoretical  —  all  traits  more 
or  less  characteristic  of  the  American  mind,  and  I  do  not 
think  that  it  was  wholly  an  accident  that  our  country 
should  have  given  birth  to  the  art  of  painless  surgery. 
I  find  evidence  of  this  view  in  the  fact  that  not  one  but 
several  Americans  were  working  independently  upon  the 
same  problem  and  that  the  solution  of  the  problem  is  an 
exclusive  achievement  of  our  countrymen. 

The  circumstance  that  a  long-waited  discovery  or 
invention  has  been  made  by  more  than  one  investigator, 
independently  and  almost  simultaneously,  and  with  vary- 
ing approach  to  completeness,  is  a  curious  and  not 
always  explicable  phenomenon  familiar  in  the  history 
of  discovery,  and,  as  in  the  case  of  surgical  anaesthesia, 
it  has  been  the  source  of  endless  and  often  bitter  con- 
troversy. Sooner  or  later,  often  long  after  the  death  of 
the  participants,  historical  justice  has  usually  come. 

The  approach  to  a  great  discovery  is  long  and  devious 
and  marked  by  the  capture  of  a  barrier  here  and  an 
outpost  there;  when  the  fullness  of  time  has  come  the 
final  assault  is  often  made  by  more  than  one  person,  and 
the  victor  stands  upon  the  shoulders  of  many  who  have 
preceded  him  —  it  may  be  of  many  who  have  fallen 
by  the  way. 

The  period  when  surgical  anaesthesia  was  discovered 
was  one  full  of  the  spirit  of  scientific  inquiry  and  the 
opening  of  new  paths  for  medicine.  There  had  come  to  be 
a  general  realization  of  the  fact  that  the  only  trustworthy 

143 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

sources  of  knowledge  are  exact  observation  and  experi- 
ment. The  great  impulse  derived  from  the  introduction 
of  the  new  methods  of  physical  diagnosis  and  the  sys- 
tematic anatomical  study  of  disease  had  shortly  before 
reached  this  country  from  France,  and  was  especially 
active  in  this  city.  Experimental  physiology  and  phar- 
macology had  entered  upon  fruitful  fields  of  explora- 
tion through  the  work  of  Magendie  and  of  Johannes 
Miiller  and  their  pupils.  The  foundations  of  cellular 
pathology  were  soon  to  be  laid.  While  it  is  not  apparent 
that  those  directly  concerned  in  the  discovery  of  surgical 
anaesthesia  were  influenced  by  the  new  spirit  and  the  new 
ideas,  they  contributed  an  aid  to  experimental  research 
of  immeasurable  service.  It  was  fortunate  indeed  for  the 
public  demonstration,  reception,  and  promotion  of  the 
discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia  that  it  was  revealed  to 
that  able  group  of  surgeons  and  physicians  then  con- 
nected with  this  Hospital,  who  were  imbued  with  the 
new  scientific  spirit  and  with  the  best  traditions  of  the 
profession,  and  were  active  in  the  advancement  of 
the  art. 

A  consideration  of  some  interest  connected  with  the 
introduction  of  surgical  anaesthesia  is  the  influence  of 
environment  and  of  material  conditions  upon  discovery. 
Here  we  find  illustrated  the  fact,  of  which  there  are 
many  examples,  that  apparently  adverse  surroundings 
and  average  intellectual  endowment  without  special 
scientific  training  constitute  no  barrier  to  the  making  of 
discoveries  of  the  highest  importance  to  mankind.  The 
country  doctor  in  Georgia,  with  only  an  ordinary  general 
and  professional  education,  and  the  two  poor  and  pre- 
viously unknown  dentists  of  Hartford  and  of  Boston, 
are  the  chief  actors  in  the  drama.  It  is  not  surprising 
that  dental  surgeons  should  have  been  particularly 
eager  in  the  quest  of  anaesthesia,  for  there  is  no  more 
excruciating  agony  than  the  pulling  of  an  aching  and 
sensitive  tooth,  and  the  short  duration  of  the  operation 
and  the  suffering  would  suggest  possibilities  of  success 
which  might  not  be  variable  in  a  prolonged  surgical 
operation.  Nor  is  it  surprising  that  American  dentists 
should  have  been  most  active  in  this  search,  when  we 

144 


Historical 

recall  the  remarkable  inventiveness  and  skill  which  have 
characterized  their  work  and  have  given  to  American 
dentistry  a  foremost  position  for  this  branch  of  surgery. 

On  the  other  hand,  however,  the  share  which  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  its  surgeons  had  in 
the  demonstration,  promulgation  and  acceptance  of  sur- 
gical anaesthesia  exemplifies  the  value  of  a  favorable 
environment  and  was  largely  responsible  for  the  com- 
plete success  which  Morton  achieved  over  his  predeces- 
sors in  discovery.  The  manner  in  which  the  surgeons  of 
this  Hospital  at  that  time  —  including  John  Collins 
Warren,  George  Hayward,  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  and  J. 
Mason  Warren — received  and  advanced  Morton's  dem- 
onstration of  anaesthesia  must  always  be  a  source  of 
pride,  not  only  to  this  Hospital,  but  to  our  country  and 
the  world.  Especially  are  they  to  be  commended  for 
their  insistence  upon  disclosure  of  the  nature  of  the 
secret  letheon.  No  better  example  can  be  found  of  the 
service  which  a  great  hospital  and  its  professional  staff 
can  render  in  furthering  discovery  and  in  advancing  and 
spreading  new  knowledge  and  new  methods  important 
to  the  medical  and  surgical  art  than  that  furnished  by 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  in  its  relations  to 
the  demonstration  and  introduction  of  surgical  anaesthe- 
sia, and  its  officers  and  staff  have  ever  remained  faithful 
to  the  high  ideals  then  exemplified. 

Worthy  of  especial  mention  are  the  first  announce- 
ment to  the  world  in  a  scientific  journal  of  the  great 
discovery,  by  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  in  an  important  paper 
read  before  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
on  November  3,  1846,  and  pubhshed  in  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal  on  November  18,  and  likewise 
Ohver  Wendell  Holmes'  delightful  part  in  coining  the 
word  ''anaesthesia,"  and,  indeed,  his  whole  attitude  of 
lively,  sympathetic  and  imaginative  interest,  as  ex- 
pressed in  all  that  he  said  and  wrote  concerning  the  new 
discovery.  A  sentence  often  quoted  will  suffice  to  illus- 
trate Dr.  Holmes'  appreciation  of  the  benefits  of  the 
discovery,  as  well  as  his  powers  of  vivid  description: 

"The  knife  is  searching  for  disease,  the  pulleys  are 
dragging  back  dislocated  limbs,  nature  herself  is  working 

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Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

out  the  primal  curse  which  doomed  the  tenderest  of  her 
creatures  to  the  sharpest  of  her  trials,  but  the  fierce 
extremity  of  suffering  has  been  steeped  in  the  waters  of 
forgetfulness,  and  the  deepest  furrow  in  the  knotted 
brow  of  agony  has  been  smoothed  forever." 

The  reception  of  the  joyful  discovery  was  everywhere 
enthusiastic,  although  not  without  some  of  the  mutter- 
ings  which  come  from  those  petrified  against  all  innova- 
tions, as  appears  from  remarks  made  by  Professor 
Miller  to  his  class  in  London  not  long  afterward.  ''The 
profession,"  he  says,  "were  surprised,  excited,  charmed 
in  the  mass,  and  more  especially  those  on  the  junior 
side  of  the  grand  climacteric.  The  elderly  gentlemen 
had  their  preconceived  and  heretofore  settled  notions 
sadly  jostled  and  disturbed.  Not  a  few  grew  irritable 
and  resented  the  interference;  they  closed  their  ears, 
shut  their  eyes,  and  folded  their  hands;  they  refused  to 
touch  or  in  any  way  meddle  with  the  unhallowed  thing; 
they  had  quite  made  up  their  minds  that  pain  was 
a  necessary  evil  and  must  be  endured;  they  scouted 
on  the  attempted  innovation  and  croaked  that  'no 
good  could  come  of  it.'  On,  notwithstanding,  sped  the 
movement." 

One  of  the  most  extraordinary  aberrations  of  the 
human  mind  was  manifested  by  the  raising  of  rehgious 
scruples,  particularly  against  the  abolition  of  pain  in 
childbirth.  Sir  James  Simpson,  the  discoverer  of  the 
anaesthetic  uses  of  chloroform,  and  of  important  service 
in  advancing  the  art  of  anaesthesia,  quotes  from  the 
letter  of  a  clergyman,  who  declares  that  chloroform  is 
"a  decoy  of  Satan,  apparently  offering  itself  to  bless 
women,  but  in  the  end  it  will  harden  society  and  rob  God 
of  the  deep,  earnest  cries  which  arise  in  time  of  trouble, 
for  help."  If  this  clergyman  remembered  the  primal 
curse,  he  forgot  the  earliest  example  of  anaesthesia  when, 
in  the  resection  of  a  rib  for  the  creation  of  Eve,  "the 
Lord  God  caused  a  deep  sleep  to  fall  upon  Adam." 

The  immediate  immeasurable  benefits  conferred  by 
anaesthesia  in  the  rehef  of  human  suffering  were  realized 
more  fully  and  were  expressed  more  adequately  by  the 
generation  which  knew  by  experience  the  contrast  be- 

146 


Historical 

tween  the  old  surgery  and  the  new  painless  surgery  than 
is  possible  for  us  today.  But  of  all  the  blessings  which 
were  to  flow  from  this  priceless  gift  there  could  be  only  a 
feeble  conception  sixty  years  ago,  and  as  this  flow  is 
unceasing,  we  ourselves  cannot  fully  estimate  them. 
Anaesthesia  and  antisepsis,  the  two  greatest  boons  ever 
conferred  upon  the  surgical  art,  have  made  possible  the 
marvelous  developments  of  surgery  during  the  last  forty 
years,  and  only  by  their  aid  can  surgery  continue  to 
advance. 

I  have  somewhere  seen  a  statement  to  the  effect  that 
the  introduction  of  anaesthesia  and  of  antisepsis  have 
made  the  practice  of  surgery  so  certain  and  so  easy  that 
quaUties  of  hand  and  of  mind  which  were  essential  to 
high  success  in  the  practice  of  pre-anaesthetic  surgery, 
and  which  were  exhibited  by  the  surgical  heroes  of  old, 
are  no  longer  necessary,  so  that  even  commonplace 
mortals  can  now  become  surgeons.  There  is  perhaps  a 
half  truth  in  this,  but  it  is  more  than  compensated  for 
by  the  demands  upon  the  skill  and  judgment  of  the 
modern  surgeon  in  the  performance  of  operations  vastly 
more  difficult  than  any  which  were  possible  or  were 
dreamt  of  in  the  old  days. 

What  surgery  was  before  the  days  of  anaesthesia,  and 
what  anaesthesia  has  done  for  surgery  and  for  obstetrics, 
are  subjects  which  were  presented  at  the  semi-centennial 
anniversary  of  anaesthesia  in  this  Hospital  by  Dr.  Ash- 
hurst,  Dr.  Cheever,  and  Dr.  Reynolds,  men  far  more 
competent  to  deal  with  them  than  I  am.  On  the  same 
occasion  I  had  the  privilege  of  speaking  on  the  influence 
of  anaesthesia  upon  medical  science,  and  I  shall  not  now 
consider  this  aspect  of  the  subject,  save  to  note  again  in 
passing  that  physiology  and  experimental  medicine  in 
their  special  fields  have  derived  benefits  from  anaesthesia 
comparable  to  those  enjoyed  by  surgery.  That  the  use- 
ful knowledge  which  can  come  only  from  experimenta- 
tion upon  animals  can  now  be  acquired  in  by  far  the 
larger  part  without  the  infliction  of  pain  is  a  source  of 
immense  satisfaction. 

Ushered  in  by  the  discovery  of  vaccination  against 
smallpox  at  the  close  of   the  eighteenth  century,  the 

147 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

greatest  practical  achievements  in  our  art  during  the 
nineteenth  century  were  anaesthesia,  antiseptic  surgery 
and  the  power  to  control  infectious  diseases  resulting 
from  the  discovery  of  their  living  contagia  —  achieve- 
ments surpassing  the  heritage  of  all  the  centuries  which 
had  gone  before  in  the  saving  of  human  life  and  the 
alleviation  of  suffering.  Of  all  these  gifts  of  medicine  to 
mankind,  the  sweetest  and  the  happiest  is  that  "death 
of  pain"  so  beautifully  portrayed  at  the  semi-centennial 
anniversary  of  anaesthesia  by  our  beloved  poet-physician 
Weir  Mitchell: 

"Whatever  triumphs  still  shall  hold  the  mind, 
Whatever  gift  shall  yet  enrich  mankind, 
Ah !  here  no  hour  shall  strike  through  all  the  years. 
No  hour  as  sweet,  as  when  hope,  doubt,  and  fears, 
'Mid  deepening  stillness,  watched  one  eager  brain. 
With  Godlike  will,  decree  the  Death  of  Pain." 

To  these  fine  Hnes  I  can  add  in  closing  no  more  fitting 
words  than  those  of  John  CoUins  Warren,  who  presided 
over  the  scene  enacted  here  sixty-two  years  ago,  a  name 
ever  to  be  honored  in  this  place  and  throughout  the  civ- 
iUzed  world.  These  words,  spoken  soon  after  the  event 
which  we  celebrate,  retain  their  vigor,  freshness  and 
truth  to  this  day.    He  said : 

''A  new  era  has  opened  on  the  operating  surgeon.  .  .  . 
If  Ambrose  Pare  and  Louis  and  Dessault  and  Cheselden 
and  Hunter  and  Cooper  could  see  what  our  eyes  daily 
witness,  how  would  they  long  to  come  among  us  and 
perform  their  exploits  once  more.  And  with  what  fresh 
vigor  does  the  living  surgeon,  who  is  ready  to  resign  the 
scalpel,  grasp  it  and  wish  again  to  go  through  his  career 
under  the  new  auspices.  As  philanthropists  we  may  well 
rejoice  that  we  have  had  an  agency,  however  slight,  in 
conferring  on  poor  suffering  humanity  so  precious  a 
gift.  Unrestrained  and  free  as  God's  own  sunshine,  it 
has  gone  forth  to  cheer  and  gladden  the  earth;  it  will 
awaken  the  gratitude  of  the  present  and  of  all  coming 
generations.  The  student  who  from  distant  lands  or 
in  distant  ages  may  visit  this  spot  will  view  it  with 
increased  interest,  as  he  remembers  that  here  was  first 
demonstrated  one  of  the  most  glorious  truths  of  science." 

148 


Historical 


THE  TRUE  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  ETHER  DAY 

An  address  by  Dr.  J.  Collins  Warren  before  the  surgical 

section  of  the  American  Medical  Association  at  the 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  June  7,  1921 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  controversy  connected  with 
the  discovery  of  surgical  anaesthesia  has  obscured  its 
true  origin,  but  these  conditions  surrounded  the  begin- 
nings of  all  great  discoveries.  Who  would  think  of  the 
steamboat  without  associating  it  with  the  name  of 
Fulton:  or  think  of  the  telegraph  without  associating  it 
with  the  name  of  Morse:  or  of  the  telephone  without 
coupling  it  with  the  name  of  Bell?  And  yet  years  of 
litigation,  as  many  of  us  personally  know,  followed  the 
introduction  of  the  telephone,  and  so  we  find  the  dis- 
covery of  surgical  anaesthesia  no  exception  to  the  general 
rule. 

A  decision  has  recently  been  reached  by  the  Senate 
of  the  University  of  New  York,  based  on  recommenda- 
tions from  distinguished  representatives  of  its  electoral 
board  from  every  state  in  the  country,  giving  Dr.  William 
T.  G.  Morton  a  place  in  the  Hall  of  Fame. 

It  is  true  that  other  individuals  experimented  also 
with  ether,  but  not  to  a  convincing  degree,  and  there- 
fore failed  to  affect  in  any  way  the  surgical  practice  of 
the  time. 

On  October  16,  1846,  Dr.  Morton  administered  ether 
to  a  patient  for  a  major  operation  in  surgery  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  The  experiment  was 
so  successful  that  it  was  followed  inunediately  by  other 
operations  on  following  days.  To  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow 
is  due  the  credit  of  pointing  out  that  this  experience 
showed  that  ether  was  "safe,  certain,  and  complete." 

It  was  a  demonstration  of  the  practicability  of  surgical 
anaesthesia  which  had  been  dreamt  about  for  many 
years,  and  it  was  this  triple  feat  that  constituted  the 
''Discovery"  and  entitled  October  16,  1846,  to  have  a 
special  name  like  that  of  our  national  holiday.    Whereas, 

149 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

the  Fourth  of  July  is  called  Independence  Day,  the  date 
we  are  considermg,  October  16,  1846,  should  be  called 
Ether  Day,  for  both  ushered  m  the  dawn  of  a  new  era. 
The  work  of  Long,  Wells,  and  Jackson  in  no  way 
affected  surgical  practice.  It  was  not  until  the  con- 
vincing experiment  of  Morton  was  made,  in  the  dome  of 
the  amphitheater  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 
that  it  became  at  once  apparent  to  all  the  world  that 
surgical  anaesthesia  had  become  a  reality  and  that  "pain 
was  no  longer  the  master  but  the  servant  of  the  body." 


150 


Historical 


Special  Departments 


THE  WARREN  LIBRARY 

"On  November  7,  1841,  Dr.  John  C.  Warren  trans- 
mitted a  letter  enclosing  one  thousand  dollars  as  a  fund 
for  the  purchase  of  religious  and  moral  books  to  be  given 
to  patients  on  leaving  the  Hospital."*  Thus  began  the 
Warren  Library  for  Patients. 

In  1872  the  Trustees  in  their  report  said  they  would 
"gratefully  receive  additions  to  the  General  Library  of 
the  Hospital,"  so  we  infer  that  the  scope  of  library  serv- 
ice and  type  of  book  had  broadened  within  those  pre- 
ceding years. 

The  Warren  Library  in  its  pioneer  days  was  in  the 
Accounting  Office  under  the  supervision  of  the  bookkeeper. 

In  1904  the  Hospital  organized  its  patients'  library, 
appointed  a  Hbrarian,  and  became,  so  far  as  is  known^ 
the  first  general  hospital  to  establish  regular  book  service 
to  ward  patients.  This  service  became  so  popular  that 
some  means  had  to  be  devised  to  carry  books  in  greater 
number  to  the  wards,  and  in  1910  a  book-cart  was  de- 
signed. This  book-cart  was  the  model  for  the  larger  one 
used  by  the  American  Library  Association  in  its  War 
Service. 

A  small  room  on  the  first  floor  of  the  Bulfinch  Building 
was  provided  for  the  hbrary.  Here  convalescent  patients, 
nurses,  doctors,  and  employees  of  the  Hospital  came  to 
select  their  books  from  open  shelves.  As  the  library 
service  developed  and  its  therapeutic  value  became  more 
obvious  it  required  a  larger  room.  In  1921  the  Library 
was  moved  to  its  present  location  in  the  Bulfinch  Build- 
ing. Within  the  last  six  months  this  room  has  been  made 
as  attractive  and  comfortable  as  possible  —  a  cheerful 
place  where  convalescent  patients  may  come  to  read  in 
a  homelike  atmosphere. 

*From  the  History  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  by  N.  I.  Bowditch. 

151 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

During  its  eighty-two  years  of  service  the  Warren 
Library  has  grown  into  a  hbrary  of  4,000  volumes, 
mainly  fiction,  travel,  and  biography,  with  400  volumes 
in  18  different  foreign  languages. 

Technical  books  are  borrowed  from  the  Boston  Public 
Library  for  patients  desiring  to  continue  with  their 
interrupted  work  or  studies. 

Patients  who  are  blind,  but  read  Braille,  are  loaned 
books  from  the  Perkins  Institution. 

Books  in  foreign  languages  are  borrowed,  to  supple- 
ment our  collection,  from  the  Traveling  Library  of  the 
Massachusetts  Free  Pubhc  Library  Commission. 

Magazines  are  placed  weekly  on  the  wards  and  in  the 
various  Out-Patient  and  X-ray  waiting-rooms. 

The  Warren  Library  for  Patients  has  developed  to  its 
present  extent  of  usefulness  through  gifts  of  money  and 
books  from  friends  of  the  Hospital,  and  also  through 
the  efforts  of  the  Ladies'  Visiting  Committee. 

Through  this  hbrary  service  all  readers,  of  every 
nationahty  and  age,  are  suppUed  with  wholesome,  enter- 
taining reading  while  in  the  Hospital. 

Elizabeth  W.  Reed, 

Librarian. 


152 


Historical 


THE  OUT-PATIENT  DEPARTMENT 

In  a  search  through  the  Trustees'  reports  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital  no  mention  can  be  found  of 
the  time  when  ambulatory  cases  were  first  seen  and 
treated  as  out-patients.  As  early  as  1828  mention  was 
made  of  the  Hospital's  service  to  the  community  in 
loaning  surgical  apparatus,  such  as  splints,  to  patients 
outside  the  Hospital,  but  the  first  note  definitely  refer- 
ring to  the  Out-door  Department  appeared  April  17, 
1844:  "Messrs.  Rogers  and  Amory  were  appointed  a 
coHunittee  as  to  physicians  charging  fees  to  patients 
able  to  pay,  who  subsequently  reported  in  favor  of  the 
same  in  case  of  out-door  patients."  Two  years  later,  on 
the  very  day  of  the  first  pubhc  demonstration  of  ether 
anaesthesia  in  a  surgical  operation,  October  16,  1846,  it 
was  voted  that  books  be  "ordered  to  be  kept  as  a  record 
of  aU  out-door  patients."  It  is  probable  that  for  some 
years  previous  a  few  patients  had  been  examined  and 
treated  by  the  medical  and  surgical  staff  without  admis- 
sion to  the  wards  as  house  cases. 

On  May  23,  1858,  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Abbott  was  by  ballot 
elected  the  first  "Physician  to  Out-door  Patients  at  the 
Hospital."  He  saw  medical,  surgical,  and  every  variety 
of  special  cases.  He  apparently  called  in  consultation 
the  medical  and  surgical  staff  of  the  Hospital  as  the 
need  arose.  His  appointment  resulted  from  the  steadily 
increasing  number  of  out-patient  cases  from  328  in  1847 
to  1,574  in  1858;  from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  of 
these  cases  were  hsted  as  medical  and  the  rest  surgical, 
including  many  dental  patients.  They  came  "not  merely 
from  the  immediate  neighborhood  but  from  all  parts  of 
the  city  and  adjoining  towns."  The  advantage  of  the 
Out-Patient  Department  over  the  wards  in  service  to  the 
conmiunity  was  clearly  seen  at  this  early  date,  as  a  quo- 
tation from  the  Hospital  Report  of  1862  shows:  "A 
vast  amount  of  disease  and  suffering  is  prevented  be- 
cause many  receive  advice  and  medical  aid  during  the 
earlier  and  curable  stages  of  disorder  who,  without  such 

153 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

opportunity,  might  delay  until  they  become  severely 
sick,  and  perhaps  past  cure." 

In  1864  it  was  found  necessary,  because  of  the  in- 
creasing number  of  cases,  to  appoint  a  surgeon  to  Out- 
Patients  in  addition  to  Dr.  Abbott,  the  physician.  The 
new  appointee  was  Dr.  Algernon  Coolidge.  In  1867 
another  physician  was  added  to  the  staff  and  gradually 
more  and  more  until  in  1882,  just  before  the  opening  of 
the  new  special  Out-Patient  building,  there  were  six 
physicians  to  the  medical  cases,  three  to  the  surgical  cases, 
and  five  physicians  to  special  clinics.  In  1868  the  first 
special  department,  the  dental,  was  instituted,  and  in 
1873  put  under  charge  of  the  first  dentist.  Dr.  Wilson. 
In  1869  the  skin  cUnic  was  begun  with  Dr.  J.  C.  White 
as  chief;  in  1872  two  more  special  departments  were 
started,  the  nerve  clinic  under  Dr.  James  J.  Putnam  and 
the  throat  cHnic  under  Dr.  F.  I.  Knight.  In  1873  the  fifth 
special  clinic,  for  eye  diseases,  was  instituted  under  Dr. 
Wadsworth,  and  in  1887  Dr-  John  Orne  Green  be- 
came the  first  aural  surgeon. 

In  1882  "a  friend  of  the  late  Dr.  George  H.  Gay" 
gave  $25,000  to  the  Hospital  as  a  memorial  to  him.  The 
Trustees  voted  to  use  this  fund  in  a  building  for  the 
Out-Patient  Department,  the  most  pressing  need  of  the 
Hospital.  In  1883  this  new  building  was  dedicated,  but 
in  less  than  ten  years  it  was  so  far  outgrown  that  it  was 
necessary  to  add  a  new  story  to  it,  and  in  1900,  only 
seventeen  years  after  its  opening,  "a  communication  was 
submitted  from  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Proctor  offering  to  pay 
one-half  the  cost,  not  exceeding  $75,000,  of  a  new  build- 
ing for  the  Out-Patient  Service  of  the  General  Hospital, 
the  Trustees  to  appropriate  the  balance."  In  1901  the 
new  building  was  begun,  and  on  October  16, 1903,  it  was 
opened  for  inspection  with  great  acclaim  as  one  of  the 
very  best  buildings  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  which  it 
still  continues  to  be,  although  already  overcrowded. 

In  1893  a  new  ofi&ce  had  been  established,  that  of 
Examining  Physician  to  Out-Patients.  Dr.  John  H. 
McCollum  received  the  first  appointment.  During  the 
following  year  he  excluded  five  hundred  cases  of  conta- 
gious disease  out  of  over  twenty-five  thousand  patients 

154 


Historical 

whom  he  examined.  This  control  is  now  exercised  by 
the  superintendent  of  the  Out-Patient  Department  with 
his  staff  of  nurses. 

In  1896,  just  fifty  years  after  books  began  to  be  kept 
of  out-patient  cases,  29,867  new  patients  visited  the 
Department,  with  a  total  for  the  year  of  91,468  visits 
by  old  and  new  cases,  as  compared  with  the  total  of 
328  patients  fifty  years  earher. 

Further  rapid  progress  followed  the  opening  of  the  new 
building  and  has  continued  in  the  twenty  years  since. 
The  peak  of  attendance  of  patients  occurred  in  1917, 
when  there  were  over  200,000  total  visits,  with  over  30,000 
new  cases.  Far  more  important,  however,  than  the  num- 
ber of  patients  have  been  numerous  other  developments. 
The  staff  has  increased  until  now  it  consists  of  approxi- 
mately the  following:  superintendent  with  his  staff  of 
clerks  in  the  record  room  and  at  the  admitting  desks, 
and  with  his  messengers;  a  corps  of  15  internes,  a  head 
nurse  with  her  staff  of  nurses,  a  chief  of  the  Social  Service 
Department  with  her  assistants,  a  corps  of  clinic  secre- 
taries, laboratory  technicians,  35  visiting  physicians  in 
the  general  and  special  clinics  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment, 15  surgeons  in  the  Surgical  Department,  9  phy- 
sicians in  the  Dermatological  Department,  13  in  the 
Neurological,  12  in  the  Children's  Medical,  18  in  the 
Laryngological,  14  in  the  Orthopedic,  9  in  the  Genito- 
urinary, 6  in  the  Syphilis,  and  7  in  the  dental  clinic — 
a  total  of  over  200  workers.  The  eye  and  ear  cases  are 
examined  and  treated  at  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary 
next  door. 

Under  the  medical  service  many  special  clinics  have 
grown  up  for  the  study  and  special  treatment  of  cardiac,  pul- 
monary and  gastro-intestinal  diseases,  obesity,  diabetes, 
thyroid  and  blood  diseases  and  various  other  conditions. 
Research  work  of  value  has  been  carried  on  in  these  as 
well  as  in  the  special  clinics  of  other  departments.  The 
social  service  work  begun  in  1905  by  Dr.  Richard  C. 
Cabot  has  proved  of  inestimable  value  and  has  been  a 
guide  to  the  spread  of  this  enterprise  throughout  this 
country  and  abroad.  An  industrial  clinic  was  established 
in  1913,  a  nutrition  chnic  in  1916,  and  whenever  advance 

155 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

in  medicine  has  suggested  the  value  of  cUnical  concen- 
tration on  a  disease,  or  on  a  group  of  diseases,  the 
Out-Patient  Department  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital has  helped  to  blaze  the  way  with  its  corps  of  hard- 
working physicians,  nurses,  social  workers,  and  laymen. 
Constant  endeavor  is  necessary  to  surpass  the  high  stand- 
ards of  the  past,  and  in  spite  of  steady  progress  we 
never  reach  the  goal. 

Paul  D.  White,  M.D. 


156 


Historical 


THE  TREADWELL  LIBRARY  AND  THE 
CLINICAL  RECORDS 

In  1847  the  members  of  the  visiting  staff  began  to 
realize  the  importance  of  having  medical  books  close  at 
hand  for  ready  reference  in  connection  with  patients, 
and  a  small  medical  library  was  then  started  with  the 
purchase  of  a  few  standard  works  on  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, and  the  subscription  to  such  periodicals  as  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  the  American 
Journal  of  Medical  Sciences,  the  London  Lancet,  the 
Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  and  possibly  a  few  others. 

Eleven  years  later  the  library  of  Dr.  John  G.  Tread- 
well,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  numbering  some  2,500  volumes, 
was  received  as  a  bequest,  together  with  a  small  fund 
providing  for  its  care.  The  donation  contained  some 
rare  and  valuable  books,  and  all  the  best  medical  and 
surgical  literature  of  the  day.  With  this  gift  added  to 
the  medical  library  already  started,  the  Treadwell  Li- 
brary came  into  existence,  and  a  suitable  room  was  pre- 
pared for  it.  This  room  is  now  occupied  as  the  sorting 
room  of  the  Hospital  laundry.  For  about  forty-four 
years  it  remained  here,  gradually  accumulating  material 
and  becoming  more  and  more  a  necessity  to  the  slowly 
increasing  Hospital  staff.  Dr.  Benjamin  S.  Shaw,  the 
then  Resident  Physician  of  the  Hospital,  became  its 
first  "guardian  and  hbrarian,  at  a  salary  of  one  hundred 
dollars."  He  classified  and  numbered  the  books,  and 
made  the  first  card  catalogue.  He  collected  and  had 
bound  all  the  available  annual  reports  of  the  Hospital 
from  its  beginning;  and  also  he  gathered  together  many 
publications  relating  to  its  history  and  had  them  bound. 
Many  a  time  has  the  present  librarian  had  cause  to  be 
grateful  to  Dr.  Shaw  for  his  far-seeing  mind.  In  1893 
the  Library  was  removed  to  the  second  floor  of  the  Bul- 
finch  Building,  to  the  rooms  now  occupied  by  Ward  H-2. 

As  the  years  passed  and  the  value  of  the  medical 
library  in  the  Hospital  became  more  and  more  evident, 
it  was  decided  to  employ  a  librarian  whose  full  time 

157 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

should  be  divided  between  the  Library  and  the  care  of 
the  cHnical  records.  In  1897  Mrs.  Grace  W.  Myers  was 
appointed.  The  Library  then  contained  4,872  volumes, 
and  28  periodicals  were  regularly  received.  No  attempt 
had  been  made  at  a  collection  of  reprints,  or  of  the  an- 
nual reports  of  other  hospitals.  The  use  of  the  books 
was  confined  exclusively  to  the  visiting  staff,  and  no  one 
else  ever  dared  enter  the  room.  But  these  days  passed, 
and  gradually  more  liberty  was  allowed,  and  house 
officers  were  permitted  to  use  the  Library  afternoons, 
after  the  last  staff  member  had  taken  his  departure. 

As  the  cataloguing  of  records  progressed,  making 
clinical  histories  more  available,  study  and  research 
began  in  good  earnest,  and  in  the  course  of  the  next 
fifteen  years  the  Library  became  a  busy  place  at  all 
times.  House  officers  were  as  free  as  their  superiors  to 
come  and  go.  The  shelves  were  full  to  overflowing, 
books  and  records  reaching  literally  from  attic  to 
basement. 

In  1916  came  the  move  into  the  spacious  and  attrac- 
tive quarters  on  the  second  floor  of  the  Moseley  Memo- 
rial Building  with  plenty  of  room,  and  opportunity  for 
expansion.  And  at  last  it  became  free  to  the  entire 
scientific  personnel  of  the  Hospital.  Many  visitors  re- 
mark upon  the  beauty  of  this  room,  now  decorated  with 
war  flags  and  made  precious  to  all  alumni  for  the  memo- 
rials there  placed  to  the  heroism  of  a  brave  group  who 
made  the  supreme  sacrifice  when  the  country  called. 

All  through  the  World  War  this  Library  supplied 
weekly  to  Washington,  as  original  work,  a  bibliography 
on  the  medical  and  surgical  aspects  of  the  war,  made  up 
from  the  periodicals  as  they  were  received.  At  the 
headquarters  of  the  American  Red  Cross  this  was  reg- 
ularly mimeographed  and  sent  all  over  the  country  to 
military  hospitals  and  cantonments,  and  to  many  libra- 
ries. It  was  the  only  piece  of  work  of  the  kind  that 
was  done  anywhere  and  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the 
publishing  by  the  Index  Medicus  of  its  War  Supplement, 
after  the  war  was  ended. 

At  the  end  of  1922  there  were  11,012  volumes  on  the 
shelves  and  12,247  reprints;    and   106  periodicals  were 

158 


Historical 

being  received.  The  Library  contains  a  large  col- 
lection of  the  annual  reports  of  other  hospitals  —  "the 
most  complete  collection  in  Boston,"  according  to  a  paper 
recently  read  by  Dr.  David  Cheever;  and  there  is  a  special 
collection  of  all  matter  pertaining  to  the  discovery  of 
ether,  with  which  great  event  the  name  of  this  Hospital 
is  forever  linked.  Also,  continual  effort  is  made  to  gather 
together  the  writings  of  all  past  and  present  members 
of  our  Medical  Board,  and  of  all  matter  concerning 
Hospital  history. 

During  the  last  twenty-five  years  the  clinical  records 
of  the  Hospital  have  improved  in  every  way,  until  its 
system  stands  today  as  one  of  the  three  best  in  the  coun- 
try. A  "unit"  method  of  binding  was  established  in 
1922,  taking  the  place  of  large  volumes  which  con- 
tained several  records;  and  this  method  has  proved  most 
satisfactory. 

In  1914,  a  three  months'  course  in  the  Care  of  Hospital 
Records  was  arranged,  and  since  that  time  nine  pupils 
have  received  instruction.  They  have  been  sent,  in  most 
cases,  from  other  hospitals,  and  have  come  from  as  far 
away  as  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Nashville,  Tenn.  At 
the  present  writing  (1923)  there  is  one  appUcation  on 
file  from  San  Francisco,  and  another  from  China. 

The  Association  of  Record  Librarians  —  designed  for 
mutual  helpfulness  among  those  engaged  in  such  work 
—  was  organized  by  the  hbrarian  in  1916  with  a  mem- 
bership of  five.  It  now  numbers  21  and  has  done  much 
among  local  hospitals  to  standardize  methods  of  caring 
for  clinical  records. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  entire  work  of  the  Library 
and  record  room  was  done  by  the  librarian  alone.  Today 
she  has  one  assistant  in  the  care  of  the  Library;  and 
seven  (with  half-time  of  another)  are  employed  on 
clinical  records,  two  of  the  seven  being  engaged  in  special 
work.  A  student  clerk  serves  as  evening  attendant 
and  the  Library  is  open  until  10  p.m.  every  day  except 
Saturday  and  Sunday. 

Grace  W.  Myers, 
Librarian. 

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Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


THE  PATHOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT 

The  Pathological  Department  of  the  Hospital  may  be 
said  to  have  had  its  begimiing  in  the  creation  in  1851,  by 
the  Trustees,  of  the  office  of  chemist  and  microscopist, 
and  the  appointment  of  an  incumbent,  whose  duties 
among  others  were  ''attendance  on  autopsies  within  the 
walls  of  the  Hospital  and  in  the  preparation  of  records 
of  his  observations,  with  the  privilege  when  matters  of 
sufficient  importance  have  accumulated  as  results,  of 
publishing  them  to  the  world,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
surgeons  and  physicians." 

In  1854  a  pathological  cabinet  or  museum  was  estab- 
Ushed,  $100.00  appropriated  for  commencing  it,  and  the 
office  of  curator  created,  whose  duties  were  ''to  preserve 
morbid  specimens  and  arrange  them  in  the  way  best 
fitted  to  make  them  useful;  land  that  he  should  make 
all  autopsies  excepting  such  as  shall  be  made  by  the 
attending  physicians  and  surgeons;  and  shall  observe 
all  the  regulations  now  in  force  or  that  may  be  made 
respecting  them." 

In  1855  the  microscopical  duties  of  the  chemist  and 
microscopist  were  assigned  to  the  curator  of  the  path- 
ological cabinet  at  the  request  of  the  former  officer. 
The  work  of  the  chemist  apparently  increased  during  the 
next  year,  for  in  1862  he  "was  authorized  to  employ  an 
assistant  in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  in  such  way 
and  at  such  time  as  he  cannot  attend  to  them  himself,  at 
an  expense  not  exceeding  $250.00  annually." 

The  completion  of  the  Allen  Street  House,  so  desig- 
nated by  a  vote  of  the  Trustees  in  1875,  with  its  autopsy 
theatre  seating  165  students  and  rooms  for  the  patho- 
logical cabinet,  was  an  important  addition  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  pathological  work  of  the  Hospital.  "In 
making  this  addition  the  Trustees  have  kept  in  view  the 
two  purposes  of  a  hospital  set  forth  in  the  circular  of 
Dr.  James  Jackson  and  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren  pub- 
lished in  1810,  viz.,  to  succor  the  poor  in  sickness,  and 

160 


Historical 

to  promote  facilities  for  students  to  acquire  medical 
knowledge." 

The  first  donation  for  pathological  work  in  the  Hos- 
pital appears  to  be  the  Samuel  Cabot  Fund  for  path- 
ological investigation,  "the  income  of  which  is  to  be  used 
for  the  payment  of  the  services  of  a  pathologist  at  the 
Hospital,  who  shall  hold  himself  in  readiness  at  all  times 
to  make  such  pathological  examinations  and  investiga- 
tions as  shall  be  required  by  the  visiting  physicians  and 
surgeons."  The  position  of  assistant  pathologist  was 
created  from  this  fund  in  1888,  and  "the  title  of  cm-ator 
of  pathological  cabinet  changed  to  pathologist." 

The  increasing  importance  of  laboratory  work  in 
medicine  was  recognized  by  the  Trustees  in  the  early 
nineties,  and  in  their  report  in  1893  they  state  that 
"urgent  representations  have  been  made  by  the  Staff  of 
the  necessity  of  proper  laboratory  facilities,  and  there  can 
be  no  question  that  the  Hospital  is  at  present  far  behind 
the  times  in  this  respect." 

An  appeal  for  contributions  to  a  laboratory  fund  was 
made  and,  apparently  largely  through  the  efforts  of  the 
Staff,  sufficient  money  was  obtained  by  1895  to  enable 
the  erection  of  the  present  Pathological  Laboratory 
building.  In  the  following  year  a  resident  pathologist 
was  appointed  and  sent  to  Europe  to  study  laboratories 
and  their  equipment.  On  Ether  Day,  October  16,  1896, 
the  Pathological  Laboratory  officially  began  its  functions 
with  a  staff  consisting  of  a  pathologist  and  one  technical 
assistant.  Soon  after  this  a  chemist  was  added  to  the 
staff.  During  the  next  few  years  more  room  for  the 
chemical  work  was  required,  and  in  1900  the  top  floor  of 
the  adjoining  power  house  was  made  into  the  present 
chemical  laboratory. 

The  next  important  addition  to  the  Pathological 
Laboratory  was  the  erection  in  1914  of  an  animal  house 
and  experimental  operating  room  in  connection  with  the 
Allen  Street  House. 

The  work  carried  on  in  the  Pathological  Laboratory 
and  in  the  surgical  laboratory  in  the  Bigelow  operating 
building  was  organized  into  the  Pathological  Department 
in  1911.     The  officers  of  the  Department  then  were: 

161 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

director  of  the  Pathological  Laboratory,  surgical  patholo- 
gist, assistant  pathologist,  assistant  surgical  pathologist, 
chemist,  assistant  in  clinical  pathology,  assistant  in 
clinical  bacteriology,  and  medico-legal  pathologist.  With 
some  minor  changes  these  offices  have  been  continued. 

/.  Homer  Wright,  M.D.,  S.D., 

Pathologist. 


162 


Historical 


THE  WARREN  TRIENNIAL 
PRIZE 

The  Warren  Triennial  Prize  was  founded  by  the  late 
Dr.  J.  Mason  Warren  in  memory  of  his  father,  Dr.  John 
C.  Warren;  and  his  will  provides  that  the  accumulated 
interest  of  the  fund  shall  be  awarded  every  three  years 
to  the  best  dissertation,  considered  worthy  of  a  premium, 
on  some  subject  in  Physiology,  Surgery,  or  Pathological 
Anatomy. 

Following  is  the  list  of  awards : 

1871     To  Horatio  C.  Wood,  M.D.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Title:  Experimental  researches  on  the  physiological 
action  of  nitrite  of  amyl. 

1874     (No  dissertation  offered). 

1877    To  E.  0.  Shakspeare,  M.D.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Title :    Healing  of  arteries  after  ligation. 
1880     (No  award  made). 
1883     (No  award  made). 
1886     (No  award  made). 

1889  To  H.  A.  Hare,  M.D.,  and  Edward  Martin,  M.D.,  of 
Philadelphia. 
Title:  Practical  studies  on  the  nervous  and  mechanical 
government  of  respiration,  designed  to  determine  the 
best  methods  of  treating  disorders  of  the  same,  more 
particularly  those  produced  by  traumatism  to  the 
phrenic  nerves  or  the  inhalation  of  gases. 

1892    To  John  Strahan,  M.D.,  of  Belfast,  Ireland. 

Title:    Rickets. 
1895     (No  award  made) . 
1898    To  Howard  A.  Lothrop,  M.D.,  of  Boston. 

Title :  Anatomy  and  surgery  of  frontal  sinus  and  anterior 
ethmoid  cells. 

1901      To  Frederic  J.  Cotton,  M.D.,  of  Boston. 

Title:  Elbow  fractures  in  children.  Fractures  of  the 
lower  end  of  the  humerus;  lesions  and  end-results,  and 
their  bearing  upon  treatment. 

163 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

1904    To  Max  Borst,  M.D.,  of  Wiirzburg,  Bavaria. 

Title:  Neue  Experimente  zur  Frage  nach  der  Regenera- 
tions-fahigkeit  des  Gehirns. 

1907     To  Aldo  Perroncito,  M.D.,  of  Pavia,  Italy. 

Title :    Rigenerazione  dei  nervi. 
1910     To  George  H.  Whipple,  M.D.,  of  Baltimore. 

Title:    Pathogenesis  of  icterus. 
1913     To  Arrigo  Visentini,  M.D.,  of  Pavia,  Italy. 

Title:  Fonction  du  pancreas  et  ses  rapports  avec  la 
pathog^n^se  du  diabete. 

1916    To  D.  Noel  Paton,  M.D.,  and  Leonard  Findlay,  M.D., 
of  Glasgow,  Scotland. 
Title :    The  parathyroids.    Tetania  parathyreopriva :  its 
nature,  cause,  and  relations  to  idiopathic  tetany. 

1919     (No  award  made). 

1922     (Two  prizes;  there  having  been  two  of  equal  merit). 

1st,  To  Cecil  Kent  Drinker,  M.D.,  Katherine  R.  Drinker, 
M.D.,  and  Charles  C.  Lund,  M.D. 

Title :  Circulation  in  the  mammalian  bone-marrow ;  with 
especial  reference  to  the  factors  concerned  in  the 
movement  of  red  blood-cells  from  the  bone-marrow 
into  the  circulating  blood  as  disclosed  by  perfusion  of 
the  tibia  of  the  dog  and  by  injections  of  the  bone- 
marrow  in  the  rabbit  and  cat. 

2d,  To  James  Mott  Mavor,  M.D.,  of  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Title:    Effect  of  X-Rays  on  the  nuclear  division. 


164 


Historical 


THE  MASSACHUSETTS  GENERAL  HOSPITAL 
TRAINING  SCHOOL  FOR  NURSES 

In  1872  the  Woman's  Education  Association  was  seek- 
ing new  occupations  for  self-supporting  women.  Miss 
Sarah  Cabot,  a  member  of  the  committee,  suggested  to 
Mrs.  Samuel  Parkman,  another  member,  that  trained 
nursing  offered  a  desirable  occupation,  which  would  also 
fill  the  need  for  private  nurses  in  the  community. 

Consequently  the  Association  appointed  a  committee 
to  prepare  and  present  plans  for  establishing  a  nursing 
school.  Many  gave  personal  and  financial  support. 
The  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  con- 
sented to  give  over  to  the  school  the  nursing  care  of  the 
patients  in  "The  Brick."  The  house  at  45  McLean  Street 
was  secured  for  a  nurses'  home.  The  committee  engaged 
Mrs.  Billings,  a  Civil  War  hospital  nurse,  as  superintend- 
ent, and  two  head  nurses  from  the  practical  nursing 
ranks.  Four  pupils  were  enrolled.  The  Hospital  agreed 
to  pay  the  school  $150  a  month.  When  the  estabhsh- 
ment  of  the  school  was  assured,  the  Woman's  Education 
Association  withdrew  and  the  committee  carried  on  the 
work. 

The  opening  date  was  November  1,  1873.  At  a  meet- 
ing held  November  5,  the  committee  transferred  all 
control  and  property  to  a  Board  of  Directors,  of  which 
Martin  Brinmier  was  president.  At  this  meeting  the 
school  was  officially  named  ''The  Boston  Training 
School  for  Nurses." 

The  first  year  was  unsuccessful.  The  pupils  com- 
plained of  their  instruction  and  of  the  home  matron. 
The  Staff  said,  "Put  it  out;  we  don't  want  it;  it  is  no 
good;  our  former  way  is  better."  However,  the  Directors, 
beheving  in  their  project,  sought  an  experienced  super- 
intendent. The  Trustees  agreed  to  give  the  school 
another  year  of  life  provided  a  graduate  nurse  were 
placed  in  charge. 

The  conmaittee  procured  Miss  Linda  Richards,  a 
graduate  of  the  New  England  Hospital  for  Women  and 

165 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Children,  who  had  had  a  year's  experience  during  the 
formative  period  of  the  Bellevue  School.  Miss  Richards 
possessed  experience,  ability  and  a  pleasing,  forceful  per- 
sonality, and  soon  brought  order  out  of  chaos.  The 
pupils  became  happy  and  contented;  the  Staff  referred 
with  pride  to  "our  school";  and  the  Trustees  reported  in 
1875  ''gratifying  success  of  the  school"  and  stated  that 
"an  arrangement  has  been  made  to  extend  its  usefulness 
by  gradually  placing  all  the  wards  in  charge  of  the 
school." 

For  twenty-two  years  those  splendid  men  and  women 
who  comprised  the  Board  of  Directors  carried  the  work. 
They  financed  the  project,  interviewed  pupils,  visited 
wards,  attended  lectures,  and  for  sixteen  years  corrected 
the  lecture  notes.  Their  vision  of  what  comprised  ade- 
quate preparation  for  a  nurse  was  truly  remarkable. 
During  those  first  years  some  pupils  went  to  the  Boston 
Lying-in  Hospital,  and  for  a  time  all  went  to  the  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary.  Sending  them  to  the  McLean 
Asylum  was  considered. 

The  years  from  1881-1889  were  especially  progressive 
under  the  leadership  of  Anna  C.  Maxwell.  The  "Thayer" 
was  erected,  more  maids  were  employed,  greater  attention 
was  given  to  the  health  of  nurses,  instruction  was  in- 
creased, and  a  badge  and  uniform  were  adopted.  The 
first  "blue  and  white  broken  check"  uniform  was  soon 
changed  to  the  present  black  and  white  because  the  blue 
easily  faded. 

Soon  after  1890  there  were  evidences  that  the  responsi- 
bilities were  resting  heavily  on  the  Directors.  Policies 
became  very  conservative,  and  although  good  suggestions 
were  made  they  were  not  carried  out,  probably  because 
of  the  uncertainty  of  income  and  the  uncertainty  of 
satisfactory  administration.  During  November,  1895, 
the  Trustees  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Directors,  expressing 
appreciation  of  their  accomplishments.  In  this  letter 
there  also  appeared  the  following:  "The  Trustees  of  the 
Hospital  have  gradually  come  to  the  belief  that  the  best 
interests  of  the  Hospital  will  be  promoted  by  the 
establishment  of  a  closer  relation  between  the  school  and 
it,  and  that  this  can  be  best  accompHshed  by  placing 

166 


Historical 

the  school  under  the  management  of  the  Hospital 
Trustees." 

The  Directors  agreed  to  this  suggestion.  The  school 
was  transferred  to  the  Hospital  January  1,  1896,  and  was 
renamed  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  Training 
School  for  Nurses. 

About  1900  began  a  second  period  of  rapid  develop- 
ment under  Miss  Pauline  L.  Dolliver.  The  graduate 
staff  was  increased,  many  students  were  given  a  pre- 
liminary course  at  Sirmnons  College,  obstetrical  and 
operating-room  experience  was  given  to  all,  and  affilia- 
tions were  arranged  for  pediatrics,  for  the  care  of  patients 
in  a  private  hospital,  and  for  district  nursing.  Instruc- 
tion was  increased  through  bedside  clinics,  special  lectures, 
and  the  appointment  of  a  practical  nursing  instructor. 
In  1901  the  course  was  lengthened  to  three  years,  and 
in  1903  the  first  formal  graduation  exercises  were  held. 

The  decade  beginning  1910,  with  Miss  Sara  E.  Parsons 
in  charge,  brought  continued  developments.  Among 
these  were  increased  social  activities,  the  policy  of  tuition 
with  the  Hospital  furnishing  text-books  and  uniforms 
(instead  of  paying  the  pupils  an  allowance),  scholar- 
ships, loan  fund,  full  time  theoretical  instructor  and  full 
time  practical  instructor,  the  building  of  the  New  Home, 
affihation  with  the  McLean  Hospital  and  the  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary,  the  endowment  fund,  student  govern- 
ment, cooking  laboratory,  five-year  course  with  Simmons 
College,  and  the  fifty-two-hour  week. 

The  centennial  year  of  the  Hospital  found  the  school 
forty-eight  years  old.  To  it  had  come  students  not  only 
from  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  but 
from  England,  Switzerland,  France,  Greece,  Italy, 
Armenia,  Albania,  Syria,  Germany,  China,  Czecho- 
slovakia, Poland  and  India.  The  graduates  mmabered 
fifteen  hundred.  They  had  gone  to  every  State  in  the 
Union,  to  many  countries  in  Europe,  to  South  America, 
China,  Japan,  India,  Australia,  and  Africa. 

Statistics  compiled  in  1920  showed  the  status  of  90  as 
unknown,  141  deceased,  436  married,  229  in  private 
duty,  39  superintendents  or  assistant  superintendents  of 
training  schools,  87  superintendents  or  matrons  of  hos- 

167 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

pitals  or  homes,  68  head  nurses,  76  m  public  health,  and 
28  instructors;  152  were  hsted  as  ''at  home"  and  many 
were  in  miscellaneous  groups.  Among  the  graduates  in 
active  work  only  10  were  Usted  as  doing  work  other  than 
that  which  had  to  do  with  the  promotion  of  health. 

Such  is  a  brief  history  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  Training  School  for  Nurses.  The  alumnae  are 
ever  grateful  to  the  makers  of  this  history  and  pray  that 
the  future  of  the  school  may  be  worthy  of  its  past. 

Sally  Johnson,  R.N., 

Superintendent  of  Nurses. 


168 


Historical 


THE  X-RAY  DEPARTMENT 

Professor  William  Conrad  Rontgen  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Wiirzburg  announced  his  discovery  of  the 
x-rays  in  December,  1895,  and  before  the  close  of  that 
year  their  use  in  the  diagnosis  of  disease  was  under- 
taken at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

Walter  James  Dodd  was  at  that  time  head  pharmacist 
and  photographer  to  the  Hospital,  and  it  was  through 
his  efforts  that  the  first  investigations  were  begun.  He 
assembled  the  necessary  electrical  equipment  and  pur- 
chased an  x-ray  tube.  This  tube  did  not  work  satisfac- 
torily. As  the  statement  had  been  made  at  that  time 
that  x-rays  could  be  produced  with  an  incandescent 
lamp  with  a  broken  filament,  he  attempted  to  use  such  a 
bulb,  but  this  experiment  likewise  proved  unsuccessful. 
Early  in  1896,  however,  he  purchased  another  tube  with 
which  the  first  successful  radiograph  was  taken.  This 
experiment  was  made  in  the  nerve  department  of  the 
old  out-patient  building.  The  current  was  supplied  by 
a  two-plate,  static  machine  which  was  used  at  that  time 
for  giving  electrical  treatments.  This  machine  was 
operated  by  hand,  and  the  amount  of  labor  and  time 
consimied  in  taking  a  picture,  even  of  the  small  parts  of 
the  body,  was  great.  The  work  accomphshed  with  this 
tube  and  apparatus  won  the  appreciation  of  the  surgeons 
of  the  Hospital,  and  the  taking  of  radiographs  of  the 
extremities  of  the  body  came  into  general  use. 

Early  in  this  year,  Professor  Hermann  Lemp  of  the 
General  Electric  Company  kindly  offered  the  Hospital 
the  use  of  an  "x-ray  coil"  which  he  had  constructed  for 
experimental  work.  This  coil  was  placed  in  the  old 
Kingsley  studio.  Here  the  radiographer  worked  steadily, 
accomplishing  a  large  amount  of  routine  work,  and 
making  numerous  experiments  with  different  kinds  of 
tubes,  coils,  and  interrupters.  With  a  machine  that  he 
in  part  constructed,  he  was  able  to  take  a  satisfactory 
radiograph  of  an  adult  chest.  This  plate  is  probably 
one  of  the  earliest  satisfactory  plates  of  the  chest  ever 

169 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

taken.  Unfortunately,  the  amount  of  current  consumed 
was  so  large  that  it  burned  out  the  fuses  on  the  mams, 
and  the  machine  was  pronounced  unsafe  and  the  work 
abandoned. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  radiographer,  Professor 
Lemp's  apparatus  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the  hospital 
until  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  "Ether  Day,"  at  which 
time  it  was  placed  on  exhibition.  Soon  after  this  suffi- 
cient money  was  subscribed  for  its  purchase  by  one  of 
the  trustees,  and  it  was  moved  to  the  old  West  Room 
under  the  Bulfinch  steps. 

In  this  same  year,  at  a  medical  convention  held  in 
Washington,  Dr.  Reginald  H.  Fitz  exhibited  a  radio- 
graph of  the  entire  human  body.  This  radiograph  was 
taken  by  Mr.  Dodd,  and  the  subject  was  his  assistant, 
Mr.  Joseph  Godsoe. 

In  1897,  the  first  record  of  expenditure  for  x-ray 
apparatus  appeared  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Hospital. 

During  that  year,  a  patient  was  referred  from  the 
out-patient  department  for  -x-ray  examination.  He 
returned  a  few  days  after  the  examination  stating  that 
the  "light"  had  relieved  the  pain  in  his  leg.  To  prove 
the  truth  or  fallacy  of  the  patient's  statement,  investi- 
gations were  undertaken  by  Mr.  Dodd  and  Dr.  Seabury 
W.  Allen.  Their  conclusions  that  the  x-rays  were 
capable  of  relieving  pain  in  certain  pathological  condi- 
tions, and  that  probably  this  was  brought  about  by 
changes  in  the  character  or  amount  of  the  blood  supply, 
have  since  been  confirmed. 

For  over  a  year,  Mr.  Dodd  had  been  exposed  daily  to 
the  x-rays,  and  in  April,  1897,  he  developed  a  severe 
radio-dermatitis  of  the  hands  and  was  admitted  to  the 
surgical  ward  for  treatment.  This  was  the  first  of  many 
operations  that  he  was  obliged  to  undergo  as  a  result  of 
the  injuries  received  in  this  early  experimental  work. 

In  1900,  the  x-ray  room  was  moved  from  the  old 
West  Room  to  the  domestic  building.  Here  for  the  first 
time  lead  screens  were  used  to  protect  the  operator  from 
the  x-rays. 

In  1907,  the  Department  of  Roentgenology  was  estab- 
Ushed,  and  Mr.   Dodd,  having  received  the  degree  of 

170 


Historical 

Doctor  of  Medicine,  was  appointed  Roentgenologist.  In 
1911,  Dr.  George  W.  Holmes  was  appointed  Assistant 
Roentgenologist . 

During  the  next  two  years,  the  members  of  the  x-ray- 
staff,  in  cooperation  with  Dr.  George  C.  Shattuck,  de- 
veloped a  technique  for  the  study  of  the  heart  and  great 
vessels. 

For  some  time  Mr.  Sewell  Cabot  had  been  working  on 
a  type  of  apparatus  that  would  give  a  non-fluctuating, 
high  potential  current,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  Dr. 
Dodd,  he  undertook  to  develop  a  machine  for  use  in 
giving  x-ray  treatment  that  would  allow  the  operator 
to  measure  accurately  the  dosage.  Their  efforts  met 
with  considerable  success. 

Using  this  machine  in  connection  with  the  clinical 
work  of  the  department.  Dr.  Holmes  established  a 
method  of  measuring  dosage  by  computing  the  electrical 
energy  supplied  the  tube. 

For  a  number  of  years  considerable  instruction  had 
been  given  in  the  department  both  to  undergraduate 
and  postgraduate  students,  and  in  1915  it  became 
necessary  to  organize  a  definite  program  of  instruction. 
This  program  included  the  appointment  of  a  house  pupil, 
resident  in  the  Hospital,  who  would  devote  his  entire 
time  to  the  work  in  the  X-ray  Department.  The  estab- 
lishment of  such  a  course  offered  an  opportunity  for  the 
adequate  training  of  physicians  desiring  to  take  up 
roentgenology  as  a  specialty,  and  was  the  first  to  be 
offered  in  any  hospital  in  America.  This  course  has 
attracted  a  high  type  of  young  men,  and  the  work  that 
they  have  accomplished  since  leaving  the  Hospital  has 
been  a  credit  both  to  the  department  and  to  the 
institution. 

During  the  summer  of  1915,  Dr.  Dodd  was  with  the 
first  Harvard  Medical  Unit  in  France,  where  he  did  a 
large  amount  of  fluoroscopic  work  in  connection  with  the 
treatment  of  the  wounded.  For  this  work,  he  received 
citation  from  the  British  Government.  He  returned 
to  this  country  in  October  of  the  same  year,  and  shortly 
afterwards  the  injuries  from  which  he  had  suffered  so  long 
became  rapidly  worse,  and  he  died  on  December  18,  1916. 

171 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Dr.  Dodd  had  frequently  emphasized  the  need  of  an 
endowment  to  carry  on  the  research  work  of  the  de- 
partment, and  after  his  death  his  widow,  Mrs.  Margaret 
L.  Dodd,  placed  a  small  sum  of  money  at  the  disposal  of 
the  hospital  for  the  establishment  of  such  a  fund.  His 
friends  generously  subscribed  to  this,  and  the  Dr.  Walter 
J.  Dodd  Memorial  Fund  was  thus  established. 

In  the  year  1917,  three  rooms  were  added  to  the 
X-ray  Department  in  the  old  Gay  Ward  building,  one 
of  which  was  properly  equipped  for  therapeutic  work; 
and  in  May,  of  this  year,  rooms  for  the  examination  and 
treatment  of  private  patients  were  opened  in  the  Phillips 
House,  the  private  ward  of  the  Hospital. 

Dr.  George  W.  Holmes  was  appointed  Roentgenologist 
to  succeed  Dr.  Dodd,  and  Dr.  Adelbert  S.  Merrill  was 
appointed  Assistant  Roentgenologist.  Later  in  that  year. 
Dr.  Merrill  went  to  France  with  the  hospital  unit.  Base 
Hospital  No.  6,  where  he  remained  in  active  service  until 
1919.  Dr.  James  F.  Boyd  was  appointed  Acting  Assistant 
Roentgenologist. 

Early  in  1919,  it  was  found  necessary  to  reorganize 
the  treatment  clinic,  so  that  diseases  of  the  thyroid  and 
skin,  the  two  largest  groups  of  cases,  could  be  handled 
in  special  groups  with  a  consultant  for  each  group. 

In  1922,  the  Hospital  received  a  generous  gift  for  the 
purchase  of  radium,  and  it  was  thought  desirable  to 
combine  the  therapeutic  use  of  x-rays  with  radium. 
Following  out  this  idea,  the  clinics  were  combined,  and  a 
policy  of  special  groups  with  consultants  was  adopted. 

Early  in  1923,  a  machine  producing  x-rays  of  very  short 
wave  length  was  installed,  and  equipped  with  a  device 
for  measuring  accurately  the  intensity  of  the  rays. 

The  department  now  occupies  sixteen  large  rooms. 
The  staff  consists  of  five  physicians  who  give  their  entire 
time  to  its  work,  and  as  many  more  who  act  as  con- 
sultants in  the  treatment  clinic.  The  number  of  patients 
examined  or  treated  daily  averages  seventy-five,  making 
it  one  of  the  largest  and  most  active  clinics  in  the 
Hospital. 

George  W.  Holmes,  M.D., 

Roentgenologist. 

172 


Historical 


SOCIAL  SERVICE 

Non-medical  needs  of  patients  were  recognized  before 
the  idea  of  social  service  as  an  organic  part  of  the  Hos- 
pital staff  was  conceived.  In  Bowditch's  history  of  the 
Hospital,  1852,  we  find  a  story  of  his  interest,  as  a  hos- 
pital trustee,  in  a  Httle  girl  of  seven  who  had  been  injured 
while  picking  up  chips  on  the  Maine  Railroad  enclosure 
and  had  to  have  a  limb  amputated.  He  later  took  her 
to  the  directors  of  the  railroad  "to  argue  her  own  case" 
and  the  $300  granted  to  her  by  the  railroad  was  held 
in  trust  for  her  by  Mr.  Bow(itch  and  the  Hospital 
Superintendent. 

In  1870  the  Trustees  appointed  as  a  Ladies'  Visiting 
Conunittee  a  group  of  young  women  who  had  the  year 
before  volunteered  ''to  visit  the  Hospital  for  the  purpose 
of  performing  any  kindly  service  in  their  power  for  the 
patients." 

The  growth  of  the  Hospital,  with  its  numerous  patients 
and  increasing  complexity,  rendered  personal  relationships 
more  difficult.  In  1905  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot,  after 
several  years  as  visiting  physician,  perceived  that  the 
pressure  of  numbers  of  patients  and  the  demands  of  careful 
medical  examination,  as  weU  as  the  scheme  of  organization 
of  dispensary  clinics  at  that  time,  obscured  the  back- 
ground of  the  patient's  home,  his  work,  responsibilities 
and  worries.  These  social  elements,  so  intimately  a  part 
of  the  patient's  fife,  were  essential  considerations  in- 
fluencing and  possibly  jeopardizing  sound  medical  treat- 
ment. On  the  initiative  of  Dr.  Cabot,  a  social  worker 
was  placed  in  the  corridor  of  the  Out-Patient  Department 
on  October  1,  1905,  a  new  element  in  therapy.  Equipped 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  conditions  under  which  people 
live  and  work,  and  the  resources  of  the  community,  she 
was,  Dr.  Cabot  said,  ''a  speciahst  in  deahng  with  character 
under  adversity  and  the  influences  that  mold  it  for  good 
or  iU." 

Throughout  the  initial  demonstration,  Dr.  Cabot  and 
Dr.  James  J.  Putnam  stood  loyally  back  of  the  idea  and 

173 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

the  workers,  giving  generously  of  their  time  and  wise 
counsel  as  well  as  taking  the  responsibility  for  raising 
funds  for  the  work. 

The  success  of  the  demonstration  and  many  of  the 
present  poUcies  of  the  Department  can  be  traced  back  to 
them,  and  to  the  devoted  work  and  the  interaction  of 
such  personalities  as  Garnet  I.  Pelton,  Ellen  T.  Emerson, 
Gertrude  L.  Farmer,  Edith  N.  Burleigh  and  Jessie  D. 
Hodder,  all  members  of  the  Out-Patient  Staff  during 
the  early  years. 

In  February,  1909,  a  committee  was  organized  for  the 
supervision  and  support  of  the  work.  It  consisted  of 
physicians  from  the  Staff,  the  Hospital  Superintendent, 
two  expert  social  workers,  a  member  of  the  Ladies' 
Visiting  Committee,  and  a  business  man.  This  Commit- 
tee has  been  intimately  in  touch  with  the  Department 
all  through  these  years. 

In  1911,  a  social  worker  was  assigned  to  the  Children's 
Chnic.  DecentraUzation  was  further  extended  at  the 
request  of  the  physicians  to  the  Orthopedic  and  Nerve 
Clinics,  1913,  and  to  the  Genito-Urinary  Clinic,  1914. 
The  South  Medical  Chnic  for  SyphiUs  was  estabhshed 
in  1914,  with  Miss  0.  M.  Lewis  as  social  worker.  Under 
her  direction  a  consistent  follow-up  pohcy  was  apphed  to 
all  patients  coming  to  the  clinic,  thus  anticipating  by 
several  years  a  pohcy  later  established  by  the  State. 

This  speciaUzation  in  medical-social  work  has  the  usual 
weaknesses  of  specialization,  but  is,  we  believe,  a  phase 
of  development  which  is  jdelding  a  deeper  understanding 
of  the  social  problems  in  organized  medicine. 

In  1913,  with  the  encouragement  of  Dr.  Edsall,  a 
social  worker  was  appointed  to  gather  material  for  the 
study  of  occupational  diseases.  Two  years  later  this 
was  merged  into  the  Industrial  Clinic  which  now  is  a 
department  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 

Affiliation  with  the  Boston  School  of  Social  Work  was 
estabhshed  in  1910,  students  from  the  school  having 
their  practice  under  supervision  in  the  Department.  In 
1912  a  two  years'  course  for  medical-social  workers  was 
inaugurated. 

174 


Historical 

In  1913,  Dr.  Edsall  asked  the  Department  to  assist 
in  a  lecture  course  on  social  subjects  to  medical  students. 
Two  years  later  the  plan  of  instruction  was  changed  to 
a  weekly  discussion  of  the  medical-social  problems  of 
patients  known  to  the  fourth-year  medical  students 
during  their  assignment  to  the  wards. 

The  Training  School  for  Nurses  began  in  1913  to 
assign  to  the  Department,  for  a  period  of  three  months, 
selected  pupil  nurses  to  get  an  insight  into  the  social 
aspects  of  the  Hospital. 

The  Ladies'  Visiting  Committee  has  for  fifty  years 
ministered  in  a  friendly  way  to  the  ward  patients,  which 
service  the  Department  has  never  supplanted.  In  1907, 
however,  patients  in  the  Hospital  wards  were  referred  by 
the  physicians  for  such  service  as  involved  visits  to  the 
homes  and  arrangements  for  care  in  other  institutions. 
The  Hospital  administration  appointed,  in  1908,  Miss 
Alice  Tippet  as  the  "Executive's  Assistant,"  to  give  her 
full  time  to  ward  patients.  On  her  resignation,  in  1913, 
the  position  of  Chief  of  Social  Service  was  created  by  the 
Trustees  and  the  Ward  and  Out-Patient  Departments 
were  correlated,  the  ward  service  being  paid  for  by  the 
Hospital.  Out-Patient  social  service  continued  under  the 
direction  and  support  of  the  Supervisory  Committee  until 
October,  1918,  when  the  Trustees  made  the  Department 
an  official  part  of  the  Hospital  organization  and  gave 
the  Supervisory  Committee  the  status  of  an  advisory 
committee.  Of  the  original  members  of  this  body,  we 
are  fortunate  in  still  retaining  Dr.  Cabot,  Mrs.  Nathaniel 
Thayer,  Mr.  Jeffrey  R.  Brackett,  Dr.  Daniel  F.  Jones, 
and  Dr.  Washbiu-n. 

The  Department  has  had,  in  increasing  numbers,  visi- 
tors and  students  from  other  parts  of  this  country  and 
abroad,  coming  for  experience  in  hospital  work  which 
has  given  us  valuable  opportunity  to  aid  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Hospital  Social  Service  movement.  From  the 
beginning  volunteers  have  served  the  Hospital  under 
the  direction  of  our  workers.  It  is  impossible  to  measure 
the  assistance  they  have  rendered  in  the  day's  work 
and  their  value  in  interpreting  the  Hospital  to  the 
community. 

175 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

In  the  adjustment  of  the  Social  Service  Department 
to  the  Hospital  functions  and  organization  there  has 
been  a  conscious  effort  to  infuse  into  the  Department 
the  ideals  and  policies  of  the  Hospital  and  the  threefold 
purpose  of  care  of  patients,  teaching  and  research.  Sev- 
eral joint  studies  have  been  made  with  physicians  of  the 
Staff,  the  most  outstanding  of  which  were  the  "Economic 
Efficiency  of  Epileptic  Patients"  and  a  recent  investiga- 
tion of  the  "Medical-Social  Aspects  of  Cardiac  Disease," 
for  which  special  funds  were  donated. 

While  primarily  identified  with  clinical  medicine,  the 
Department  has  been  able  to  assist  the  Administration 
and  to  supplement  the  Lady  Visitors  in  the  ever-present 
human  problems  involved  in  the  service  of  this,  as  of 
every  other  big  hospital. 

Ida  M.  Cannon, 
Chief  of  Social  Service. 


176 


Historical 


THE  GENERAL  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

The  Staff  of  the  General  Hospital  from  1821-1911  was 
organized  and  had  its  services  upon  the  English  principle. 
Each  Medical  and  each  Surgical  Service  was  divided 
into  periods,  usually  of  four  months  each,  during  which 
time  a  physician  or  surgeon  was  in  charge  of  the  patients 
on  this  service.  In  1911  the  Staff  felt  the  need  of  more 
continuity  of  the  plan  of  work.  The  abrupt  change  three 
times  a  year,  with  perhaps  complete  alteration  of  treat- 
ment of  the  patients  and  with  no  continued  policy  for 
research,  was  found  to  be  less  productive  of  results  than 
could  be  wished. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Visiting  Staff,  held  January  25, 
1912,  the  report  of  a  committee,  previously  appointed 
to  propose  a  scheme  to  reorganize  all  departments  of  the 
Hospital  Staff,  was  considered  and  approved.  This  plan 
of  reorganization  provided  that  the  several  medical  and 
surgical  divisions  of  the  General  Hospital  should  have 
chiefs,  with  continuous  service  throughout  the  year; 
other  members  of  the  Staff  might  have  continuous  or 
divided  service.  The  continuity  of  the  work  was  made 
possible  by  the  continuous  service  at  the  head. 

The  General  Executive  Committee  was  now  planned 
to  take  over  the  functions  of  the  Visiting  Staff  and  to 
have  certain  new  duties  added.  The  General  Executive 
Committee  is  constituted  as  follows : 

One  member  is  elected  by  the  Chiefs  of  Service  of  the 
special  departments  from  among  their  number.  The 
other  members  are  the  two  Medical  Chiefs  of  Service, 
the  two  Surgical  Chiefs  of  Service  and  the  Director. 
It  was  provided  that  the  Director  is  to  be  ex  officio  Sec- 
retary of  the  General  Executive  Committee,  Medical 
Executive  Committee  and  the  Surgical  Executive  Com- 
mittee. These  latter  two  Committees  are  merely  sub- 
committees consisting  of  the  two  Medical  Chiefs  of 
Service  with  the  Director  to  consider  matters  purely 
medical,  and  the  two  Surgical  Chiefs  with  the  Director 

177 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

to  consider  matters  purely  surgical.  It  was  further 
provided  that  in  matters  pertaining  to  a  surgical  sub- 
department,  such  as  the  Orthopedic  Department,  its 
Chief  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  Surgical  Execu- 
tive Committee.  The  same  rule  provides  that  the  Chief 
of  a  sub-department  of  Medicine  shall  be  ex  officio  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical  Executive  Committee.  This  plan  was 
approved  by  the  Trustees. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  General  Executive  Committee 
was  held  in  the  old  Treadwell  Library  in  the  Bulfinch 
Building,  on  April  30,  1912.  Since  that  time  meetings 
have  been  held  once  a  week,  with  only  an  occasional 
meeting  omitted.  The  members  of  the  Committee  have 
undertaken  their  duties  with  great  earnestness  and  con- 
scientiousness, and  have  made  it  a  matter  of  pride  to 
attend  the  meetings. 

The  establishment  of  the  Committee  with  the  Director 
(Resident  Physician)  of  the  Hospital  as  a  member  and 
Secretary  has  made  it  possible^  for  the  Administration  and 
Staff  to  work  harmoniously  for  the  advancement  of  the 
institution  in  an  effective  way.  It  has  made  for  good 
understanding.  The  Committee  has  carefully  considered, 
and  on  its  recommendation  the  Trustees  have  adopted, 
many  important  undertakings.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  the  establishment  of  the  Department  for  the 
care  of  Syphilis,  the  Genito-Urinary  Department,  and  the 
assignment  of  special  subjects,  and  the  allotment  of 
patients  in  these  subjects  to  certain  individuals  on  the 
Surgical  Staff  for  more  intensive  study  and  research. 

Classes  have  been  estabhshed  in  particular  diseases 
and  conditions  upon  the  Medical  side,  such  as  classes  in 
diabetes,  obesity,  nephritis,  and  others.  An  Industrial 
Clinic  has  been  established  for  the  care  of  patients  whose 
diseases  are  due  to  industrial  conditions  and  for  study 
and  investigation  of  the  subject.  Lately  a  Dietetic 
Clinic  has  been  formed  for  the  more  careful  instruction 
of  patients  in  their  diets.  This  last  clinic  has  been  made 
possible  by  the  North  End  Diet  Kitchen,  which  provides 
the  funds  for  the  necessary  salaries. 

After  careful  study  and  thought  the  Committee  recom- 
mended, and  the  Trustees  approved,  the  establishment 

178 


Historical 

of  full  time  paid  Services  in  the  Departments  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery.  This  means  that  the  Chief  of  the  Medical 
Department  and  his  first  Assistant  are  paid  by  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  and  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  to  give  practically  their  full  time  at  the  Hospital 
to  the  care  of  patients,  medical  teaching  and  scientific 
research.  A  similar  thing  has  been  done  on  one  of  the 
Surgical  Services.  This  has  meant  a  large  increase  in 
the  amount  of  laboratory  work  done  at  the  Hospital, 
much  more  time  spent  upon  important  problems,  and  a 
constant  increase  to  the  Hospital's  prestige.  The  Com- 
mittee nominates  for  all  Staff  positions  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 


179 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


THE  PHILLIPS  HOUSE 

The  Phillips  House  was  opened  for  patients  on  May  17, 
1917.  For  many  years  a  ward  for  the  private  patients  of 
the  Staff  of  the  Hospital  had  been  desired  by  the  Staff 
and  discussed  by  the  Trustees  and  the  Administration. 

In  the  Annual  Report  of  Trustees  for  the  year  1910,  the 
following  appears  under  the  Report  of  the  Administrator 
and  Resident  Physician  of  the  Hospital: 

"A  private  hospital  built  in  close  connection  with  the 
General  Hospital  is  much  to  be  desired.  From  the  point 
of  view  of  the  community,  this  is  needed  because  there  is 
now  in  Boston  no  place  where  people  of  moderate  means 
and  the  well-to-do  can  go  to  a  hospital,  and  pay  their 
doctor  and  get  all  the  advantages  which  they  could  have 
in  a  hospital  connected  with  such  an  institution  as  ours. 
We  have  here  the  high  traditions  of  a  hundred  years,  well 
equipped  laboratories  with  their  accrued  knowledge  and 
recognized  standing,  the  X-ray,  Electrical,  Hydrothera- 
peutic  and  Medico-Mechanical  Departments  with  their 
skilled  and  experienced  operators.  From  the  point  of 
view  of  the  Hospital,  a  private  hospital  would  be  of  value 
in  the  training  of  our  nurses,  in  furnishing  us  a  revenue 
to  help  support  the  charity  wards,  and  in  bringing  to 
our  doors  people  of  means  who,  we  would  hope,  would 
become  interested  in  the  work  done  by  the  institution. 
It  would  concentrate  the  work  of  the  Staff  and  enable 
them  to  spend  more  of  their  time  at  the  Hospital  to  the 
advantage  of  the  patients." 

Appeals  similar  to  this  appear  in  other  Annual  Reports 
of  the  Hospital.  In  1915  the  Trustees  felt  that  they  could 
wait  no  longer  for  money  given  for  this  particular  purpose. 
They  were  convinced  that  the  enterprise  would  pay 
sufficient  dividends  on  the  investment  to  warrant  them 
in  using  a  part  of  their  funds. 

The  old  Wards  A  and  B,  built  in  the  early  seventies,  as 
temporary  wards  to  stand  for  a  few  years  only,  were  torn 
down  in  1915  to  make  room  for  the  new  private  ward; 
and  the  Gardner  Ward,  F,  was  moved  to  the  eastward, 
raised,  and  a  new  Ward  A  built  under  it. 

180 


Historical 

The  Phillips  House  is  really  a  private  hospital  by  itself, 
rather  than  a  ward.  It  has  an  entrance  separate  from 
that  of  the  General  Hospital.  It  has  its  own  kitchen, 
dining  room,  apothecary  shop,  store,  x-ray  plant,  and 
operating  rooms.  The  building  is  of  eight  stories  with  a 
high  basement.  It  is  L  shaped,  with  the  long  wing  ex- 
tending north  and  south,  and  thus  exposing  all  the 
patients'  rooms  to  the  east  and  west.  The  ward  accom- 
modates one  hundred  and  six  patients.  The  rooms  are 
nearly  all  provided  with  connecting  doors  to  permit  the 
assigning  of  small  or  large  suites.  There  are  many 
bathrooms.  There  is  an  attractive  roof  garden  and  a 
balcony  on  the  south  end  of  each  floor.  The  rooms  are 
furnished  individually,  and  the  whole  aspect  of  the  place 
is  homelike  as  far  as  is  consistent  with  the  efficiency  of 
a  hospital. 

This  is  written  in  1923,  and  at  this  time,  after  six  years 
of  occupancy,  we  may  fairly  say  that  the  Phillips  House 
has  accompUshed  all  that  the  Trustees  expected  of  it. 
It  has  fulfilled  the  need  in  the  community  for  a  high-class 
hospital  in  Boston,  where  people  who  can  afford  to  pay 
for  it  may  go  and  receive  the  advantages  of  treatment  at 
an  institution  where  all  the  appliances  and  knowledge 
demanded  today  by  medical  science  can  be  found.  This 
can  only  be  in  connection  with  such  a  hospital  as  is  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  It  has  proved  to  earn 
sufficient  interest  on  the  investment  to  justify  the  Trus- 
tees in  the  expenditure.  It  has  increased  the  interest  in 
our  Hospital  among  people  who  have  the  means  to  help  us 
in  our  charity  and  scientific  work.  It  has  concentrated 
the  work  of  our  Staff  at  the  Hospital  so  as  to  give  us 
more  of  their  time  for  the  care  of  our  patients  who  are 
unable  to  pay  the  full  cost.  It  has  increased  the  Hos- 
pital's prestige  at  home  and  abroad. 

The  Trustees  have  accepted  the  doctrine  that  the 
Hospital  should  be  equipped  to  care  for  all  classes  of  the 
conamunity.  For  one  hundred  years  we  have  cared  for 
the  poor;  for  six  years  we  have  cared  for  the  well-to-do, 
and  we  hope  that  we  will  soon  be  in  a  position  to  care, 
on  a  large  scale,  for  people  of  moderate  means. 


181 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


THE  MEDICAL  LABORATORY 

The  organization  of  a  laboratory  for  clinical  investiga- 
tion was  made  possible  in  the  spring  of  1917,  when  the 
old  offices  of  the  Administration  on  the  ground  floor  of 
the  Bulfinch  Building  were  vacated.  The  collection  of 
equipment  having  been  started  as  early  as  the  spring 
of  1916,  reconstruction  was  immediately  begun.  In  this 
way  six  rooms  became  available,  which  now  constitute  a 
fairly  satisfactory  laboratory  for  about  twelve  workers. 
Before  the  organization  of  this  Laboratory  clinical  research 
had  to  be  conducted  in  any  corner  that  the  investigator 
could  find. 

The  old  cashier's  office  has  been  converted  into  a  very 
good  chemical  laboratory,  and  to  it  has  been  added  a 
portion  of  the  hallway  opposite.  Dr.  Rowland's  old 
office  has  become  a  bacteriological  laboratory,  and 
Dr.  Washburn's  a  blood  labpratory.  The  old  stenog- 
raphers' office  and  the  visitors'  room  are  now  used  for 
metabolism  work.  Near  by  under  the  west  end  of  the 
portico  is  the  cardiographic  laboratory. 

The  organization  of  the  Medical  Laboratory  has  been 
the  result  of  natural  growth.  It  has  not  yet  been  recog- 
nized as  a  definite  entity,  but  functions  more  or  less  as 
such,  and  also  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Medical  and 
Surgical  Services  and  with  the  special  clinics. 

The  chief  idea  underlying  the  establishment  of  the 
Medical  Laboratory  is  that  it  shall  be  primarily  a  place 
for  original  work  in  the  field  of  clinical  investigation. 
Routine  work  is  not  done  there  except  in  the  case  of 
certain  highly  technical  tests  which  cannot  be  done 
elsewhere. 

In  a  sense  this  Laboratory  may  be  said  to  provide  a 
follow-up  clinic  for  special  cases,  such  as  those  of  diseases 
of  the  blood  or  ductless  glands.  Any  patient  who  has 
been  studied  in  the  Laboratory  during  his  stay  in  the 
Hospital  may  be  asked  to  return  to  it  from  time  to  time. 
In  such  cases  careful  observations  are  made  of  the  progress 
of  the  disease,  and  the  patient  receives  advice  as  to 
treatment. 

182 


Historical 

The  original  expense  of  equipping  the  Laboratory  was 
largely  met  from  Medical  School  funds.  At  present  the 
running  expenses  are  met  partly  by  the  Hospital  and 
partly  by  the  Medical  School.  Some  workers,  for  instance, 
receive  a  portion  of  their  salary  from  each  institution. 
Sometimes  a  piece  of  apparatus  is  bought  by  the  Hospital, 
sometimes  from  Medical  School  funds.  We  have  been 
very  fortunate  in  receiving  generous  aid  from  the  Proctor 
Fund  for  the  study  of  chronic  disease,  and  also  by  gifts 
from  Dr.  William  Norton  Bullard. 

From  the  time  of  its  organization  to  the  present  a  large 
number  of  workers  have  contributed  to  the  progress  made 
by  the  Medical  Laboratory,  and  the  collected  papers  of 
the  Laboratory  now  make  a  series  of  seven  fair-sized 
volumes.  It  is  believed  that  the  work  represented  by 
these  papers  is  of  good  quality,  also. 

Since  the  war  some  of  the  more  extensive  studies 
undertaken  have  been  those  on  blood  gases,  carried  out 
largely  by  Dr.  A.  V.  Bock,  and  with  the  constant  super- 
vision and  advice  of  Professor  L.  J.  Henderson.  This 
work  has  been  closely  correlated  with  certain  work  in 
the  physiological  laboratory  at  Cambridge,  England,  and 
with  that  of  the  Anglo-American  Andean  expedition  of 
1921.  Dr.  Henry  Field,  Jr.,  at  various  times,  has  been 
associated  with  Dr.  Bock  in  this  work. 

Since  the  time  the  laboratories  started.  Dr.  George 
R.  Minot,  with  certain  colleagues,  has  given  considerable 
time  to  the  study  of  the  pathology  of  the  blood.  Starting 
on  certain  blood  problems  with  Dr.  Minot,  Dr.  Chester 
Jones  has  worked  extensively  for  a  period  of  three  years 
on  the  metabolism  of  bile  pigments  and  its  relation  to 
diseases  of  the  liver  and  the  bile  passages,  as  well  as  on 
certain  diseases  of  the  blood.  Dr.  Jones'  work  has  made 
definite  progress  in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  liver 
and  gall  bladder  disease  by  means  of  the  duodenal  tube. 

Ever  since  the  war  the  study  of  thyroid  disease  has 
been  carried  on  actively  under  the  direction  of  the  thyroid 
committee.  An  important  phase  has  been  conducted  in 
the  Medical  Laboratory,  that  portion  which  has  to  do 
with  the  measurement  of  the  respiratory  metabolism. 
The    association    in    the    thyroid    work    between    the 

183 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Medical  Service,  the  Surgical  Service,  the  X-ray  Depart- 
ment and  the  Laboratory  has  been  most  profitable.  It 
is  believed  that  cooperation  of  this  sort  between  men 
interested  in  a  common  problem,  but  from  different 
angles,  has  been  yielding  results  distinctly  promising. 
At  the  present  time  a  liaison  of  this  kind  is  being  formed 
for  the  study  of  gastro-intestinal  diseases,  and  should 
be  able  to  make  valuable  contributions. 

Dr.  Fritz  Talbot,  ever  since  the  Laboratory  started, 
has  continued  the  work  on  clinical  calorimetry  of 
infants  which  was  originally  begun  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  F.  G.  Benedict.  Dr.  Talbot  has  been  able  to  collect 
important  data  on  the  metabolism,  not  only  in  normal 
infants  and  children,  but  in  certain  pathologic  states 
such  as  malnutrition,  cretinism  and  Mongolian  idiocy. 
Dr.  Talbot  has  had  a  considerable  group  of  physicians 
and  laboratory  assistants  associated  with  him  in  this 
work.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Stanley  Cobb,  he  has 
made  a  study  of  the  metabojism  of  epileptic  children, 
both  under  normal  conditions  and  during  starvation. 

Dr.  Frederick  T.  Lord  for  a  period  of  years  has  carried 
on  an  investigation  of  the  behavior  of  the  pneumococcus 
under  different  environmental  conditions,  especially  its 
viability  in  different  culture  media,  and  in  the  presence 
of  various  percentages  of  blood  serum.  He  is  also  studying 
the  bacteriology  of  pneumonia  in  the  wards  and  supervises 
the  use  of  pneumococcus  serum. 

Dr.  F.  M.  Rackemann  has  made  use  of  the  Medical 
Laboratory  in  conjunction  with  his  Anaphylaxis  Clinic 
in  the  Out-Patient  Department.  Work  has  been  going 
on  actively  since  the  war.  In  the  Laboratory  he  has 
done  the  bacteriological  and  iromunological  work  neces- 
sary for  the  intensive  study  of  patients  with  asthma, 
hay  fever,  and  allied  conditions. 

A  number  of  other  workers  have  been  active  for  shorter 
periods  of  time  in  the  work  of  the  Laboratory.  Dr. 
Reginald  Fitz,  during  the  year  1919-20,  carried  on 
extensive  studies  of  the  blood  and  urinary  chemistry  in 
diabetes  and  nephritis. 

Dr.  Basil  Jones  was  in  the  Laboratory  during  the  year 
1920-21  working  upon  certain  problems  of  hemolysis. 

184 


Historical 

Dr.  A.  L.  Barach  of  New  York,  also  spending  that  year 
with  us,  carried  on  active  research  on  certain  problems 
of  acid-base  equilibrium  in  pneumonia  and  other  diseases, 
and  upon  the  therapeutic  use  of  oxygen.  He  also  studied, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  William  Mason,  the  effects 
produced  in  the  blood  by  the  injection  of  hypertonic 
saline  solutions. 

During  the  year  1922-23,  Dr.  William  G.  Lennox,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Stanley  Cobb,  has  made  certain 
studies  of  the  blood  chemistry  during  starvation.  Dr. 
Harold  N.  Segall  of  Montreal,  holding  the  Walcott 
Fellowship,  has  made  careful  studies  of  the  metabohc 
rate  of  persons  with  toxic  goiter  before  and  after  various 
surgical  procedures.  In  April,  1922,  Mr.  Gilbert  Adair, 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  joined  the 
laboratory  force  and  for  a  year  took  an  active  part  in  the 
blood  gas  work  of  Drs.  Henderson  and  Bock,  and  in 
addition  made  studies  upon  the  osmotic  pressure  of 
hemoglobin  solutions. 

Altogether  the  Laboratory  has  been  most  fortunate  in 
having  a  group  of  workers  with  a  wide  variety  of  interests, 
working  oftentimes  in  the  closest  cooperation  upon  definite 
programs  of  study.  The  Laboratory  has  made  possible  a 
more  complete  study  of  the  patients  in  the  wards  and 
has  contributed  toward  a  better  knowledge  of  the  nature 
of  their  diseases.  A  laboratory  for  clinical  investigation 
really  is  a  necessary  adjunct  to  the  medical  clinic  of  any 
modern  teaching  hospital.  It  is  hoped  that  before  long 
more  adequate  space  may  be  available  in  which  this 
type  of  work  may  be  carried  on  in  more  convenient 
surroundings. 

J.  H.  Means,  M.D, 


185 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Financial 


FINANCES  OF  THE  HOSPITAL 
18n-1922 

To  the  reader  of  the  early  financial  struggles  of  the 
Hospital  one  fact  stands  forth  most  clearly.  The  institu- 
tion does  not  receive  aid  from  the  State  today,  but  the 
assistance  given  by  the  Commonwealth  in  the  early  days 
was  vital  to  the  successful  outcome  of  the  undertaking. 

On  February  25,  1811,  the  State  Legislature  granted 
a  Charter  to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  it 
at  the  same  time  made  a  grant  of  the  so-called  Province 
House  Estate  with  authority  to  sell  the  same  and  use  the 
proceeds  at  pleasure  provided  that  within  five  years 
S100,000  additional  was  raised.  In  1813  this  time  was 
extended  five  years,  and  in  1816  authority  was  finally 
granted  to  sell  the  Province  House  Estate  on  condition 
that  the  proceeds  be  paid  into  the  State  Treasury  unless 
within  one  year  the  additional  sum  of  1100,000  should  be 
obtained. 

The  subsequent  history  of  the  Province  House  Estate 
is  interesting.  On  April  1,  1817,  the  Hospital  leased  the 
Estate  to  David  Greenough,  Esq.,  for  99  years,  at  an 
annual  rental  of  $2,000  or  an  outright  sum  of  $33,000, 
and  on  October  1,  1824,  this  latter  option  was  exercised. 
In  1828  Mr.  Greenough  tried  to  buy  the  reversionary 
interest,  but  the  Hospital  declined  to  sell. 

The  heirs  of  David  Greenough  continued  to  hold  the 
property  until  1909,  when  certain  clauses  in  the  lease 
caused  the  trustees  of  the  Greenough  Estate  and  the 
Hospital  to  enter  into  an  agreement  whereby  in  con- 
sideration of  $25,000  annual  rental  to  the  Greenough 
heirs  the  Hospital  took  possession  of  the  property,  some 
seven  years  before  the  99-year  term  of  the  lease  was  up. 

This  splendid  gift  from  the  State,  valued  in  the  Gen- 
eral Fund  at  its  original  value,  $40,000,  is  today  assessed 

186 


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0  lull 


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Financial 

by  the  city  at  over  $1,000,000  for  the  land  alone,  and  a 
new  $1,000,000  building  thereon  is  nearing  completion. 

Twice  again  did  the  Commonwealth  come  to  the 
assistance  of  the  Hospital.  Work  to  the  value  of  $35,000 
was  done  by  the  inmates  of  the  State  Prison,  who  dressed 
stone  for  the  Bulfinch  Building,  and  in  1814  the  Com- 
monwealth, still  mindful  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital,  made  provision  in  a  Charter  granted  to  the 
Massachusetts  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Company  that  one- 
third  of  its  whole  net  profits  from  insurance  on  lives 
should  go  to  the  Hospital.  In  1824  this  was  modified  by 
an  act  sanctioning  an  agreement  between  the  two  institu- 
tions whereby  the  Hospital,  in  heu  of  all  former  rights, 
became  entitled  to  one-third  of  all  earnings  of  the  Insur- 
ance Company  over  6%,  and  this  arrangement  operated 
until  1906,  when  a  new  arrangement  gave  the  Hospital 
one-half  the  profits  over  6%.  In  1823,  the  Hospital  had 
subscribed  to  $50,000  of  the  stock  of  the  Insurance 
Company.  It  has  never  parted  with  it,  and  whatever 
may  have  been  the  difference  of  opinion  among  the 
Trustees  on  investments,  we  very  much  doubt  if  the 
wisdom  of  this  particular  investment  has  been  ques- 
tioned. Once,  certainly,  in  1861,  a  special  dividend  of 
$15,000  is  spoken  of  by  the  Trustees  as  saving  a  general 
deficit.  The  Hospital  has  received  from  the  Massachu- 
setts Hospital  Life  Insurance  Company  in  dividends  and 
profits  the  magnificent  sum  of  $1,289,687.50. 

The  work  of  securing  the  necessary  subscription  was  from 
the  beginning  actively  pressed,  and  although  matters  were 
slow  at  first,  the  original  amount  called  for  by  the  Char- 
ter was  obtained  within  the  required  time.  Ten  hundred 
and  forty-seven  different  subscribers,  many  being  res- 
idents of  towns  outside  of  Boston,  gave  for  the  founda- 
tion from  1811  to  1843,  $146,992.50. 

Various  gifts  were  received  of  an  unusual  character. 
A  mummy  from  Thebes  was  donated  by  Mr.  Tilden 
and  Mr.  Edes,  in  behalf  of  Jacob  Van  Lennep  &  Com- 
pany of  Smyrna,  which  was  exhibited  profitably.  Also 
a  very  fine  sow,  weight,  273  pounds,  but  what  was 
done  with  this  sow  is  not  clear.  A  patent  for  sweeping 
chimneys,  a  very  practical  gift,  is  also  noted. 

187 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

The  two  gifts,  however,  that  were  most  unportant  as 
affecting  the  future  of  the  Hospital  were  the  donation  of 
WilUam  Phillips  and  the  bequest  of  John  McLean. 

In  1797  the  Honorable  WilUam  Phillips  bequeathed 
the  sum  of  $5,000  to  the  Town  of  Boston  for  a  Hospital 
for  the  Insane.  The  son  of  the  testator.  Lieutenant 
Governor  WilUam  Phillips,  increased  his  father's  gift, 
subscribing  $20,000  to  the  foundation,  and  on  April  20, 
1817,  advised  the  Trustees  of  his  readiness  to  pay  his 
subscription  as  soon  as  the  town  would  discharge  him  as 
executor  of  his  father's  will  from  the  $5,000  given  there- 
by. This  large  donation  had  a  most  encouraging  effect 
on  the  friends  of  the  Hospital;  it  stimulated  others  to 
UberaUty  and  practically  insured  success. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  the  first  President  of  the  Corporation, 
and  mindful  of  this  and  his  generosity  the  Trustees  most 
appropriately  named  the  splendid  private  ward  erected 
in  1916  the  PhilUps  House. 

On  November  2,  1823,  the  Trustees  received  the 
gratifying  announcement  of  a  bequest  of  $25,000  under 
the  wiU  of  John  McLean.  The  Hospital  it  also  devel- 
oped was  the  residuary  legatee.  The  residue  eventually 
proved  to  be  over  $90,000,  the  whole  gift  amounting  to 
$119,858.20. 

When  the  time  came  to  create  a  fitting  memorial  to 
such  generosity  the  Trustees,  with  the  approval  of  the 
friends  of  the  testator,  voted  that  the  Asylum  be  here- 
after known  as  "The  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane." 

On  December  18,  1816,  the  funds  being  in  sight,  the 
board  decided  to  proceed  with  negotiation  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Mr.  Joy's  land,  the  site  of  the  McLean  Hospital 
in  Somerville.  The  subscriptions  having  by  January  5 
reached  the  sum  of  $93,969,  authority  was  given  to 
pm-chase  Mr.  Joy's  land,  not  exceeding  fifteen  acres  or  to 
cost  over  $15,000.  On  January  12  the  committee  reported 
the  purchase  for  $15,650,  and  the  board  approved. 

A  committee  was  now  appointed  to  select  a  site  for  a 
General  Hospital,  and  after  examining  several  locations, 
reported  in  favor  of  North  Allen  Street. 

Each  trustee  approved  the  site,  and  after  various 
delays  the  committee  reported  in  October,  1817,  "The 

188 


Financial 

Allen  Street"  purchase  as  substantially  completed. 
During  these  negotiations  Charles  Bulfinch  had  prepared 
plans  for  both  the  Asylum  and  the  General  Hospital. 
Evidently  of  the  opinion  that  competition  might  produce 
something  better,  in  November  the  committee  reported 
the  draft  of  an  advertisement  offering  $100  reward  for  a 
plan  of  a  hospital. 

The  competition  brought  out  several  plans,  but  in 
January,  1817,  the  plan  for  a  hospital  by  Mr.  Bulfinch 
was  adopted,  and  immediately  steps  were  taken  to  pro- 
ceed with  the  building.  On  July  4,  1818,  the  corner 
stone  of  the  General  Hospital  was  laid  in  Masonic  form 
by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts.  The  ceremony 
was  attended  by  his  Excellency  the  Governor,  the  Lieu- 
tenant General,  the  Honorable  Council,  many  charitable 
societies,  the  Selectmen  and  Board  of  Health  of  the 
town  of  Boston,  the  members  of  the  Corporation  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  a  great  concourse 
of  citizens.  The  exercises  were  followed  by  an  address 
by  Mr.  Quincy,  and  the  ceremony  concluded  by  remarks 
by  Mr.  Prince,  the  Treasurer. 

His  Excellency  and  other  invited  guests  then  proceeded 
to  Mr.  Prince's  house  and  partook  of  a  collation.  Those 
who  could  not  get  into  the  house  were  accommodated 
in  the  garden. 

On  September  1,  1821,  the  Bulfinch  Building  was  so 
far  completed  that  the  Hospital  was  ready  to  receive 
patients. 

Both  the  Asylum  and  the  General  Hospital  were  now 
organized  and  in  active  operation,  and  the  Trustees 
issued  a  report  addressed  "To  the  Subscribers  and  to 
the  Pubhc."  This  report  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
that  the  Trustees  have  ever  issued  and  in  form  is  very 
similar  to  the  reports  issued  today  (with  the  donations 
omitted) . 

The  Medical  report  is  signed  by  Dr.  James  Jackson, 
the  Surgical  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren,  and  the  Asylum  report 
by  Dr.  Rufus  Wyman. 

The  Treasurer's  report,  which  is  here  reproduced, 
gives  a  vivid  sense  of  the  financial  difficulties  under 
which  the  Hospital  labored. 

189 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

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193 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Y 


Financial 

From  now  on  the  Hospital  continued  to  grow,  both  in 
resources  and  in  usefulness,  as  measured  by  donations 
and  expenditures  for  treatment  of  patients.  The  report 
of  1823  mentions  the  donations  since  its  founding  as 
amounting  to  $225,980.25,  and  the  combined  expenses  of 
operation  of  the  General  Hospital  and  the  Asylum  as 
$17,591.40.  By  1829  the  amount  expended  in  operations 
had  increased  only  slightly,  the  report  of  that  year  show- 
ing a  combined  operating  expense  of  $20,869.28.  It  is 
difficult  to  determine  the  amount  received  from  pa- 
tients during  the  earlier  years  of  the  Hospital,  but  it 
was  small.  The  report  of  1850  shows  a  considerable 
increase  in  cost  of  operation  at  the  two  Hospitals, 
$29,024.00  at  the  General  Hospital  and  $43,144.11  at  the 
Asylum.  During  this  period  and  even  up  to  the  present 
century,  as  expressed  in  dollars  and  cents,  operations 
at  the  Asylum  exceeded  those  at  the  Hospital,  and  it  was 
not  until  1904  that  the  General  Hospital  expenditures 
were  the  greater. 

In  the  year  preceding  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
the  expenses  and  receipts  at  the  General  Hospital  were 
$42,578.39  and  $5,209.85,  and  at  the  Asylum  $67,750.97 
and  $62,712.67.  The  year  1870  saw  the  income  yielding 
investments  of  the  Hospital  in  excess  of  half  a  million 
dollars  ($551,592.82).  The  expenses  and  receipts  at  the 
General  Hospital  were  $62,814.82  and  $12,003.83,  and 
$134,339.63  and  $141,793.86  at  the  Asylum. 

From  now  on  the  General  Hospital  operations  con- 
tinued to  expand,  and  the  Asylum  continued  at  the  level 
of  1870  until  the  late  nineties.  In  1880  the  General 
Hospital  expenses  were  $92,077.90  and  the  McLean 
Hospital  expenses  $131,172.69.  In  1890  they  were 
$137,990.61  and  $152,219.98,  including  in  the  General 
Hospital  figures  the  cost  of  operating  the  Convalescent 
Hospital  at  Waverley,  which  had  been  opened  in  1882 
as  a  branch  of  the  General  Hospital.  In  1900  the  Gen- 
eral Hospital  expended  $214,954.76  and  the  Asylum 
$235,107.36. 

From  this  point  on  the  actual  increase  in  expenses  can 
hardly  be  taken  as  a  measure  of  growth  without  allow- 
ance for  various  factors;  for  instance,  the  expenses  at  the 

195 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

General  Hospital  in  1910  were  $380,146.28  and 
$173,457.37  receipts.  At  the  McLean  Hospital  expenses 
were  $334,110.55,  receipts  $320,072.93,  a  total  expendi- 
ture of  $714,256.83.  In  1922  the  total  expenses  of  the 
General  Hospital  and  the  Asylum  were  $1,894,000.30 
and  the  receipts  $1,473,064.  The  war  had  come  and 
passed  with  its  legacy  of  high  costs.  Phillips  House  and 
the  new  Administration  Building  were  completed  and  in 
operation,  a  notable  advance,  but  these  additions  to  the 
activities  of  the  Hospital  will  not  under  normal  condi- 
tions account  for  such  heavy  increase  in  expenditure, 
and  some  other  measure  for  the  growth  of  the  institution 
must  be  found.  That  portion  of  this  history  dealing 
with  what  we  may  call  the  professional  activities  of  the 
Hospital  will  furnish  a  fairer  measure. 

During  the  period  just  reviewed,  1811  to  1922,  gifts 
to  the  Hospital  have  reached  $11,287,429;  profits  on 
investments  and  accumulated  restricted  income  have 
increased  this  to  $14,292,499.39;  $5,542,452.43  has  been 
expended  in  Hospital  buildings,  $3,266,481.87  to  make 
up  operating  deficits,  etc.  The  balance,  $5,483,565.09, 
represents  the  income  producing  investments  of  the 
Hospital.  Today  these  investments  cover  funds  the 
greater  part  of  which  are  restricted  as  to  principal  and 
income  to  certain  specified  Hospital  purposes. 

The  names  of  the  benefactors  of  the  Hospital  form  an 
impressive  list.  The  humblest  and  those  most  honored 
in  the  community  over  a  period  of  one  hundred  and 
twelve  years  are  there  with  gifts  ranging  from  eight 
cents  to  over  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Exceeding, 
however,  the  gift  of  any  individual  is  that  of  the  generous 
host  of  Annual  Free  Bed  Subscribers,  who  have,  since 
1825,  when  the  Trustees  voted  to  place  a  Free  Bed  for 
one  year  at  the  disposal  of  anyone  who  should  donate 
$100,  given  the  Hospital  over  nine  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  thirty-six  thousand  dollars  having  been  given  in 
a  single  year. 


196 


Financial 


PERMANENT  FUNDS 


FREE  BED  FUND 

INCOME  FOR  FREE  BEDS 

1825  The  Davis  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Mrs.  Eleanor  Davis  $900.00 

1827  William  Phillips  Fund,  a  bequest  from  William 

PhiUips .  5,000.00 

1830  Belknap    Fund,    a   bequest    from    Jeremiah 

Belknap 10,000.00 

1841  Brimmer  Fimd,  a  bequest  from  Miss  Mary 

Ann  Brimmer 5,000.00 

1842  Tucker  Fimd,  a  bequest  from  Mi^  Margaret 

Tucker 3,312.37 

1849  WiUiams  Fund,  a  bequest  from  John  D.  Wil- 

Uams,  of  Estate  No.  17  Blackstone  Street  .  19,600.00 

Nichols  Fund,  a  bequest  from  B.  R.  Nichols  .  6,000.00 

1850  Todd  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Henry  Todd   .  .  5,000.00 

1851  Wilder  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Chas. 

W.  WUder $12,000.00 

1912         and  a  bequest  from  Florence  EUza- 

beth  Wilder,  his  grandaughter  .       1,000.00        13,000.00 

1856  Bromfield  Fimd,  half  of  a  bequest  from  John 

Bromfield      20,000.00 

Wm.  Reed  Fvmd,  a  bequest  from  Wm.  Reed  .  5,233.92 

1857  Treadwell  Fimd,  part  of  a  bequest 

from  J.  G.  TreadweU $38,703.91 

1922  Additional 6,000.00        44,703.91 

1858  Dowse  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Thomas  Dowse  5,000.00 
1858-1897         Sawyer  Fund,  part  of  a  bequest  from  M.  P. 

Sawyer 76,966.19 

1859  Thompson  Fund,  a  bequest  from  S.  B.  Thomp- 

son       500.00 

1860  J.  PhiUips  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Jonathan 

PhiUips      10,000.00 

1862  Miss  Townsend  Fund,  a  donation  from  the 

executors   of   the   will   of   Miss   Mary   P. 

Townsend 11,486.50 

1863  Pickens  Fimd,  a  bequest  from  John  Pickens  .  1,676.75 
Percival  Fund,  a  bequest  from  John  Percival  .  950.00 

1864  Greene  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Benj.  D.  Greene  5,000.00 

1865  Sever  Fund,a  bequest  from  Miss  Martha  Sever  500.00 
Raymond  Fund,  a  bequest  from  E.  A.  Ray- 
mond       2,820.00 

1868  Harris  Fund,  part  of  a  bequest  from  Charles 

Harris 1,000.00 

Mason  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Wm.  P.  Mason  9,400.00 

Loring  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Abigail  Loring  5,000.00 
1868-1875         Miss  Shaw  Fund,  a  donation  and  bequest  from 

Miss  M.  Louisa  Shaw 5,500.00 

Carried  forward $273,549.64 

197 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $273,549.64 

1871  The  J.  L.  Gardner  Fund,  a  donation  from  J.  L. 

Gardner 20,000.00 

B.  T.  Reed  Fund,  a  donation  from  Benj.  T. 

Reed 1,000.00 

Read  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  from  James  Read  1,000.00 
1872-1877         McGregor  Fund,  half  of  a  donation  and  be- 
quest from  James  McGregor 7,500.00 

Joy  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Miss  Nabby  Joy  .         20,000.00 

1873  Parker    Fund,    a    bequest    from    Jonathan 

Parker,  Jr 10,000.00 

1874  Templeton  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  from  John 

Templeton 5,000.00 

Miss  Rice  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Miss  Arabella 

Rice 5,000.00 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Rogers  Fimd,  a  donation  from  J.  H. 

Rogers 1,177.50 

1876  Beebe  Fund,  a  bequest  from  J.  M.  Beebe  .    .         50,000.00 
Lincoln  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  from  Mrs.  F. 

W.  Lincoln 85,000.00 

1877  Blanchard  Fimd,  a  bequest  from  Mrs.  M.  B. 

Blanchard 4,000.00 

George  Gardner  Fimd,  a  donation  of  $1,000 
from  George  Gardner,  and  $11,000  from 
Shepherd  Brooks 12,000.00 

Hemenway  Fund,  a  donation  from  the  execu- 
tors of  the  will  of  Augustus  Hemenway     .         20,000.00 

Jessup  Fund,  part  of  a  bequest  from  Dr.  Chas. 

A.  Jessup 1,000.00 

Tufts  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Quincy  Tufts  .    .         10,000.00 

1878  EUza  Perkins  Fund,  a  donation  from  Mrs.  H. 

B.Rogers      1,000.00 

Dwight  Fund,  a  donation  from  Mrs.  T.  Brad- 
ford Dwight     1,000.00 

1879  Hunnewell   Fund,   a   donation   from   H.   H. 

Hunnewell 10,000.00 

R.  M.  Mason  Fvmd,  a  bequest  from  R.  M. 

Mason .•    •    •    •  5,000.00 

Hannah  Lowell  Cabot  Fimd,  a  donation  from 

Dr.  Samuel  Cabot 1,000.00 

The  Gray  Fund,  a  donation  from  John  C.  Gray  1,000.00 

1881  Welles   Fimd,    a   donation  from   Miss   Jane 

WeUes 5,000.00 

1882  Black  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Miss  Marianna 

Black 2,000.00 

Eben  Wright  Fund,  an  assignment  of  legacies 

by  the  children  of  T.  Jefferson  Coohdge   .    .         14,000.00 

1883  Paraclete  Holmes  Fvmd,  a  donation  from  W.  S. 

Adams 2,000.00 

Estabrooks  Fimd,  a  bequest  from  J.  W.  Esta- 

brooks 1,000.00 

Thayer    Fund,    a    bequest    from    Nathaniel 

Thayer 30,000.00 

1884  ■  John  Bertram  Fund,  a  donation  from  Mrs. 

Clara  Bertram  Kimball      5,000.00 

D.  R.  Whitney  Fund,  a  donation  of  D.  R. 

Whitney 1,000.00 

Carried  forward $605,227.14 

198 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $605,227.14 

1884  The  Ann  E.  Gray  Fvind,  a  bequest  from  Miss  Ann 

E.  Gray 5,000.00 

1886  Hannah  C.  Leland  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Mrs. 

Hannah  C.  Leland 15,000.00 

Esther  E.  Beebe  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Mrs. 

Esther  E.  Beebe 2,000.00 

Ella  F.  Roehl  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Ella  F. 

Roehl 8,085.02 

Donations  from  friends,  two  of  $100  each  and 

one  of  $50 250.00 

Urbino  Fund,  a  bequest  of  S.  R.  Urbino     .    .  6,000.00 

1887  Emily  W.  Appleton  Fimd,  a  donation  from 

Mrs.  Emily  W.  Appleton 1,000.00 

Henry  B.  Rogers  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Henry 

B.  Rogers      10,000.00 

John  H.  Eastburn  Fund,  a  bequest  from  John 

H.  Eastburn 10,000.00 

Mrs.  Susan  F.  Eastburn  Fimd,  a  bequest  from 

Mrs.  Susan  F.  Eastburn 1,000.00 

WiUiam    B.    Craft    Fund,    a   bequest   from 

William  B.  Craft 5,000.00 

1888  McGregor  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs.  James 

McGregor 1,000.00 

Charles  R.  Hayden  Fund,  a  donation  from 

Mrs.  Annie  Ruth  Hayden      2,000.00 

Spaulding  Fimd,  a  donation  of  Mahlon  D.  and 

John  P.  Spaulding 10,000.00 

Anna  T.  PhiUips  Fund,  a  donation  of  Mrs. 

Anna  T.  PhUMps      1,000.00 

1888-1919         Joel  Spaulding  Fimd,  a  donation  and  bequest 

of  Miss  Sarah  R.  Spaulding 4,300.30 

1889  Bartlett  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Sidney  Bartlett  .         10,000.00 
Jas.  B.  and  Mary  Dow  Fund,  a  gift  of  Mary 

Dow,  xmder  the  will  of  James  B.  Dow     .    .  5,000.00 

Shattuck  Fimd,  a  donation  of  Mrs.  George  C. 
Shattuck 500.00 

1890  EHsha  T,  Loring  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Elisha  T. 

Loring 10,000.00 

EUen  M.  Gifford  Fund,  part  of  bequest  of 

EUen  M.  Gifford 10,000.00 

Turner  Sargent  Fund,  a  bequest  of  AmeUa 

Jackson  Sargent 5,000.00 

Sarah  E.  Allen  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Sarah  E. 

Allen      5,000.00 

Jordan,  Marsh  &  Co.  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Jordan,  Marsh  &  Co 1,000.00 

Wm.  S.  Dexter  Fund,  a  donation  of  Wm.  S. 

Dexter 5,000.00 

Wm.  B.  Spooner  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Wm.  B. 

Spooner 3,000.00 

1891  Caroline   Merriam   Fund,   a   donation  from 

Frank  Merriam 1,000.00 

1892  Stephen  P.  H.  May  Fund,  a  donation     .    .    .  1,000.00 

1893  Waldmeyer  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Philip  Wald- 

meyer 1,000.00 

Carried  forward $744,362.46 

199 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $744,362,46 

1893  The  Elizabeth  W.  Gay  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Ehza- 

beth  W.  Gay 7,931.19 

1894  Lawrence  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Abbott  Law- 

rence               10,000.00 

Isaac  Sweetser  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs.  Anne 

M.  Sweetser 46,913.14 

1895  Burnham  Fund,  a  bequest  of  T.  O.  H.  P. 

Burnham 250,000.00 

Moseley  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Wm.  O.  Moseley  20,000.00 

Snow  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Sophia  J.  Snow  .    .  5,000.00 

1896  Glover  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Albert  Glover   .    .  5,000.00 
R.  W.  Turner  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Royal  W. 

Turner 21,086.48 

CooUdge  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Susan  G.  Coolidge  176,000.00 
Vose  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  of  Ann  White 

Vose .         38,983.09 

Cheney  Fund,  a  bequest  of  B.  P.  Cheney  .  .  10,000.00 
Mary  B.  Turner  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mary  B. 

Turner 5,000.00 

Theodore  Chase  Fund,  a  donation  of  Ahce 

Bowdoin  Chase 5,000.00 

1896  Henry  E.  Moody  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Jane  C. 

Moody 2,091.42 

1897  Benj.  Jos.  Gilbert  Fimd,  a  donation  of  Mrs. 

Susan  B.  Richards 5,000.00 

Harriet  T.  Andrew  Fundj  a  bequest  of  Harriet 

T.Andrew 5,000.00 

Wm.  Hilton  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Wm.  Hilton  .  22,553.66 
Cornelia  V.  R.  Thayer  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs. 

C.  V.  R.  Thayer 25,000.00 

Chas.  Paine  Cheney  Fund,  a  donation  of  Mrs. 

B.  P.  Cheney 5,000.00 

Chas.  B.  Porter  Fund,  a  bequest  of  W.  L. 

Chase 5,000.00 

1898  Henry  L.  Pierce  Fimd,  part  of  a  bequest  of 

Henry  L.  Pierce 50,000.00 

Brown  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Harriet  Louisa 

Brown 5,000.00 

1899  Luther  Farnum  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Luther 

Fatnum 2,637.37 

J.  Huntington  Wolcott  Fund,  a  bequest  of 

Mrs.  J.  Huntington  Wolcott 25,000.00 

Geo.  A.  Newell  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Geo.  A. 

NeweU 5,000.00 

Ira  C.  Calef  Fund,  a  donation  of  Ira  C.  Calef  5,000.00 

1900  J.  Colhns  Warren  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Anna  S. 

C.  Blake 10,000.00 

1901  Henry  Saltonstall  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Henry 

Saltonstall 10,000.00 

Conrad  Mohr  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Conrad  Mohr  41,384.18 
Sarah  H.  A.  Burnham  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Mrs.    Sarah    B.    Whittemore    and    Mrs. 

Theresa  B.  Dodge 5,000.00 

Chas.  L.  Young  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Chas.  L. 

Young 5,000.00 

Carried  forward $1,578,942.99 

200 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $1,578,942.99 

1902  The  Henry   Woods   Fund,    a  bequest   of   Henry 

Woods 5,000.00 

Henry  Wlutman  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Henry 

Whitman 10,000.00 

Jos.  B.  Glover  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Jos.  B. 

Glover 5,000.00 

Stuart  Wadsworth  Wheeler  Fund,  a  donation 

of  Susan  Famutn  Wheeler 1,000.00 

Wm.  Whitworth  Gannett  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Wm.  Whitworth  Gannett 1,000.00 

1903  Fred'k  L.  Ames  Fund,   a  bequest  of  Mrs. 

Fred'k  L.  Ames 5,000.00 

John  Ruggles  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs.  Mary 

L.  Ruggles 10,000.00 

Robert  Chas.  Billings  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Thomas  Minns,  surviving  executor  under  the 

will  of  Robert  Chas.  BiUings 5,000.00 

J.  Sulhvan  Warren  Fund,  legacy  of  EUzabeth 

T.  L.  Warren 62,350.00 

1904  Chas.  H.  Hayden  Fund,  part  of  a  bequest  of 

Chas.  H.  Hayden 5,000.00 

1904-1915         Harriet  O.  Cruft  Fund,  a  donation  and  bequest 

of  Miss  Harriet  O.  Cruft 33,000.00 

1904  Shepard  NorweU  Fund,  a  donation  of  John 

Shepard 5,000.00 

1905  Henry  C.  Weston  Fund,  a  donation  of  Mrs. 

Evelyn  O.  Weston 5,000.00 

Geo.  B.  Upton  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  Geo.  B. 

Upton 5,000.00 

Hannah  Smith-Lexington  Fund,  a  bequest  of 

George  O.  Smith      5,000.00 

1906  Cob\u"n  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs.  Helen  G. 

Coburn      75,000.00 

Nurses'  Training  School,  Free  Bed  Fund    .    .  5,000.00 

1907  Charles  Merriam  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Charles 

Merriam 5,000.00 

1908  Moses  Williams  Fimd,  a  donation  of  Laura  L. 

Case 5,000.00 

Smith  Gerrish  and  Sarah  A.  Gerrish  Fund,  a 

bequest  of  Edward  Gerrish 8,000.00 

Harriet  O.  Cruft  Fund,  a  donation  of  Miss 
Harriet  O.  Cruft,  as  a  Children's  Fund  .    .  5,000.00 

1908-1919         W.  Scott  Fitz  Fund,  a  donation  of  Mrs.  W. 

Scott  Fitz 15,000.00 

1910-1914         Florence  Lyman  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Florence 

Lyman 3,891.41 

1910  Eugene  V.  R.  Thayer  Fund,  a  bequest  in 

memory  of  Eugene  V.  R.  Thayer     ....  5,000.00 

Lucius  Clapp  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  Lucius  Clapp  5,000.00 

Thomas  Niles  Fund,a  bequest  of  Thomas  Niles  29,281 .67 
Wilham  Litchfield  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  WiUiam 

Litchfield 5,000.00 

Charles  H.  Draper  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Charles 

H.  Draper 23,934.13 

1911  James  Rogers  Rich  Fund,  a  bequest  of  James 

Rogers  Rich 1,000.00 

Carried  forward $1,932,400.20 

201 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $1,932,400.20 

1911  The  Mrs.  Bennett  H.  Nash  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Mrs.  Bennett  H.  Nash 5,000.00 

1911-1919         Frances  Fay  and  Arthur  Kelsey  Fay  Memorial 

Fund,  a  donation  of  James  H.  Fay  ....         25,000.00 

1911  Catherine  A.   Barstow  Fimd,   a  bequest  of 

Catherine  A.  Barstow 10,000.00 

Mary  E.  Badger  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mary  E. 

Badger 2,000.00 

Thomas  Talbot  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Isabella  W. 

Talbot 5,000.00 

1912  Matchett  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mrs.  Sarah  A. 

Matchett 25,000.00 

Waite  Memorial  Bed,  a  bequest  of  Harriet  E. 

Goodnow 5,091.67 

Caroline  M.  Martin  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Caro- 

Une  M.  Martin 5,094.94 

1913  John  S.  Ames  Fund,  a  donation  of  John  S. 

Ames 5,000.00 

Mary  Stiekney   Fund,   a  bequest  of   Mary 

Spaulding      5,000.00 

George  N.  Smalley  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  George 

N.  SmaUey 5,000.00 

1914-1915         WilUam  S.  HiUs  Fund,  a  bequest  of  WiUiam  S. 

HUls 10,000.00 

1914-1917         Dr.  John  M.  Harlow  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Dr. 

John    M.    Harlow, of   $31,125.47    and   of 

Frances  K.  Harlow  of  $13,339.48     ....         44,464.95 

1915  Esther  Storey  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Joseph  C. 

Storey 5,000.00 

Jane  Elkins  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Joseph  C. 

Storey 5,000.00 

WiUiam  N.  Felton  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  William 

N.  Felton      5,000.00 

Jennie  A.  Pond  Fimd,  a  donation  of  H.  D. 

Woods 5,250.00 

Susan  WeUes  Sturgis  Fund,  a  bequest  of  John 

Aiken  Preston 5,000.00 

1916  Isabella  Freeman  DilUngham  Bed,  a  bequest 

of  IsabeUa  W.  DiUingham 5,314.44 

WiUiam  Endicott  Fund,  a  bequest  of  WilUam 
Endicott,  $25,000,  and  an  Anonymous  dona- 
tion of  $25,000     50,000.00 

1917  Sylvester  Bowman  Fimd,  a  bequest  of  Sylves- 

ter Bowman 50,900.00 

EUen   Channing  Fund,   a  bequest  of  EUen 

Channing 5,000.00 

Mrs.  Henry  S.  Grew  Fund,  a  donation  of  Mrs. 

Henry  S.  Grew 6,000.00 

Timothy  Paige  Fund,  a  donation  of  Timothy 

Paige 4,000.00 

1918  Henry  Lee   Higginson  Fund,   given  by  his 

partners 4,250.00 

Mary  T.  Appleton  Fund,  bequest  of  Mary  T. 

Appleton 1,000.00 

Moses  Wildes  Fund,  bequest  of  Moses  WUdes  20,104.16 


Carried  forward $2,254,870.36 

202 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 


Brought  forward $2,254,870.36 

1918  The  Mary  Helen  Freeman  Fund,  bequest  of  Mary- 

Helen  Freeman 1,000.00 

1919  Sarah  Bell  Conery  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Sarah  E. 

Conery 5,000.00 

Moorfield  Storey  Fund,  a  donation  of  Moor- 
field  Storey  500.00 

James  R.  Gregerson  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Ehza- 

beth  Sharp  Gregerson 5,000.00 

1919-1920         Helen   Homans   Memorial  Fund, 

donations  of  sundry  donors     .    .        $805.00 
1922  Donation  of  the  family  of  Helen 

Homans 1,000.00  1,805.00 

1919  Samuel  Q.  Cochran  Fvmd,  a  bequest  of  Flor- 

ence A.  Cochran 5,000.00 

1920  Frank  E.  Peabody  Fimd,  bequest  of  Frank  E. 

Peabody 104,477.77 

Abbie  T.  Vose  Fund,  bequest  of  Mrs.  Abbie  T. 

Vose  in  memory  of  Andrew  J.  Vose  ....  5,074.51 

Mary  McG.  Dalton  Fund,  bequest  of  Mrs. 

Mary  McG.  Dalton 10,000.00 

Nellie  M.  Foley  Fund,  donation  of  NeUie  M. 

Foley 890.00 

Henry  S.  Howe  Fund,  donation  of  Henry  S. 

Howe 5,000.00 

Donation  of  the  Italians  of  Boston  through 

Dr.  Gerardo  M.  Balboni 10,213.00 

"The  Italian  Free  Bed  established  October  16,  1920, 
by  the  Italians  of  Boston  in  recognition  of  the 
service  rendered  by  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  to  this  community." 

1920  Placido  Amaru $50.00 

Gaetano  Alvino 50.00 

Joseph  Ardini 25.00 

Nicholas  Angelo 25.00 

L.  Avanzino 100.00 

jEolian  Macaroni  Company 50.00 

Arancio  Brothers 25.00 

1921  Albiani  Lunch      100.00 

A.  A.  Amendola,  M.D 35.00 

Martin  E.  Adamo 10.00 

Alberti  Importing  Company 10.00 

Andrea  Aloisi 25.00 

Isadore  Albertini 5.00 

C.  Benjamin  Andrews 5.00 

Angalone  Brothers 10.00 

Frank  Avallone 10.00 

1920-1922                       Gerardo  M.  Balboni,  M.D 263.00 

1920  V.  Bonzagni 100.00 

Bonardi  &  Orsi 100.00 

Bailen  and  Leveroni,  Esqs 100.00 

Boston  Spaghetti  Company 20.00 

Richard  M.  Burden 100.00 

Vincent  Brogna 100.00 

Boston  Fruit  Company 100.00 

G.  B.  Biggi 25.00 

Joseph  Barone,  M.D 25.00 

A.  Bertelli 25.00 

F.  Balzebra 5.00 

1921  Augusto  Boggiano 25.00 

A.  Baldini  &  Co 25.00 

Louisa  M.  Bacigalupo 25.00 

Joseph  Bianco,  M.D 10.00 

Carmine  Bonapane 15.00 

G.  Biagi 10.00 

E.  L.  Booth,  M.D 10.00 

Carried  forward $2,408,830.64 

203 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $2,408,830.64 

1921                                  Carmela  Belmonte $10.00 

Enrico  Balboni 10.00 

Frederick  Balboni 10.00 

E.  C.  Bowen,  M.D 5.00 

L.  A.  Brignati 5.00 

Mrs.  Maude  E.  Besse 200.00 

Charles  Bonnano  Company 25.00 

Biggi  &  Cassassa 25.00 

I.  Bergo 10.00 

Michele  Bellucci 10.00 

R.  Bernardi 2.00 

Charles  Britt 1.00 

A.  Balboni 50.00 

A.  A.  and  J.  A.  Badaracco 50.00 

Joseph  M.  Bailen 10.00 

Joseph  Bruno 10.00 

Dr.  T.  Bello 5.00 

Stephen  Bacigalupo 5.00 

1920  D.  A.  Costa      100.00 

Lawrence  Cafiarella 50.00 

Nathaniel  M.  Cohen 100.00 

S.  Caruso 10.00 

J.  J.  Calabro,  D.M.D 10.00 

1921  J.  E.  Chiesa      20.00 

Francis  M.  Ciccone 10.00 

Isidoro  Carcioffo      10.00 

Ralph  Cangiano 10.00 

Ettore  Ciampolini,  M.D 10.00 

Charles  Cuneo 100.00 

C.  Carbone 25.00 

M.  Capidalupe 25.00 

Rev.  Father  Victor  Cangiano 25.00 

Anna  Carletti 25.00 

Michele  Cangiano 25.00 

EmiUo  Carlson     .    .    .    .= 10.00 

Antonia  Cavicchi 10.00 

Dora  B.  Cassini 10.00 

J.  A.  Christoforo 5.00 

Angelo  Casteldini 10.00 

L.  J.  Costa 10.00 

Caldarone  &  Grillo 5.00 

Vladimiro  Ciani 5.00 

1920  Cav.  Domenick  D'Allesandro 100.00 

Agostino  DeFerrari 100.00 

Andrea  DiPietro      100.00 

Luigi  DeVincentis 100.00 

Errico  DeUadonne 25.00 

Fred  Drew,  M.D 50.00 

M.  DeFelice,  D.M.D 25.00 

Vincent  J.  DiMento,  M.D 25.00 

A.  De  Robertis,  M.D 15.00 

C.  De  Simone 15.00 

1921  G.  B.  DeFerrari  Family 100.00 

Primo  Diozzi 25.00 

Rev.  Father  P.  DiMilla 25.00 

Agostino  DiStefano 10.00 

Leonardo  DeMurra 10.00 

Martin  Devizia 10.00 

Agostino  DeGuglieLmo 5.00 

Alfred  DeVoto 25.00 

Victorio  DeAgostini 20.00 

Renita  C.  Davenport      10.00 

Fedele  DelBene 5.00 

Santo  DiGregorio 5.00 

Oliver  B.  DeCecca 5.00 

1920  Eliot,  Marchetti  &  Agostini 5.00 

Albert  B.  Fopiano  contributed      ....  100.00 

Albert  B.  Fopiano  collected 150.00 

Franciscan  Fathers 200.00 

Massimiliano  Francesconi      100.00 

G.  Ferullo 10.00 

Paulina  Ferri 10.00 

Frank  Fralli 10.00 

Farmacia  Cento  Citta 10.00 

1921  James  Famingo 10.00 

Carried  forward $2,408,830.64 

204 


Financial 


1921 


1920 


1921 


1920 
1921 


1920 


1920-1921 
1921 


1920 


1921 


1920 


Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $2,408,830.64 

Allen  R.  Fredericks S50.00 

A.  A.  Frederick 25.00 

Figli  DelLavoro  e  Lega  Protettiva  .    .    .  25.00 

Felix  Forte 10.00 

C.  D.  Funai      10.00 

Pasquale  Gallassi 60.00 

Alfons  Gaeta 25.00 

Green  Star  Pharmacy 25.00 

Cesido  Guerini,  M.D 10.00 

Frank  Guinasso 10.00 

Ralph  D.  Guarente 10.00 

G.  Gubitosi 25.00 

Luigi  D.  Gardella 10.00 

Andrea  J.  Granara 10.00 

Anthony  J.  Granara 10.00 

Vincent  Garro      15.00 

Guistina  Gregori      10.00 

John  J.  Gill 5.00 

C.  G.  Galbo 25.00 

Arthur  Gaetani 5.00 

Cesare  Govani 10.00 

Michael  J.  Harty 25.00 

International  Hod  Carriers  Building  and 
Common  Laborers  Union  of  American 

Local  No.  209 200.00 

Angelo  Jannini 50.00 

J.  E.  Locatelli 100.00 

Amelia  LoPresti 25.00 

Albert  Lombardi 25.00 

Robert  La  Centra 25.00 

Angelo  Liberti,  M.D 15.00 

Louise  Leverone,  M.D 10.00 

Prof.  Georgio  LaPiana 10.00 

John  Luciano 5.00 

Rev.  Father  F.  Liberti 15.00 

Frank  Lentini,  D.M.D 25.00 

Antonio  N.  Lawrence 25.00 

Lugurian  Mutual  Benefit  Society     .    .    .  50.00 

Leo  Lodi 10.00 

Joseph  A.  Langone 5.00 

Charles  Lanza  and  Agents,  Metropolitan 

Life  Insurance  Co 40.00 

Gerard  LaCentra 25.00 

Albert  Levis 15.00 

Louis  LoConte 11.00 

F.  M.  Leonardi,  D.M.D 10.00 

Felice  Lauricella 10.00 

Michael  Langone 2.00 

Paul  Mondello 25.00 

P.  Mysel,  M.D 25.00 

Emmanuel  Macaluso 25.00 

N.  Maggioli      25.00 

A.  Macaluso 20.00 

James  T.  Maguire 20.00 

Nino  B.  Moro 10.00 

A.  Marchetti 5.00 

Nathaniel  R.  Mason,  M.D 50.00 

Robert  C.  Martini 25.00 

Pantaleone  Mercuric 25.00 

Enrico  Moro 25.00 

Felix  A.  Marcella 25.00 

Joseph  Malatesta 25.00 

Zacchario  A.  MoUica,  M.D 10.00 

Antonio  Marciello 10.00 

John  G.  Membrino 10.00 

C.  W.  MiUer,  D.M.D 5.00 

Rev.  P.  Maschi 50.00 

F.  Malatesta 25.00 

Benilda  Malaguti 25.00 

Francesco  Moglia 10.00 

Dr.  Marco  Mastrangelo 5.00 

Pietro  Mongrandi 5.00 

George  Mongavero 50.00 

Antonio  Musolino 100.00 

Thomas  Nutile 100.00 

Carried  forward $2,408,830.64 

205 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $2,408,830.64 

1920  Michele  Nigro      $100.00 

Joseph  Nutile 25.00 

1921  Napoli  Restaurant 25.00 

Cesare  Notini 10.00 

Northern  Fruit  Company 40.00 

Vittorio  Orlandini 25.00 

1920                                 Michael  J.  Porcella 100.00 

1920-1921                         Charles  A.  Pastene 300.00 

1920  Prince  Macaroni  Company 100.00 

Pistorino  &  Yunes 50.00 

Dr.  Vincent  J.  PoUina 25.00 

Leopoldo  Pastorelli 60.00 

Gaetano  Praino 33.33 

Rev.  N.  Properzi 30.00 

L.  Pennini 25.00 

D.  Petrini 15.00 

C.  Pizzi 10.00 

1921  Gino  L.  Perera 60.00 

Joseph  L.  Porcella 10.00 

Jerome  J.  Pastene 10.00 

Catherine  Pescia      25.00 

Rev.  Father  Pietro  Piemonte 25.00 

Mrs.  Benjamin  Piscopo      25.00 

John  Piscopo 25.00 

Felicita  and  Teresa  Pellegrini 15.00 

1920  Romano  &  Saporito 25.00 

David  A.  Rosen,  M.D 50.00 

Rev.  Father  Ernest  Rovai 26.00 

Thomas  Russo     . 25.00 

Umberto  Re 25.00 

1921  Giovanni  Razetto 5.00 

Abramo  Re 25.00 

Jerome  Russo 25.00 

Dr.  W.  H.  Regan 25.00 

Adolorata  Russo      .    .    T 25.00 

Frank  Ratto 10.00 

1920  Alfred  Scaramelli 100.00 

Joseph  Santosuosso 100.00 

Gabriele  Stable 100.00 

St.  Charles  Borromeo  Fathers 100.00 

Frederick  Solari 30.00 

Arthur  L.  Shain,  M.D 50.00 

Joseph  St.  Angelo,  M.D 25.00 

L.  F.  Salerno,  M.D 26.00 

R.  Simpson 25.00 

S.  Sodekson 5.00 

1921  Societa  Italiana  Colombo 60.00 

Societa  Maria  Santissima  Lettera  di  Mes- 
sina      25.00 

Societa  San  Collogero 25.00 

Societa  Cittadini  Pietraperzia 50.00 

Frank  Squillaciotti      15.00 

Savoy  Importing  Company 10.00 

Vincent  Savarese. 10.00 

1920  Harry  Z.  Tosi 100.00 

Rev.  L.  Toma 30.00 

Vincent  Tassinari 25.00 

L.  TorielU 10.00 

C.  Torielli 5.67 

1921  Michael  A.  Tricano 25.00 

Samuel  J.  Tomasello 25.00 

Joseph  A.  Tomasello 25.00 

Marie  Tassinari 25.00 

William  Roscoe  Thayer      10.00 

Augusta  Thompson 10.00 

Uphams  Corner  Market 100.00 

1920  Vesuvius  Pharmacy 10.00 

1921  Feliz  Viano 50.00 

Anthony  Viano 60.00 

J.  J.  Viano 60.00 

F.  E.  Viano 60.00 

Augusto  Vannini 10.00 

1920  Woodbury  Drug  Company 25.00 

1921  Chandler  M.  Wood 25.00 

1920                                 Joseph  Zottoli 100.00 

Carried  forward $2,408,830.64 

206 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $2,408,830.64 

1920  Frank  Zottoli S5.00 

1921  Alfred  J.  Zunnmo 25.00 

G.  Zuffante 5.00 

Proceeds  of  an  auction  sale  held  for  Dr.  G.  M.  Balboni 
by  H.  Harris  &  Co.  at  salesroom,  Fitchburg  Ter- 
minal, August  25,  1921,  of  100  crates  of  grapes 
donated  by  Mr.  Thomas  Nutile. 

A.  Alois! $30.00 

H.  Harris  &  Co 30.00 

Seigle-Rodman  &  Co 25.00 

G.  Angelo  Fruit  Co 25.00 

S.  Stock 25.00 

Biggi  &  Casassa 25.00 

G.  Benersani 25.00 

G.  A.  Mercurio  &  Co 25.00 

Alfred  Scaramelli 35.00 

Great  A.  &  P.  Tea  Co 25.00 

A.  Bertelli 25.00 

Bonardi  Orsi  &  Co 25.00 

0.  E.  Spooner 20.00 

Richmond  Fruit  Co 15.00 

1.  Malkin 10.00 

A.  Palumbo 10.00 

F.  Cincotta 10.00 

T.  Cristivo 10.00 

J.  Camello 10.00 

F.  Bova  Co 10.00 

S.  Albertson 10.00 

Barkas  &  Terzis 10.00 

F.  J.  Gardella 10.00 

T.  H.  McKevitt 10.00 

Bova's  Motor  Trans.  Co 10.00 

M.  Feinstein  Co 10.00 

Bartolomeo  Bros 10.00 

Salem  Street  Market 10.00 

G.  O.  Gustin 10.00 

Carp  Bros 10.00 

Max  Murmes 10.00 

A.  W.  Otis 10.00 

S.  J.  Shallow  Co 10.00 

J.  F.  Wyman  &  Co 10.00 

Empire  Fruit  Co 10.00 

E.  J.  Twombly 10.00 

Biggi  &  Casassa 15.00 

S.  Gallo 10.00 

J.  O.  Cook 10.00 

A.  F.  Heald 10.00 

Scott  &  Allen 10.00 

P.  D.  Cecca      10.00 

Central  Fruit  Co 10.00 

H.  E.  Gustin  Sons 10.00 

Grant  &  Co 10.00 

S.  Bartolomeo  Fruit  Co 10.00 

Carbone  Bros 10.00 

Stewart  Fruit  Co 10.00 

F.  A.  Roman 25.00 

George  Weinstein 10.00 

S.  Silk 10.00 

J.  Palmisano 10.00 

F.  Balzebre 10.00 

Peter  Bertelli 10.00 

G.  Lampros 10.00 

S.  Marino     10.00 

J.  Fumaro 10.00 

Mrs.  C.  B.  Downer 10.00 

V.  Mashio 10.00 

S.  Abrams 10.00 

B.  Caro 10.00 

P.  Condake 10.00 

Essex  Produce  Co 10.00 

L.  Farrah      10.00 

J.  Ganem  &  Son 10.00 

S.  Fumara 10.00 

J.  TaviUa 10.00 

Carried  forward $2,408,830.64 

207 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1921 


1921 


1922 


Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $2,408,830.64 

Effenson  Bros $10.00 

E.  J.  Zorzy 10.00 

Boggiano  Bros 10.00 

A.  Damori 10.00 

A.  Silverman  &  Son 10.00 

B.  Durso 10.00 

G.  Voci 10.00 

Caruso  Bros 10.00 

F.  Puccia 10.00 

J.  Managlia 10.00 

A.  Minstretta 10.00 

Sawtelle  &  Pratt 10.00 

S.  Golub 10.00 

Mrs.  Orsi      10.00 

Mrs.  Bonardi 10.00 

A.  C.  Fisher  &  Co.  Inc 10.00 

G.  Giovino 15.00 

G.  Goldman 10.00 

A.  Marchetti 10.00 

G.  B.  Houghton  &  Co 10.00 

Mrs.  Thomas  Nutile 25.00 

Mrs.  G.  M.  Balboni 25.00 

P.  Herschkovitz 10.00 

Commercial  Fruit  Co 10.00 

A.  Papouleas 10.00 

Pascal  Cohen 10.00 

J.  Simes 10.00 

Antonio  Frene      10.00 

L.  Ginsberg 10.00 

Silver  Bros 10.00 

Sparta  Fruit  Co 10.00 

J.  Hunt 10.00 

S.  Arria 10.00 

P.  Puccia 10.00 

S.  Rusao " 10.00 

Miss  Mary  Tassinari 10.00 

Winsor  Gleason 10.00 

Hecht  Free  Bed  Fund,  bequest  of  Mrs.  Lina 

Frank  Hecht 5,000.00 

Greorge  B.  Upton  Fund,  bequest  of  George  B. 

Upton,  in  memory  of  his  father 5,000.00 

Katherine  E.  Bullard  Fimd,  bequest  of  Miss 

Katherine  E.  BuUard      2,500.00 

Emily  R.  M.  Strauss  Fund,  bequest  of  Mrs. 

Emily  R.  M.  Strauss 5,000.00 

Rev.    Reuben    Kidner    Fimd,    donations    of 

friends  in  memory  of  Rev.  Reuben  Ividner        10,000.00 

Francis  C.  LoweU  Free  Bed  Fund,  in  me- 
moriam,  bequest  of  Mrs.  Cornelia  Prime 
LoweU 10,000.00 

Charles  and  Helen  L.  Walker  Fimd,  bequest  of 

Miss  LesUe  W.  Walker 80,000.00 

Abigail  and  Samuel  T.  Armstrong  Fund,  be- 
quest of  Miss  LesHe  W.  Walker 10,000.00 


INCOME  UNRESTRICTED  FUND 

1845  The  Waldo  Fund,  bequest  of  Daniel 

Waldo $40,000.00 

Dr.  J.  H.  Whittemore  Memorial 

Fund: 
Wilham  S.  BuUard  .    .        $500.00 
Peter  C.  Brooks  .    .    .  200.00 

Martin  Brimmer      .    .  300.00 

Arthur  T.  Lyman    .    .  250.00 


Carried  forward 


$1,250.00  $40,000.00  $2,536,330.64 


208 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 


Wigglesworth 


Brought  forward 
1845  Geo.  P.  MetcaK  .    . 

Benton,  Caverly  &  Co 

B.  Johnson   .... 

A  Friend 

David  P.  Kimball  . 
T.  Jefferson  Coolidge 
James  L.  Little  .  . 
Caroline  G.  Curtis  . 
Theodore  Lyman  . 
E.  F.  Mason  .  .  . 
T.  K.  Lothrop      .    . 

C.  J.  Morrill     .    .    . 
George  Higginson    . 
Edmimd  Dwight 
S.  D.  Warren    .    .    . 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Lodge 
Dr.  Charles  V.  Bemis 
George  S.  Hale 
Miss  Anne 
H.  H.  Hunnewell 
J.  A.  Emmons      .    . 
Mrs.  Gardner  Brewer 
Miss  C.  A.  Brewer  . 
Mrs.  E.  B.  Bowditch 
Sands,  Furber  &  Co. 
J.  B.  Fletcher  .    .    . 
Shattuck  &  Jones 

D.  R.  Whitney  .  . 
Nathan  Robbins 
WiUiam  Perkins  .  . 
Chas.  P.  Curtis  .  . 
Otis  E.  Weld  .  .  . 
Ida  M.  Mason  .  . 
George  B.  Brown 
A  Friend 

1886  A  Friend,  through  Mr. 

John  L.  Bremer   .    . 
Miss  Anna  Hallowell 
N.  P.  Hallowell    .    . 
G.W.Wells     .    .    . 
A  Lady,  through  Mr. 
Franklin  Haven,  Jr. 
Charles  Merriam 
Edward  Austin     . 
C.  H.  Dalton    .    . 
Mrs.  C.  H.  Dalton 
Augustus  Lowell 
Henry  Saltonstall 
Mrs.  G.  H.  Shaw 
Mrs.  Frank  Morison 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Wolcott 
Mrs.  W.  W.  Vaughan 
R.  T.  Paine  .... 
Francis  Blake  .    .    . 
Roger  Wolcott     .    . 
Henry  Lee    .... 


$1,250.00  $40,000.00  $2,536,330.64 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

1,000.00 

500.00 

500.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

500.00 

1,000.00 

5,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

100.00 

50.00 

50.00 

500.00 

1,500.00 

500.00 

100.00 

20.00 
500.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
500.00 
100.00 

50.00 

50.00 
Endicott  100.00 
500.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 

50.00 
100.00 
100.00 
300.00 
300.00 

50.00 
250.00 
200.00 
100.00 

50.00 
100.00 
250.00 
200.00 
100.00 
100.00 
500.00 


Dalton 


Carried  forward 


$20,820.00    $40,000.00  $2,536,330.64 


209 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward   .    .    .  $20,820.00  $40,000.00  $2,536,330.64 

1886                  A.  A.  Lawrence    .    .    .  300.00 

William  Endicott,  Jr.  1,000.00 

Henry  Woods  ....  500.00 

Ezra  Farnsworth     .    .  1,000.00 

Thomas  E.  Proctor     .  500.00 

Henry  B.  Rogers     .    .  500.00 

Mary  Anne  Wales  .    .  200.00 

Mrs.  Jas.  McGregor    .  100.00 

Mrs.  Caroline  Merriam  100.00 

Mrs.  J.  Elliot  Cabot   .  1,000.00 

J.  M.  Sears 1,000.00 

Nathaniel  Thayer    .    .  1,500.00 

John  E.  Thayer   .    .    .  1,000.00 

Bayard  Thayer    .    .    .  1,000.00 

E.  V.  R.  Thayer  .    .    .  500.00 

Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer  500.00 

Mrs.  J.  F.  Andrews     .  500.00 

R.  C.  Greenleaf   .    .    .  1,000.00 

Samuel  Johnson  .    .    .  500.00 

Mrs.  Francis  Brooks  .  100.00 

J.  H.  Wolcott  ....  100.00 

33,720.00 

1889  The  Blake  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Stanton 

Blake 10,000.00 

1892  Charles  W.   Faulkner  Fund,   be- 

quest of  C.  W.  Faulkner    .    .    .       2,940.00 
John  Foster  Fimd,  bequest  of  John 

Foster 10,000.00 

1898  Elizabeth  C.  Ware  Fund,  bequest 

of  Elizabeth  C.  Ware      ....     10,000.00 

1901  Lucretia  A.  Wilder  Fund,  a  be- 

quest of  Lucretia  A.  Wilder  .    .       9,377.64 
Roger  Wolcott  Fund,  bequest  of 

Roger  Wolcott 5,000.00 

1915  Arthur  T.  Lyman  Fund,  a  dona- 

tion of  Arthur  T.  Lyman  .    .    .     10,000.00 

1916  Mitchell  A.  Dearborn  Fund,  a  be- 

quest of  Mitchell  A.  Dearborn  525.00 

1917  Arthiu-  G.  Tompkins  Fund,  a  be- 

quest of  Arthur  G.  Tompkins   .     25,000.00 
Charles  P.  Jaynes  Fund,  a  bequest 

of  Charles  P.  Jaynes 11,477.00 

1905  Edward  W.  Codman  Fund,  part  of 

a  bequest  of  Edward  W.Codman     10,000.00 

By  vote  of  the  Trustees  April 
14,  1905,  the  income  on  $10,000 
is  to  be  transferred  annually  to 
the  Training  School  for  Nurses 
Fund. 

1918  Charles  L.  Pitts  Fund,  bequest  of 

Mary  Rose  Harris 10,000.00 

Charles  Goddard  Weld  Fund,  be- 
quest of  Mrs.  CaroUne  L.  Weld     100,000.00 

1919  Surgical  Dressings  Fund,  donation 

of  the  New  England  Surgical 
Dressings  Committee      ....     10,000.00 


Carried  forward $298,039.64  $2,536,330.64 

210 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $298,039.64  $2,536,330.64 

1919  The  Henry  Pickering  Walcott  Fund    .     10,000.00 

Alexander  E.  O.  Munsell  Fund, 
donation  of  Alexander  E.  O. 
MunseU 1,000.00 

1920  Fredrika  G.  Holden  Fund,  a  dona- 

tion of  Miss  Fredrika  G.  Holden. 
Income  unrestricted  but  prefer- 
ably for  Out-Patient  Depart- 
ment         1,500.00 

Mary  Walcott  Almon  Fimd,  be- 
quest of  Mrs.  Mary  Walcott 
Almon 5,000.00 

John  Johnston  Soren  and  Fanny 
Wales  Soren.  Memorial  Fund 
bequest  of  George  W.  Soren      .       8,000.00 

Accumulated  Income  on 
bequest    of    Geo.    W. 
Soren  to  income     .    .  $2,279.53 
Expended,  1920     .    .     2,279.53 

1921  T.   Jefferson  CooUdge  Fund,  be- 

quest of  T.  Jefferson  CooUdge  .     20,000.00 

1922  Andrew  C.  Slater  Fund,  bequest 

of  Andrew  C.  Slater 1,000.00 

Elizabeth  White  Fund,  bequest  of 

George  Robert  White     ....  100,000.00 

Dudley  L.  Pickman  Fund,  dona- 
tion of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dudley  L. 

Pickman 2,500.00 

447,039.64 


REDMAN  FUND 

Income  for  any  purpose  except  buildings 

1862-1872         A  bequest  from  John  Redman  .    .  455,113.34 

CHESTER  H.  DAVIS  FUND 

Income  for  Crippled  Children 
1903  Bequest  of  Chester  H.  Davis    .    .  20,000.00 

McLEAN  HOSPITAL  FUND 

1830  The  Joseph  Lee  Fund,  a  donation  of 

Joseph  Lee,as  heir  of  Francis  Lee  $20,000.00 
1843  Appleton    Fund,    a    bequest    of 

1854  $10,010  from  Samuel  Appleton 

1862  and  a  donation  of  $20,000  from 

WilUam  Appleton    , 30,010.00 

1851  Bromfield  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest 

from  John  Bromfield 20,000.00 

1858  Austin  Fund,  part  of  a  bequest 

from  Mrs.  Agnes  Austin     .    .    .       5,000.00 

1859  Kittredge  Fimd,  a  bequest  from 

RufusKittredge 5,500.00 

Carried  forward $80,510.00  $3,458,483.62 

211 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Ftinds 

Brought  forward $80,510.00  83,458,483.62 

1870  The  Amusement  Fund,  S5,000  bequest 

of  Miss  Mary  Louise  Shaw: 
1875         $5,000  donation  of  Mrs.  Quincy  A. 

Shaw  and  other  ladies    ....     10,000.00 

1871  Read  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  from 

James  Read      1,000.00 

1872  McGregor  Fund,  half  of  a  dona- 

tion  and  bequest  from   James 

McGregor 7,500.00 

1874  Templeton  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest 

from  John  Templeton  ....  5,000.00 
1876  Lincoln  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest 

from  Mrs.  F.  W.  Lincobi  .  .  .  85,000.00 
1885  Proctor  Fund,  a  bequest  from  Mrs. 

Lydia  P.  Proctor 1,000.00 

1888  Hibbard  Occupation  Fund     .    .    .       1,000.00 

1889  Higginson  Fund,  a  bequest  from 

George  Higginson 10,000.00 

1890  Ellen  M.  Gilford  Fund,  part  of  a 

bequest  from  Ellen  M.  Gifford  5,000.00 
1892  Bradlee  Fund,  part  of  a  donation 

from  Helen  C.  Bradlee   ....     50,000.00 

1895  Matchett    Fimd,    a    donation    of 

Sarah  A.  Matchett      15,000.00 

Thomas  E.  Proctor  Fund  for  main- 
tenance of  buildings' 30,000.00 

1896  Vose  Fund,  half  of  a  bequest  of 

Ann  White  Vose 38,983.09 

1900  Abbott  Fund,  a  bequest  of  Mar- 

shaU  K.  Abbott 2,500.00 

Fund  for  Department  of 
Scientific  Research: 
1904  Donation  of  Sarah  A. 

Matchett     ....  S5,000.00 
1921-1922  Donation       of       W. 

Eugene  McGregor  .     1,000.00 
1922  Donation      of      Mrs. 

Lucy  I.  Kingsbury     1,000.00      7,000.00 
1906  Samuel    EUot    Memorial    Chapel 

Fimd  for  maintenance  of  Chapel  10,904.84 
1909  George  F.  Parkman  Fund,  part  of 

a  bequest  of  George  F.  Parkman    50,000.00 
EUzabeth  B.  Maxwell  Fund,  a  be- 
quest of  Ehzabeth  B.  MaxweU         1,030.00 
Mercy  A.  BaUey  Fund,  a  bequest 

of  Mercy  A.  BaUey 5,500.00 

1911  Martha  R.  Hunt  Fund,  to  be  used 

for  the  entertainment  of  patients 

at  McLean  Hospital 10,135.00 

1912-1915         Matchett  Memorial  Fund,  part  of 

a  bequest  of  Sarah  A.  Matchett  73,376.05 
1913  Sarah  E.  Cazenove  Fimd,  a  be- 

quest of  Sarah  E.  Cazenove  .  .  63,784.36 
1916  John  Milton  Hall  Fund,  a  donation 

of  a  Friend 3,000.00 

567,223.34 

Carried  forward $4,025,706.96 

212 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

CONVALESCENT  HOSPITAL  FUND 

Brought  forward $4,025,706.96 

1879  Sundry    Donors     (through    Miss 

RusseU) $3,446.00 

Executors  of  George  O.  Hovey     .  2,000.00 

1880  Sundry    Donors     (through    Miss 

RusseU) 2,513.00 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  C.  E.  Ware  ....  1,000.00 

Mrs.  Sarah  S.  Fay 1,000.00 

J.  L.  Gardner 1,000.00 

Mrs.  E.  B.  Bowditch 1,000.00 

H.  B.  Rogers 1,000.00 

Anne  S.  Hooper 1,000.00 

E.  Pierson  Beebe  and  Miss  Emma 

Beebe 1,000.00 

W.  S.  BuUard 500.00 

Samuel  W.  Swett 500.00 

William  Amory 500.00 

C.  H.  Dalton 500.00 

Chas.  P.  Curtis 500.00 

T.  K.  Lothrop      500.00 

H.  L.  Higginson 300.00 

F.  L.  Higginson 300.00 

O.  W.  Peabody 250.00 

J.R.Hall 200.00 

George  Dexter 200.00 

Mrs.  Mary  M.  McGregor  ....  200.00 

Mrs.  Frank  Morison 200.00 

Eliza  Goodwin 150.00 

Friends      2,050.00 

Mrs.  Augustus  Hemenway    .    .    .  100.00 

T.  G.  Appleton 100.00 

J.  R.  CooUdge      100.00 

H.   P.  Kidder  and  C.  J.  Morrill, 

Trustees 3,713.85 

Margaret  Curtis  account  Mrs.  C. 

P.  Curtis,  Sr 25.00 

D.  F.  Appleton 50.00 

1881  Sundry  Donors   ( through  Miss 

Russell) 3,750.83 

C.  J.  Morrill  and  Friend,  one-half 

each 5,000.00 

Moses  Williams 1,000.00 

A.  T.  Lyman 200.00 

A.  Cochrane 250.00 

J.  C.  Gray 300.00 

B.  Schlessinger 500.00 

Henry  Saltonstall 500.00 

Mrs.  P.  C.  Brooks 300.00 

T.  J.  CooUdge 300.00 

Mrs.  J.  B.  H.  James 100.00 

R.  P.  Wainwright 50.00 

Ezra  H.  Baker 500.00 

WUliam  S.  Houghton 1,000.00 

EUjah  Smith 500.00 

Mrs.  Samuel  Cabot 100.00 

Charles  Merriam 100.00 

Carried  forward $40,348.68  $4,025,706.96 

213 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $40,348.68  $4,025,706.96 

1881  Caroline  Merriam 100.00 

W.  G.  Weld      250.00 

Mrs.  Theodore  Chase,  Sr.      ...  50.00 

Mis3  Cochrane 500.00 

Alice  M.  Longfellow  and  sister     .  1,000.00 

Leopold  Morse 50.00 

Samuel  Eliot 500.00 

Eliza  Ashton,  by  Charles  P.  Curtis  500.00 
"A  Bostonian, "    by  Charles  P. 

Curtis 500.00 

W.  E.  Bright 200.00 

G.  A.  Nickerson 200.00 

S.  R.  Payson 300.00 

George  C.  Richardson 300.00 

Edward  Austin 500.00 

Charles  P.  Hemenway 250.00 

Nathaniel  Thayer 20,000.00 

H.  P.  Kidder 5,000.00 

J.  L.  Bremer 1,000.00 

Henry  Lee 1,000.00 

Martm  Brimmer 300.00 

Miss  Anne  Wigglesworth   ....  300.00 

Quincy  A.  Shaw 5,000.00 

F.  H.  Peabody 500.00 

S.  B.  Rindge 500.00 

S.  D.  Warren 2,000.00 

Ehsha  Atkins   .    .    .    ." 500.00 

H.  H.  Hunnewell 10,000.00 

Nevins  &  Co 500.00 

W.  Endicott,  Jr 2,500.00 

Henry  Woods 1,000.00 

Samuel  Johnson 500.00 

R.  C.  Greenleaf 500.00 

Henry  Endicott 100.00 

1882  Ezra  Farnsworth 500.00 

W.  C.  Grover 1,000.00 

Joseph  B.  Glover 100.00 

Sundry   Donors   (through   Miss 

Russell) 450.00 

Miss  Anne  Wigglesworth   ....  100.00 

Frank  L.  Ames 3,000.00 

CorneUa  Dehon 75.00 

1883  Jerome  G.  Kidder,  bequest    .    .    .  15,000.00 

1884  Samuel  W.  Swett,  bequest     .    .    .  50,000.00 

1885  "Francis,"  donation 20.00 

1886  George  A.  Gardner,  donation    .    .  5,000.00 
Miss  Mary  Russell,  donation    .    .  40.00 

1888                   EUzabeth  B.  I.  B.  Dixwell,  bequest  1,000.00 

1889-1895         Miss  Helen  C.  Bradlee,  donation  1,300.00 

1892  EUzabeth  B.  Bowditch,  bequest   .  5,000.00 

1893  Mrs.  Isaac  Sweetser,  in  memory  of 

Dr.  Edw.H.  Clarke,    donation  1,000.00 

1912                  Julia  M.  Moseley,  bequest     .    .    .  6,190.47 

$186,524.15 

Cost  of  Building 34,713.02 

151,811.13 

Carried  forward $4,177,518.09 

214 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $4,177,518.09 

SAMUEL  CABOT  FUND  FOR  PATHOLOGICAL 
INVESTIGATION 

Income  for  Salary  of  Surgical  Pathologist 

1888  Donation  of  Samuel  Cabot  and  Dr. 

Arthur  T.  Cabot      10,000.00 

JOHN  CALL  DALTON  AND  EDWARD  BARRY 
DALTON  FUND 

Income  for  Investigation  in  the  Science  of  Medicine 

1891-1909        A  donation  from  Charles  H.  and 

Henry  R.  Dalton 25,000.00 

PATHOLOGICAL  LABORATORY  AND 
RANDALL  FUNDS 

1895  Fanny  G.  Villiard $1,000.00 

Charles  U.  Cotting      500.00 

Thomas  Nelson 200.00 

A.  S.  Bigelow 500.00 

William  S.  Bullard 500.00 

Henry  C.  Weston 500.00 

"A  Western  Friend"  (J.  M.  Forbes)  5,000.00 

R.  H.  White 1,000.00 

WaUace  L.  Pierce 500.00 

Caleb  A.  Curtis 500.00 

Charles  Merriam 500.00 

Ehzabeth  R.  Cabot 200.00 

EUzabeth  C.  Ware 100.00 

John  C.  Ropes 100.00 

George  G.  Kennedy 1,000.00 

J.  Morris  Meredith 100.00 

Wilham  Powell  Mason 1,000.00 

W.  B.  Thomas     .  ' 500.00 

Mrs.  F.  L.  Ames      5,000.00 

Miss  Mary  S.  Ames 1,000.00 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

H.  H.  HunneweU 10,000.00 

John  L.  Gardner      1,000.00 

1896  C.  W.  Amory 500.00 

Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren      5,000.00 

Augustus  LoweU      1,000.00 

Henry  Lee 1,000.00 

T.  Jefferson  CooUdge      1,000.00 

Henry  L.  Pierce 5,000.00 

Charles  Head 1,000.00 

Martin  Brimmer      1,000.00 

Dr.  Charles  G.  Weld 5,000.00 

O.  H.  Alford 500.00 

John  A.  Burnham 500.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  Scott  Fitz      .    .  1,000.00 

OUverAmes 1,000.00 

D.  L.  Pickman 200.00 

W.  D.  Sohier 100.00 


Carried  forward $55,500.00  $4,212,518.09 

215 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $55,500.00  $4,212,518.09 

1896  George  F.  Fabyan 1,000.00 

Miss  A.  P.  Rogers 500.00 

A  Friend 400.00 

Mrs.  W.  D.  Pickman      1,000.00 

Frank  Simpson 1,000.00 

A.  A.  Lawrence 500.00 

E.  Pierson  Beebe 1,000.00 

J.  Reed  Whipple      500.00 

A.  Hemenway 1,000.00 

W.  H.  Forbes 500.00 

Mrs.  Frank  Merriam 500.00 

Mrs.  William  C.  Loring     ....  1,000.00 

Estate  of  Eben  D.  Jordan     .    .    .  5,000.00 

Nathaniel  Thayer 1,000.00 

Mrs.  J.  N.  Fiske      1,000.00 

Through  Dr.  A.  T.  Cabot      .    .    .  100.00 

Through  Dr.  Chas.  B.  Porter    .    .  100.00 

W.  Sturgis  Bigelow 2,500.00 

Anna  S.  C.  Prince 1,000.00 

Wm.  Endicott,  Jr 5,000.00 

Interest  on  Fund  added     ....  1,947.02 

1897  Henry  M.  Whitney 1,000.00 

Children  of  Samuel  Parkman    .    .  2,000.00 

Laurence  Minot 100.00 

Mrs.  Henry  S.  Grew 500.00 

George  Wigglesworth   ^ 100.00 

William  Minot 100.00 

A.  Hemenway 1,000.00 

Miss  A.  P.  Carey 500.00 

AUen  Danforth 100.00 

1912  Mrs.   Mary  Upham  Johnson,   a 

bequest 3,201.32 

Pathological  Fund $90,648.34 

Apparatus  and  Equipment    .    .    .  26,772.93 

$63  875  41 

1898  John  W.  and  Belinda  L.  Randall 

Fund 20,000.00 

83,875.41 

TRAINING  SCHOOL  FOR  NURSES  FUND 

1897  C.  P.  Curtis,  Treasurer,  for  sundry 

donors      $18,386.42 

John  Foster 5,000.00 

1902                  Francis  Skinner 1,000.00 

1904                   Francis  E.  Bangs 2,000.00 

William  Amory 25.00 

George  A.  Gardner 2,000.00 

Mrs.  Ernest  B.  Dane      100.00 

Mrs.  Robert  W.  Emmons  ....  25.00 

Mrs.  Larz  Anderson 50.00 

Mrs.  John  L.  Bremer      100.00 

Mrs.  George  F.  Fabyan      ....  50.00 

J.  Randolph  CooHdge 100.00               , 


Carried  forward $28,836.42  $4,296,393.50 

216 


Financial 

Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $28,836.42  $4,296,393.50 

1904  H.  D.  Chapin 10.00 

A  Friend 1.00 

Dr.  J.  F.  Bumham      1.00 

Miss  Fannie  R.  Brewer 100.00 

F.  L.  Higginson 100.00 

Mrs.  J.  B.  Case 100.00 

Miss  Georgina  Lowell 25.00 

Mrs.  E.  Preble  Motley 50.00 

Arthur  A.  Carey      25.00 

Mrs.  Annie  L.  Woods 100.00 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 500.00 

Miss  Isabel  Fabyan 50.00 

Charles  E.  Cotting      50.00 

Mrs.  B.  P.  Cheney      50.00 

T.  Jefferson  CooUdge      500.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thornton  K.  Lothrop        500.00 

Charles  H.  Dalton 100.00 

Mrs.  A.  W.  Blake 50.00 

Miss  B.  F.  Blake 50.00 

Forbes  Lithograph  Co 10.00 

Mrs.  W.  Scott  Fitz 100.00 

Miss  Ehza  W.  S.  Parkman    .    .    .  10.00 

Walter  Hunnewell 100.00 

Henry  S.  HunneweU 50.00 

Mrs.  F.  B.  Harrington 10.00 

Miss  Mary  S.  Ames 50.00 

W.  O.  Gay 100.00 

The  Misses  Minot 25.00 

Miss  Sarah  F.  Bremer 50.00 

Stephen  Bullard 50.00 

Samuel  W.  Rodman 20.00 

Mrs.  F.  C.  Manning 10.00 

Miss  M.  L.  Blake 10.00 

Miss  Mary  Brandegee 50.00 

Shepherd  Brooks 400.00 

O.  H.  Alford 100.00 

Mrs.Alford 15.00 

Miss  Mary  Thomas 10.00 

Miss  Sarah  C.  Paine 25.00 

Miss  Mary  W.  Eastman    ....  100.00 

Charles  W.  Hubbard 25.00 

Mrs.  John  C.  PhiUips 50.00 

George  F.  Fabyan 1,000.00 

Graduate  of  School 50.00 

Graduate  of  School 1.00 

1905  Mrs.  Algernon  Coolidge     ....  10.00 

Luce  &  Manning 25.00 

Mrs.  J.  T.  Eldredge 5.00 

Mrs.  William  C.  Otis      100.00 

Nurses'  Alumnee  Association     .    .  53.50 

Miss  Mary  Lee  Ware 500.00 

Miss  Alice  Longfellow 5.00 

John  T.  CooUdge 100.00 

Mrs.  Theodore  Lyman 100.00 

Mrs.  G.  Howland  Shaw     ....  100.00 

Clement  S.  Houghton 25.00 

Carried  forward S34,642.92  $4,296,393.50 

217 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1905 


1906 


1907 
1909 
1912 
1913 


1904 

1904-1908 

1904-1922 


1906-1907 


Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $34,642.92  $4,296,393.50 

Louis  S.  Dabney      25.00 

William  S.  Dexter 200.00 

Thomas  P.  Beal 50.00 

Francis  Skinner 300.00 

Henry  MuUiken 500.00 

Mrs.  W.  S.  BuUard 25.00 

Mrs.  H.  S.  Grew      25.00 

Richard  H.  Weld 25.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Putnam  .    .  200.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  N.  Thayer   ....  2,000.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dudley  L.  Pickman  100.00 

F.  L.  Higginson 250.00 

Mrs.  G.  G.  Hammond 100.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Sears    .    .    .  200.00 

Mrs.  Daniel  Merriman 50.00 

Arthur  Amory      5.00 

Mrs.  Otis  Norcross,  Jr 50.00 

Alexander  Cochrane 100.00 

Mrs.  S.  Parkman  Blake     ....  100.00 

Grant  Walker 100.00 

Mrs.  J.  J.  Storrow 10.00 

Mrs.  H.  H.  Fay 25.00 

Miss  M.  B.  Lothrop    ......  50.00 

Francis  W.  Hunnewell 100.00 

Nathaniel  T.  Kidder 500.00 

Mrs.  Anna  D.  Blake  - 50.00 

William  P.  Blake 50.00 

E.  Pierson  Beebe 50.00 

Miss  Emma  Rodman 25.00 

Mrs.  R.  G.  Shaw 50.00 

Mrs.  A.  CooHdge 10.00 

Henry  A.  Wyman 5.00 

Miss  Harriet  W.  Barnes     ....  50.00 

40,022.92 

ART  ROOM  FUND 

Income  for  Art  Room  McLean  Hospital 

Mrs.  Samuel  Eliot $500.00 

Sundry  Donors 311.90 

Interest  added      897.86 

1,709.76 

ORTHOPEDIC  WARD  FUND 

Nathaniel  Thayer $5,000.00 

Bayard  Thayer 5,000.00 

Mrs.  Lester  Leland 5,000.00 

John  and  W.    S.    Spaulding   and 

Mrs.  H.  F.  King 5,000.00 

Mrs.  W.  G.  Weld 5,000.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Sears    .    .    .  5,000.00 

Mrs.  B.  P.  Cheney      5,000.00 

Augustus  Hemenway      3,000.00 

J.  L.  Bremer 2,448.64 

E.  V.  R.  Thayer 2,500.00 

H.  E.  Converse 2,500.00 

Miss  Mary  Ames 2,000.00 

Carried  forward $47,448,64  $4,338,126.18 

218 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward S47,448  64  $4,338,126.18 

1906-1907         Mrs.  Edward  D.  Brandegee  .    .    .  1,500.00 

Nelson  Curtis 1,500.00 

MaxAgassiz 1,000.00 

G.  L.  Peabody 1,000.00 

F.  Gordon  Dexter 1,000.00 

C.  W.  Amory 1.000.00 

WilUam  Endicott,  Jr 1,000.00 

P.  L.  Saltonstall 1,000.00 

Samuel  Dana 1,000.00 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Wright 1,000.00 

Lyman  Nichols 1,000.00 

Francis  Blake 2,000.00 

Miss  Elizabeth  Cheney 1,000.00 

Mrs.  Roger  Wolcott,  Sr 1,000.00 

John  Parkinson 500.00 

Mrs.  Peter  C.  Brooks 250.00 

John  Saltonstall 250.00 

John  A.  Burnham 100.00 

F.  P.  Sprague 100.00 

W.  O.  Gay 100.00 

WaUace  L.  Pierce 300.00 


$65,048.64 
Expended:  Building  and  Equipment  38,577.72 


26,470.92 


1908 


CLINICAL  LABORATOEY  FUND 
Bequest  of  Mrs.  Grace  M,  Kuhn    .    .    .    . 


10,000.00 


1913 


SARAH  PROCTOR  JOSLIN  FUND 

Income  to  be  expended  by  the  Ladies'  Visiting  Com- 
mittee for  Books  and  other  articles 

Bequest  of  Sarah  Proctor  Joslin 


1,000.00 


DR.  WALTER  J.  DODD  MEMORIAL  FUND 

Income  for  X-Ray  Investigation 

1916  Mrs.  Walter  J.  Dodd      $100.00 

1917  A  Friend 1,000.00 

A  Friend 2.00 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  F.  A.  Washburn      .  100.00 

G.  N.  Talbot 100.00 

Dr.  Vincent  Y.  Bowditch  ....  5.00 

Dr.  James  B.  Ayer      10.00 

Dr.  Henry  M.  Chase 5.00 

Dr.  John  W.  Cummin 15.00 

Dr.  J.  Collins  Warren 50.00 

Dr.  H.  K.  BoutweU 5.00 

Dr.  Herman  F.  Vickery     ....  10.00 

Dr.  Mabel  D.  Ordway 10.00 

Dr.  Charles  J.  White      15.00 

Dr.  W.  E.  Paul 25.00 

Dr.  E.  A.  Codman 25.00 

Carried  forward $1,477.00  $4,375,597.10 

219 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $1,477.00  $4,375,597.10 

1917                  Mrs.  James  Howard  Means  .    .    .  25.00 

Dr.  J.  Payson  Clark 25.00 

Dr.  L.  L.  Bigelow 5.00 

Dr.  James  J.  Putnam 25.00 

Dr.  F.  B.  Lund 100.00 

Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot 100.00 

Dr.  E.  W.  Emerson 5.00 

Dr.  George  H.  Wright 50.00 

Dr.  E.  P.  Bagg,  Jr 5.00 

Dr.  Robert  B.  Osgood 10.00 

Dr.  Joseph  L.  Goodale 3.00 

Dr.  George  M.  Sheahan     ....  5.00 

Dr.  Wilder  Tileston 10.00 

Dr.  Henry  Lee  Morse 25.00 

Lieut.-Col.  H.  H.  Shaw      ....  5.00 

Dr.  Henry  L.  Sanford 10.00 

Dr.  Ehsha  Flagg      25.00 

Dr.  F.  H.  Davenport      25.00 

Dr.  F.  Van  Nuys 2.00 

Dr.  Robert  M.  Green 5.00 

Drs.  E.  P.  and  E.  D.  JosUn  .    .    .  10.00 

Dr.  R.  M.  Smith 10.00 

Dr.  Adelbert  S.  MerriU 5.00 

Dr.  Richard  Dexter 15.00      ' 

Dr.  ElUott  C.  Cutler 10.00 

Dr.  George  H.  Monks- 10.00 

George  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

Dr.  George  S.  Derby 15.00 

Dr.  John  W.  EUiot 100.00 

Mrs.  Lewis  Agassiz  Shaw  ....  4.00 

Dr.  Walter  C.  Seelye 5.00 

Dr.  Frederick  W.  Taylor    ....  5.00 

Dr.  Herbert  C.  Moffitt 100.00 

Dr.  W.  F.  Whitney 5.00 

Dr.  Hyman  Morrison 5.00 

Dr.  Seabury  W.  Allen 10.00 

Dr.  A.  A.  Davis 10.00 

Dr.  Walter  I.  Baldwin 10.00 

Dr.  George  K.  Sabine     .    !    .    .    .  5.00 

Dr.  Theodore  J.  Eastman      .    .    .  10.00 

Dr.  Henry  S.  Forbes 10.00 

Dr.  Joseph  B.  Howland     ....  10.00 

Dr.  James  J.  Minot 50.00 

Dr.  Marshal  Fabyan 100.00 

Dr.  Herbert  B.  Howard     ....  25.00 

Dr.  FrankUn  G.  Balch 100.00 

Dr.  Horace  Binney 10.00 

Dr.  Frances  W.  Peabody   ....  10.00 

Dr.  Chauncey  W.  Norton      .    .    .  25.00 

Dr.  WiUiam  H.  Buffum      ....  5.00 

Dr.  James  L.  Gamble 20.00 

Dr.  Edward  L.  Young,  Jr.     ...  ^  5.00 

Dr.  Augustus  Thorndike    ....  250.00 

Dr.  Charles  G.  Mixter 5.00 

Dr.  Herbert  J.  HaU 10.00 

Dr.  Lloyd  T.  Brown 10.00 

Carried  forward $3,931.00  $4,375,597.10 

220 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 


Brought  forward $3,931.00  $4,375,597.10 

1917  Dr.  Charles  N.  Meader 10.00 

Dr.  W.  P.  Graves 5.00 

Dr.  Charles  S.  Butler 25.00 

Dr.  Russell  T.  Congdon     ....  5.00 

Dr.  Charles  Edwin  Briggs      .    .    .  25.00 

Dr.  Harvey  P.  Towle 10.00 

Dr.  John  B.  Hawes,  2d 10.00 

Mrs.  Mabell  Burleigh  Chase     .    .  35.00 

Dr.  William  Jason  Mixter      .    .    .  25.00 

Dr.  H.  P.  Greeley 5.00 

1918  Donation  of  Dr.  D.  Crosby  Greene  25.00 
Donation  of  Alumnse  Association 

of   the    Massachusetts  General 
Hospital    Training    School   for 

Nurses       65.00 

1919  Dr.  Mark  W.  Richardson  ....  50.00 

Miss  Anna  Lea 10.00 

Wallace  L.  Pierce 100.00 

Mrs.  John  C.  Gray 100.00 

Miss  J.  L.  Motley 5.00 

Mrs.  Irma  Vonnegut 10.00 

Dr.  Duncan  McDougall     ....  50.00 

Dr.  A.  C.  Nason      70.00 

1920  Donations  and  proceeds  from  sale 

of  memorial  books  through  Phil- 
hps  House  X-Ray  Department  35.52 
Donation  of  Dr.  Da\T[d  Cheever  .  25.00 
Donation  of  Dr.  Edward  P.  Rich- 
ardson      25.00 

1918-1922         Accumulated  Income      1,458.86 

6,115.38 


WARREN  LIBRARY  FUND 

Income  for  Books  for  Patients 

1841  Donation  of  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren  .    .  1,000.00 

TREADWELL  LIBRARY  FUND 

Income  for  the  Library 

1857  Bequest  of  J.  G.  TreadweU    .    .    .     §5,000.00 

1913  Donation  of  Richard  Olney  .    .    .  100.00 

1914  Donation    of    Dr.    Daniel    Fiske 

Jones 5.00 

Donation    of    Dr.    John    M.    T. 

Finney 200.00 

1917                   Donation  of  Dr.  John  W.  EUiot   .  1,000.00 


WOODEN  LEG  FUND 

1861                  Donation  —  P.  K SIOO.OO 

Bequest  of  N.  I.  Bowditch    .    .    .  5,000.00 

George  A.  Newell  Fund     ....  2,500.00 


6,305.00 


7,600.00 


Carried  forward $4,396,617.48 

221 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $4,396,617.48 

WARREN  PRIZE  FUND 

Income  for  a  Triennial  Prize 


1868                  Bequest  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Warren    .    .     $1,880.00 
Accumulated  interest 3,305.84 


SURGICAL  INSTRUMENT  FUND 

Income  for  Special  Surgical  Instruments 

1870                  Donation  of  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow  $1,250.00 

1881                  Donation  of  R.  M.  Moore      .    .    .  100.00 
1889                  Donation  of  Lydia  B.  and  O.  A. 

Taft 100.00 

Donation  of  Chas.  S.  Bixby  .    .    .  25.00 

1902                  Arthur  Appleton  Beebe  Fund   .    .  5,000.00 


5,185.84 


6,475.00 


SHATTUCK  FUND 

Income  for  Music  at  Hospital 

1894  George  C.  and  Anne  H.  Shattuck  Fund,  dona- 

tion of  Dr.  Frederick  C.  Shattuck    ....  2,000.00 


NEW  ENDOWMENT  FUND 

1917                  Donation  of  George  R.  Agassiz    .  $500.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Sarah  H.  Blan- 

chard 500.00 

1918-1922         Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth  36,752.45 

1919  Donation  of  Frank  G.  Webster     .  5,000.00 
Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas 

Motley 555.00 

1920  Donation  of  Henry  S.  Hunnewell  10,000.00 
Donation  of  Francis  Henry  Apple- 
ton     1,000.00 

Donation  of  Francis  L.  Higginson  5,000.00 
1920-1921         Donation    of    Mrs.    Charles    E. 

Mason 10,000.00 

1920                  Donation  of  Arthur  Lyman  .    .    .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Walter  H.  Hunnewell  5,000.00 
Donation   of   Mrs.   A.    Lawrence 

Hopkins 5,000.00 

Donation  of   Mrs.   John  Holmes 

Morison 500.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous    ....  2,000.00 

Donation  of  A.  Lawrence  LoweU   .  5,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Moses  Williams  5,000.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Henry  Forbes 

Bigelow 4,300.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Louise  W.  Case  500.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Marian  R.  Case  100.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  O.  H.  Alford     .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Henry  C.  Everett  500.00 

Carried  forward $99,207.45  $4,410,278.32 

222 


Financial 


Permanent  Funds 


Brought  forward $99,207.45  $4,410,278.32 

1920  Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert 

T.  Paine,  2d 5,000.00 

1921  Donation  of  David  P.  Kimball  .  20,000.00 
Donation  of  Eliot  Wadsworth  .  .  2,500.00 
Donation  of  William  S.  Spaulding  1,000.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Henry  P.  Kidder  880.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Sarah  F.  Bremer  1,000.00 
Donation  of  Dr.  J.  Lewis  Bremer  1,000.00 


130,587.45 


SOCIAL  SERVICE  FUND 

1916  Donation  of  Mrs.  Shepherd  Brooks  $15,000.00 
Bequest  of  Susan  C.  Dove     .    .    .       5,000.00 

1917  Donation  of  Susan  P.  Atkinson    .  100.00 

1918  Donation  of  Mrs.  Henry  P.  Kidder         500.00 
1921-1922         Bequest  of  Mrs.  Grace  E.  Reed    .       4,500.00 


25,100.00 


FOSTER  FAMILY  FUND 
1918  Donation  of  C.  H.  W.  Foster 10,000.00 

A  permanent  fund  in  the  name  of  the  donor.  The 
income  to  be  used  to  pay  the  Hospital  bills  of  patients 
nominated  by  the  donor  or  his  wife.  After  their 
decease  the  power  of  nomination  shall  descend  in  suc- 
cession to  their  oldest  child  living,  then  grandchild. 
Thereafter,  or  in  case  the  line  of  descent  shall  cease, 
the  income  shall  be  for  the  unrestricted  uses  of  the 
Hospital. 

ARTHUR  W.  BLAKE  FUND 

Income  for  the  Study  and  Care  of  Nervous  Diseases 

1918                  Donation  of  Arthur  W.  Blake  .    .  $24,697.02 
1920  Income  added  to  Fund 302.98 


25,000.00 


JOHN  W.  ELLIOT  FUND 

Income  for  Investigation  in  the  Science  of  Medicine 

1919-1922     Donation  of  Dr.  John  W.  Elliot 10,082.00 

MEMORIAL  FUND  TO  THE  DOCTORS  AND  NURSES 
WHO  DIED  IN  THE  WAR  OF  1917-1918 

Income  for  Maintenance  of  Free  Beds 

Donation  through  the  Ladies'  Visiting  Committee        5,000.00 
MARY  ELIZABETH  SALTONSTALL  FUND 

Income  for  the  Social  Service  of  the  Hospital, 
"preference  being  given  for  the  help  and  care  of  little 
children" 

1020  Bequest  of  Philip  L.  Saltonstall 5,000.00 

Carried  forward $4,621,047.77 

223 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Permanent  Funds 

Brought  forward $4,621,047.77 


MRS.  NATHANIEL  THAYER  FUND 

The  income  to  be  used  "preferably  for  the  Social 
Service  Department" 

1920  Donation  of  Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer 10,000.00 


GEORGE  ROBERT  WHITE  FUND 

Income  for  the  Development  or  Maintenance  of 
a  Department  for  the  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the 
Skin 

1922  Donation  of  George  Robert  White 100,000.00 

Total  Permanent  Funds $4,731,047.77 


224 


Financial 


SPECIAL  PURPOSE  FUNDS 


FREE  BED  SUBSCRIBERS  FOR  TEN  YEARS 

Unexpired 

Mrs.  W.  Scott  Fitz  (1913-1922)      $1,000.00  $0.00 

James  Longley  (1914-1923)      1,000.00  100.00 

Mrs.  Louis  A.  Frothingham  (1915-1924)  ....  1,000.00  200.00 

The  late  Henry  R.  Dalton  (1915-1924)     ....  1,000.00  200.00 

Mrs.  Henry  S.  Grew  (1915-1924) 1,000.00  200.00 

Mrs.  O.  H.  Alford  (1916-1925) 1,000.00  300.00 

Miss  Martha  A.  Alford  (1916-1925) 1,000.00  300.00 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shepherd  Brooks  (1916-1925)    .    .  1,000.00  300.00 
Mrs.  George  D.  Howe  (1916-1925),  in  memory  of 

George  D.  Howe 1,000.00  300.00 

Frank  G.  Webster  (1917-1926) 1,000.00  400.00 

Mrs.  Ehzabeth  Cabot  Lyman  (1917-1926)   .    .    .  1,000.00  400.00 

The  Misses  KimbaU  (1917-1926) 1,000.00  400.00 

Mrs.  Anne  P.  Rice  (1918-1927) 1,000.00  500.00 

Miss  Mary  Weld  (1919-1928) 1,000.00  600.00 

Walter  HmmeweU  (1919-1928) 1,000.00  600.00 

Mrs.  George  Putnam,  Sr.  (1920-1929) 1,000.00  700.00 

Richard  Wheatland  (1920-1929) 1,000.00  700.00 

Frances  E.  (Cutler)  Sprague  Fund  (1921-1930)  .  1,000.00  800.00 

Miss  Martha  A.  Alford  (1922-1931) 1,000.00  900.00 


$7,900.00 


NURSES'  HOME  FUND  —  McLEAN  HOSPITAL 

1913  Donation  of  Miss  Elizabeth  L.  Grant    $1,000.00 

1914  A  Friend 40,000.00 

Sundry    Donors    (through    Mrs.    E. 

Stanley  Abbot) 13,679.70 

Donation  of  Miss  Sara  E.  Parsons   .  5.00 

1915  Donation  of  Miss  Louise  W.  Case   .  100.00 
Donation  of  Sundry  Donors  (through 

Mrs.  E.  Stanley  Abbot) : 

Anonymous 16.00 

Edward  B.  Field 15.00 

Mrs.  A.  H.  Hews 25.00 

Mrs.  Charlotte  Nichols  Greene    .  10.00 

Mrs.  Isabel  B.  Richardson     .    .    .  10.00 

1916  A  Friend 2,500.00 

Mrs.  Florence  N.  Putnam      ....  100.00 

1922              From  McLean  Hospital  Operations    20,241.09 
1913-1922     Accumulated  Income      30,671.96 

$108,373.75 

Expended  on  Plans,  etc 4,883.54 

103,490.21 

Carried  forward $111,390.21 

225 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Special  Purpose  Funds 

Brought  forward $111,390.21 

CHILDREN'S    MEDICAL   WARD    BUILDING 
FUND 

1913               Donation  of  G.  S.  Talbot $250.00 

1913-1922     Accumulated  Income      165.52 

415.52 

TRAINING  SCHOOL  FOR  NURSES'  ENDOW- 
MENT FUND 

1915-1919     Miss  Sara  E.  Parsons $700.00 

1915-1920     Miss  Louise  C.  May 140.00 

Miss  Susan  L.  Mills 5.00 

Miss  Louie  W.  Wellington     ....  25.00 

Dr.  Benjamin  Brown      10.00 

Graduate  of  School 1.00 

1916               Miss  R.  Helen  Cleland 200.00 

A  Graduate  of  1880 50.00 

1916-1920     Miss  AnnabeUa  McCrae 170.00 

Miss  Jane  F.  Riley 100.00 

Miss  Grace  Nichols 10.00 

Mrs.  John  Bartol 15.00 

Miss  E.  W.  Allen 2.00 

Miss  Mary  F.  Emery 12.00 

Miss  Alice  C.  S.  Cushman     ....  5.00 

Miss  Grace  Stackpole 15.00 

Miss  Helen  B.  Fenton 10.00 

Miss  Grace  Nichols     .  - 100.00 

Miss  Frances  C.  Dailey 22.50 

Mrs.  WilUam  S.  Ely 1,000.00 

Mrs.  Samuel  Cabot 100.00 

1916-1919     Miss  Fannie  R.  Slayton 40.00 

1916-1918     Miss  Helen  G.  O'Dea 4.00 

Miss  Helen  T.  Niverson 10.00 

1916-1919     Miss  V.  C.  Hall 50.00 

Miss  Helen  Wood 90.00 

Miss  Harriet  J.  AUyn 25.00 

Mrs.  Helen  A.  Wayland  Hudson  10.00 

Miss  Agnes  J.  Trull 10.00 

Miss  Alice  M.  Watson 10.00 

Mrs.  and  Miss  Alford 200.00 

1916-1920     Miss  Jessie  E.  Grant 20.00 

1916-1919     Miss  Eileen  R.  Curley 15.00 

1916-1918     Miss  Charlotte  M.  Perry 100.00 

Miss  Olga  Olson 5.00 

Miss  Josephine  Mulville 10.00 

Miss  Ruth  C.  Blair 5.00 

Miss  Helen  M.  Finlay 1.00 

Miss  Hannah  Ward 10.00 

Miss  Mary  L.  Keith 100.00 

Miss  Jessie  L.  Brown      25.00 

Miss  Harriet  L.  P.  Friend     ....  100.00 
Mrs.    Isaac  PhiUips,  in  memory   of 

Ethel  May  Fixter 10.00 

Miss  Rose  K.  Butler 10.00 

1916               Miss  Mary  E.  Higson 10.00 

Miss  Mehssa  J.  Cook 5.00 

Miss  Christina  J.  McDonald     .    .    .  2.00 

Carried  forward $3,569.50   $111,805.73 

226 


Financial 


1916 

1916-1919 

1916-1920 
1917 


1917-1920 


1917-1918 

1917-1919 
1917-1920 
1918-1919 


1919 

1919-1920 
1920 


Special  Purpose  Funds 

Brought  forward $3,569.50    $111,805.73 

Miss  Anna  G.  Griffin      5.00 

Mrs.  Oscar  Feuerstein 10.00 

Miss  Esther  Dart 50.00 

Miss  Hannah  J.  Brierley 35.00 

Miss  Alice  Scott 70.00 

Mrs.  Frederick  A.  Driscol      ....  10.00 

Miss  Maria  Brown      5.00 

Mrs.  Daniel  Coakley 204.00 

Mrs.  Webster  H.  Carney 8.50 

Miss  Adele  Richardson 10.00 

Miss  Ehzabeth  P.  Hamlen     ....  10.00 

Mrs.  John  R.  MacKinnon     ....  5.00 

Miss  Mary  O.  Clark 20.00 

Mrs.  Marie  A.  Sirois 25.00 

Miss  Mary  R.  Wiggin 25.00 

Miss  Helen  Redfern 10.00 

Mrs.  Justin  Starkie 5.00 

Miss  Burtella  L.  Tompkins   ....  5.00 

Miss  Ella  M.  Tompkins 10.00 

Miss  Blanche  M.  Craven 10.00 

Miss  Mae  G.  Rodger 10.00 

Miss  Alice  O.  Tippett 10.00 

A  Friend     (in  name  of  Margaret 

Russell)_ 100.00 

A  Friend  (in  memory  of  Mary  KeUey 

Johanesson) 100.00 

Miss  Edith  HinchcUffe 12.00 

Miss  Mary  E.  McEUigot 10.00 

Dr.  E.  Lawrence  OUver      ...        .  10.00 

Miss  Eunice  A.  Smith 25.00 

Miss  Myra  A.  "V\Tiitney      5.00 

Miss  Carrie  M.  Hall 50.00 

Mrs.  Ameha  S.  Crane 102.00 

Miss  Frances  P.  West 70.00 

Miss  Edith  F.  Moulton      10.00 

Miss  Laura  E.  Currier 12.00 

Mrs.  Henry  D.  Evans 5.00 

Mrs.  George  H.  Rogers 20.00 

Miss  Hilda  George 100.00 

Miss  Annie  H.  Smith      50.00 

Miss  Winifred  H.  Brooks 75.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Arthur  E.  Hudson  20.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Irene  W.  Mason  .  25.00 
Donation  of  F.  L.  Higginson  .  .  .  42.62 
Donation  of  Miss  Honora  Fitzpatrick  25.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Mary  G.  Ely  .  .  50.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Augusta  C.  Ely  .  50.00 
Donation  of  Arthur  A.  Gary  .  .  .  10.00 
Donation  of  Miss  Grace  M.  Neal  .  50.00 
Mrs.  Mabel  Morse  Hardy  ....  100.00 
Miss  Elspeth  S.  Campbell  ....  10.00 
The  Nurses'  Aides  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital 151.00 

Donation    of    Miss    Margaret   W. 

Stevenson 25.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Sarah  J.  Condon  5.00 

Carried  forward $5,441.12     $111,805.73 


227 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1920 


1920-1921 


1916-1922 


1861 


Special  Purpose  Funds 

Brought  forward 

Donation  of  Miss  Hannah  S.  Peterson 
Donation  of  Miss  Annie  C.  Carlisle 
Donation   of    Miss  Isabelle   McC. 

Lumsden 

Donation  of  Miss  Elizabeth  E.  Payne 
Donation  of  Mrs.  S.  Bell  Hartshorn 
Donation  of  Miss  Laura  A.  Wilson  . 
Donation  of  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  House  Pupils  Alumnse 

Association 

Donation  of  Miss  Minnie  S.  Hollings- 

worth 

Donation  of  Miss  Bessie  Fullerton  . 
Donation  of  Miss  Ruth  H.  King  .  . 
Donation  of  Miss  Hilda  A.  Fletcher 
(in  memory  of  Lucy  N.  Fletcher) 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Eva  S.  Rogers 
Donation  of  Mrs.  C.  K.  Ovington  . 
Donation  of  Miss  Louise  S.  Zutter  . 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Lillian  Dobie  Bal- 

boni 

Donation  of  Miss  PauUne  L.  DoUiver 
Donation  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Conway 
Donation  of  Miss  Alma  A.  Maddocks 
Donation  of  Miss  Annie  L.  Clarke  . 
Donation  of  Miss  Annie  Fletcher  . 
Donation  of  Miss  Dorothea  J.  Mac- 

Innis 

Donation  of  Miss  R.  Louise  MetcaH 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Robert  Shaw  Rus- 
sell as  a  memorial  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

Charles  Pelham  Curtis 

Donation  of  Miss  Clare  Dennison    . 
Donation  of  Miss  Anna  C.  Maxwell 
Donation  of  Miss  Rosa  A.  Munger 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Francis  M.  Racke- 


mann 

Accumulated  Income 


,441.12 

5.00 

10.00 

50.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 


100.00 

25.00 
25.00 
50.00 

100.00 
20.00 

100.00 
25.00 

25.00 
200.00 
40.00 
10.00 
10.00 
5.00 

5.00 
75.00 


1,000.00 

5.00 

25.00 

10.00 

50.00 
2,300.83 


$111,805.73 


1920 


BOWDITCH  HISTORY  FUND 

Income  and  Principal  devoted  to  the 
Publication  of  a  History  of  the  Hospital 

Bequest  of  N.  I.  Bowditch    .... 

ANNIE  NORTON  WARD  FUND 

For  Charitable  Purposes  connected 
with  the  Hospital  pursuant  to  the  vote 
of  the  Ladies'   Visiting   Committee 

Bequest  of  Miss  Annie  Norton  Ward 


9,742.45 


2,000.00 


1,000.00 


MARTHA  B.  ANGELL  FUND 

For  the  purpose  of  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Experimentation  on  Animals  to  the 
end  of  saving  human  lives 

1920-1922     Bequest  of  Mrs.  Martha  B.  Angell  . 


Carried  forward 


228 


15,842.61 
$140,390.79 


Financial 


1920 
1920-1922 


1916 
1916-1922 


1921 
1922 


1921 


1922 
1922 


1922 


Special  Purpose  Funds 

Brought  forward 

NURSES'  HOME  (McLEAN  HOSPITAL) 
FURNISHINGS  FUND 

For  Furnishings  in  proposed  Nurses'  Home 

Donations  of  Nurses  at  McLean  Hospital  $359.85 
Accumulated  Income      56.79 


TROPICAL  MEDICINE  FUND 

For  Study  and  Care  of  Tropical  Diseases 

Donation  of  United  Fruit  Company     $2,500.00 
Accumulated  Income      576.27 


WILLIAM  H.  GOVE  FUND 

For  the  Purchase  of  Radium 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Aroline  C.  Gove  .  $30,000.00 
Expended      30,000.00 


MARY  RACHEL  MARTIN  FUND 

Preferably  for  a  Needy  Dressmaker 

Bequest  of  Mary  Rachel  Martin 


NATHANIEL  T.  KIDDER  FUND 

For  Changes  in  Trustees'  Room  and  Repairing  Portraits 

Donation  of  Nathaniel  T.  Kidder    .     $2,000.00 
Expended      2,000.00 


NURSES'  HOME  AND  OTHER  IMPROVE- 
MENTS FUND 

For  an  Additional  Story  on  the  Nurses'  Home, 
Renovating  Thayer  Building  for  Nurses,  and  other 
repairs  at  the  General  Hospital 

Donation  of  Mrs.  T.  Jefferson  CooUdge  $5,000.00 

Donation  of  Edwin  A.  Grozier      .    .  5,000.00 

Donation  of  John  R.  Macomber  .    .  2,500.00 

Donation  of  Arthur  W.  Wheelwright  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Frank  G.  Webster  500.00 

Donation  of  Horace  S.  Sears     .    .    .  500.00 
Donation  of  Mr.   and  Mrs.   W.    L. 

Shearer 1,000.00 

Donation  of  John  S.  Lawrence     .    .  500.00 

Donation  of  Frank  G.  Webster     .    .  10,000.00 

Donation  of  WilHam  Endicott  .    .    .  10,000.00 

Donation  of  F.  L.  Higginson     .    .    .  5,000.00 

Donation  of  Frank  W.  Remick     .    .  5,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Shepherd  Brooks  3,000.00 
Donation  of  A  Friend  (through  Wm. 

Endicott)      1,000.00 

Donation  of  C.  W.  Barron     ....  500.00 

Donation  of  Herbert  M.  Sears      .    .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  George  P.  Gardner    .    .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Thomas  P.  Beal    .    .    .  500.00 

Donation  of  Charles  P.  Curtis  .    .    .  100.00 
Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas 

B.  Gannett      2,500.00 


Total  Special  Purpose  Funds 

229 


$140,390.79 


416.64 

3,076.27 

0. 

500.00 


55,600.00 
$199,983.70 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


GENERAL  FUND 


1811              Commonwealth    of    Massachusetts,  Province 

House  Estate $40,000.00 

Cutting  stone  for  Hospital 35,070.27 

1811-1843     Subscribers  for  Foundation: 

Benjamin  and  Caleb  Adams  .    .    .  $100.00 

Joseph  AUen 100.00 

Hannah  R.  Amory 100.00 

John  Amory 200.00 

Jonathan  Amory 200.00 

Ebenezer  T.  Adams 300.00 

Nathan  Appleton 500.00 

Samuel  Appleton 2,000.00 

William  Appleton,  for  himself  .    .  100.00 

William  Appleton,  for  an  imlcnown  200.00 

Samuel  T.  Armstrong      100.00 

Nathaniel  Austin 100.00 

AdamBabcock 300.00 

Baker,  Brown,  &  Co 100.00 

Aaron  Baldwin 110.00 

Charles  Barnard 100.00 

John  Bartlett   .    .    .    ." 100.00 

Thomas  Bartlett      300.00 

Stephen  Bean 100.00 

Jeremiah  Belknap 100.00 

John  Belknap 100.00 

John  Bellows 100.00 

Amos  Binney 300.00 

John  Bishop 100.00 

George  Blake 100.00 

George  Bond 180.00 

Boott,  Kirk,  &  Sons 300.00 

Mary  Boott      300.00 

Charles  Bradbury 100.00 

GamaUel  Bradford 100.00 

Joseph  P.  Bradlee 100.00 

Josiah  Bradlee 200.00 

Thomas  D.  Bradlee 100.00 

Nathan  Bridge 100.00 

Andrew  Brimmer 100.00 

John  Brooks 100.00 

Peter  C.  Brooks 2,000.00 

Moses  Brown 100.00 

Samuel  Brown 100.00 

John  Bryant 100.00 

Thomas  Bumstead 125.00 

Benjamin  Bussey     .......  1,000.00 

George  Cabot 100.00 

John  Cabot 150.00 

Sarah  and  Susan  Cabot      ....  100.00 

WiUiam  Cabot 100.00 

Francis  Carnes 200.00 

Carried  forward $11,665.00      $75,070.27 

230 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $11,665.00      $75,070.27 

1811-1843         Richard  Chamberlain 100.00 

Walter  Channing 100.00 

WiUiam  E.  Channing 100.00 

Henry  Chapman      100.00 

Town  of  Chelsea      145.42 

David  W.  Child 100.00 

Samuel  Cobb 200.00 

WiUiam  Cochran 100.00 

Charles  R.  Codman 100.00 

Margaret  Coffin  (and  Ann  Smith)  100.00 

CoUections  in  Ward  4 340.00 

CoUections  in  Ward  10 373.00 

Joseph  CooUdge 2,000.00 

Joseph  Coolidge,  Jr 1,000.00 

Thomas  Cordis 100.00 

Uriah  Cotting 100.00 

Allen  Crocker 100.00 

Benjamin  W.  Crowninshield  .    .    .  200.00 

George  Crowninshield 500.00 

Thomas  Curtis 100.00 

John  P.  Cushing      .......  5,000.00 

Thomas  Cushing,  a  share  in  Ex- 
change Coffee  House,  worth      .  300.00 

WilHam  Dall 100.00 

Benjamin  Dana 100.00 

Nathan  Dane 200.00 

Amasa  Davis 100.00 

A.  and  C.  Davis 150.00 

Charles  Davis 100.00 

Daniel  Davis 100.00 

Eleanor  Davis      200.00 

Joshua  Davis 100.00 

WiUiam  Davis      150.00 

Thomas  Dawes 100.00 

H.  A.  S.  Dearborn 150.00 

P.  P.  F.  Degrand 175.00 

Thomas  Dennie 100.00 

John  Derby 300.00 

Richard  Derby 100.00 

Richard  C.  Derby 300.00 

Humphrey  Devereux 100.00 

Aaron  Dexter 100.00 

Katharine  Dexter 100.00 

Pickering  Dodge      300.00 

John  Dorr 110.00 

Samuel  Dorr 100.00 

Catherine  Eliot 200.00 

John  S.  EUery      100.00 

David  EUis 100.00 

Samuel  Endicott      100.00 

Otis  Everett 100.00 

Exhibition  of  Mummy 1,257.87 

Samuel  Fales 100.00 

Ebenezer  Farley 125.00 

Female  Association 753.08 

Joseph  Field 100.00 

Carried  forward $29,194.37      $75,070.27 

231 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward $29,194.37      $75,070.27 

1811-1843         Joshua  Fisher 100.00 

Simon  Forrester 2,000.00 

Ebenezer  Francis 200.00 

John  French 100.00 

French  and  Weld 120.00 

Robert  H.  Gardiner 200.00 

Samuel  P.  Gardiner 100.00 

Abraham  Gibson 100.00 

Nathaniel  Goddard 200.00 

John  Gore 200.00 

Francis  C.  Gray 100.00 

Henry  Gray 1,000.00 

Horace  Gray 1,000.00 

John  C.  Gray 100.00 

John  C.  Gray 300.00 

WiUiam  Gray 500.00 

Gardiner  Greene,  $1,000  in  three 

per  cents 650.00 

David  Greenough 200.00 

David  S.  Greenough 200.00 

Dudley  Hall 200.00 

Samuel  Hammond 200.00 

John  Hancock      200.00 

Harvard  College 213.32 

Lemuel  Hayward 100.00 

Joseph  Head     .    .    .  ^ 1,000.00 

Joseph  Head,  Jr 100.00 

Augustine  Heard 100.00 

Barnabas  Hedge 150.00 

David  Hinckley 1,000.00 

Hingham,  Third  Parish      ....  504.44 

John  Holland 200.00 

Benjamin  P.  Homer 100.00 

Henry  Homes 100.00 

John  Howe 100.00 

Henry  Hubbard 100.00 

John  Hubbard 200.00 

Humane  Society  of  Massachusetts  5,140.56 

Humane  Society  (Merrimack)  .    .  2,000.00 

Jonathan  Hunnewell 100.00 

John  Hurd 100.00 

Joseph  Hurd 200.00 

Charles  Jackson 400.00 

James  Jackson 420.00 

Patrick  T.  Jackson      220.00 

Samuel  Jacques,  Jr 100.00 

John  CoflSn  Jones 500.00 

Thomas  Kilby  Jones 200.00 

Abigail  Joy  and  family 300.00 

Benjamin  Joy 250.00 

John  Kidder,  Jr 100.00 

Josiah  Knapp 100.00 

Seth  Knowles 100.00 

Wilham  Lambert 100.00 

Amos  and  Abbott  Lawrence      .    .  200.00 

William  Lawrence 100.00 


Carried  forward    . $51,762.69      $75,070.27 

232 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $51,762.69      $75,070.27 

1811-1843         Francis  Lee 100.00 

George  Lee 150.00 

Joseph  Lee 300.00 

Thomas  Lee,  Jr 100.00 

Winslow  Lewis 100.00 

Lincobi  and  Wheelwright  ....  100.00 

James  Lloyd 1,000.00 

Caleb  Loring 100.00 

Francis  C.  LoweU 400.00 

JohnLoweU      450.00 

George  W.  Lyman 150.00 

Theodore  Lyman 2,000.00 

Theodore  Lyman,  Jr 150.00 

Josiah  Marshall 100.00 

Massachusetts  Charitable  Fire  So- 
ciety    900.00 

PerrinMay 100.00 

Samuel  May 100.00 

Samuel  R.  Miner      100.00 

WiUiamMinot 100.00 

John  Morse 100.00 

Thomas  Motley 100.00 

Israel  Munson 1,000.00 

Caleb  Oakes 100.00 

John  Odin 200.00 

George  Odiome 100.00 

Joseph  Orne 200.00 

Samuel  Ome 200.00 

JohnOsbom 200.00 

H.  G.  Otis 500.00 

Daniel  P.  Parker 500.00 

John  Parker 500.00 

Samuel  Parkman 2,000.00 

Samuel  Parkman,  Jr 200.00 

Nehemiah  Parsons 200.00 

WiUiam  Parsons 1,500.00 

M.  Payne      100.00 

WiUiam  Payne 100.00 

Joseph  Peabody 2,000.00 

James  Perkins      5,000.00 

Samuel  G.  Perkins 100.00 

Thomas  H.  Perkins     ......  5,000.00 

John  Perry 100.00 

John  Philhps 100.00 

Jonathan  PhiUips 100.00 

Stephen  PhiUips 200.00 

WiUiam  PhiUips,  including  $5,000 

legacy  of  his  father 20,000.00 

Henry  Pickering 100.00 

Benjamin  Pickman,  Jr 1,000.00 

Dudley  L.  Pickman 150.00 

WiUiam  Pickman 300.00 

Paschal  P.  Pope 100.00 

John  Pratt 135.00 

Wmiam  Pratt 400.00 

WiUiam  Prescott 150.00 

Carried  forward $100,997.69      $75,070.27 

233 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward $100,997.69      $75,070.27 

1811-1843         James  Prince 250.00 

John  Prince 200.00 

Josiah  Quincy 200.00 

Isaac  Rand 100.00 

JohnRandaU 100.00 

John  T.  Reed 100.00 

Joseph  W.  Revere 100.00 

Paul  Revere 100.00 

Henry  G.  Rice 100.00 

Benjamin  Rich 300.00 

John  Richards      100.00 

Andrew  Ritchie 500.00 

Nathan  Robinson 200.00 

Daniel  D.  Rogers 1,000.00 

WilUam  Ropes 150.00 

Nathaniel  P.  Russell 500.00 

Samuel  Salisbury 500.00 

Samuel  Salisbury,  Jr 100.00 

Samuel  Sanford 300.00 

Daniel  Sargent 200.00 

Ignatius  Sargent 400.00 

WilHam  Sawyer 100.00 

David  Sears 5,000.00 

Joseph  SewaU 500.00 

Robert  G.  Shaw 500.00 

Michael  Shepherd    .    .- 100.00 

William  Shimmin 100.00 

Nathaniel  Silsbee 100.00 

John  Skinner 100.00 

Barney  Smith 400.00 

Samuel  Snelhng .  100.00 

Washington   Benevolent   Society, 

Charlestown  Branch 200.00 

HoUis-street  Society 148.05 

First  Church  Society 100.67 

King's  Chapel  Society 114.44 

West  Church  Society      190.06 

Roman  Catholic  Society    ....  100.40 

First  Parish  Society,  Dorchester  .  168.48 

Dr.  Bancroft's  Society,  Worcester  140.60 

Dr.  Pierce's  Society,  Brookhne     .  173.38 

JohnSoley 100.00 

Samuel  Spear 100.00 

Phineas  Spelman 100.00 

William  Spooner      100.00 

Francis  Stanton 100.00 

RusseU  Sturgis 200.00 

William  Sturgis 100.00 

George  Sullivan 200.00 

Richard  Sullivan 400.00 

WiUiam  SulUvan      200.00 

John  Tappan 350.00 

Lewis  Tappan 100.00 

Charles  Taylor 300.00 

Boston  Theatre 1,190.00 

Abraham  Thompson 100.00 

Carried  forward $118,473.77      $75,070.27 

234 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $118,473.77      $75,070.27 

1811-1843         Israel  Thorndike 2,000.00 

Israel  Thorndike,  Jr 100.00 

Joseph  Tilden 100.00 

Catherine  Torrey 200.00 

John  G.  Torrey 100.00 

Samuel  Torrey 100.00 

Abraham  Touro 300.00 

George  Trott 100.00 

Gideon  Tucker 200.00 

Richard  D.  Tucker 100.00 

Edward  Tuckerman 100.00 

Edward  Tuckerman,  Jr 500.00 

William  and  Gustavus  Tuckerman  100.00 

Town  of  Concord 200.00 

Town  of  Maiden 193.80 

Cotton  Tufts 135.00 

Nathan  Tufts 100.00 

Phineas  Upham 100.00 

Vose,  Coates  &  Co 100.00 

Daniel  Waldo 200.00 

Thomas  B.  Wales 100.00 

Timothy  Walker 150.00 

WiUiam  J.  Walker 400.00 

ArtemasWard 100.00 

NahumWard 100.00 

Thomas  W.  Ward 150.00 

WiUiam  Ward 100.00 

John  C.  Warren 400.00 

Redford  Webster 153.00 

Francis  Welch      200.00 

Benjamin  Weld 500.00 

John  Welles      300.00 

Nathaniel  West 1,000.00 

EhzaWetmore 200.00 

Elisha  Wheeler 100.00 

Moses  Wheeler 100.00 

James  White 300.00 

Asa  Whitney 100.00 

Benjamin  Wiggin   (Exhibition  of 

Picture) 1,604.07 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 200.00 

Ehphalet  WiUiams 100.00 

John  D.  WiUiams 1,000.00 

Moses  WilUams 100.00 

Samuel  G.  Williams 100.00 

Thomas  Williams 100.00 

Timothy  WiUiams 100.00 

Amasa  Winchester  .......  100.00 

Edmund  Winchester 100.00 

Thomas  L.  Winthrop 100.00 

John  Wood 100.00 

Sundry  subscribers,  less  than  $100  15,332.91      146,992.55 

1813  John  Lucas 900.00 

1819  Polly  RusseU 400.00 

1820  Samuel  Eliot 10,000.00 

Carried  forward $233,362.82 

235 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward $233,362.82 

1820              Beza  Tucker 5,350.00 

1822  Seth  Webber 1,000.00 

1823  Abraham  Touro 10,000.00 

1824-1835     John  McLean 119,858.20 

1826              Thomas  Oliver 22,438.70 

Allan  Crocker 100.00 

1829  James  Savage 100.00 

1831-1849     Isaiah  Thomas 6,370.33 

1832-1833     Mary  Belknap 89,882.60 

1834  Jonathan  Moseley 753.46 

1836  Susan  Richardson 250.00 

1838  Ambrose  S.  Courtis 2,500.00 

1841  Peter  Westerfield 165.67 

1844  Subscribers  for  Enlargement  of  Hospital : 

Charles  Amory $500.00 

James  S.  Amory 250.00 

WiUiam  Amory 500.00 

Ebenezer  T.  Andrews 1,000.00 

Nathan  Appleton 1,000.00 

Samuel  Appleton 2,000.00 

Samuel  A.  Appleton 100.00 

WiUiam  Appleton 2,000.00 

Samuel  T.  Armstrong 100.00 

Edward  Austin 100.00 

Richard  Aylwin 100.00 

Daniel  C.  Bacon      . " 100.00 

Benjamin  Bangs 200.00 

Charles  Barnard 500.00 

Francis  Bassett 100.00 

John  D.  Bates      250.00 

AmosBinney 200.00 

Mrs.  Joshua  Blake 200.00 

Edward  Blanchard      500.00 

WiUiam  H.  Boardman 100.00 

J.  IngersoU  Bowditch 100.00 

N.  I.  Bowditch 500.00 

Dwight  Boyden 100.00 

Josiah  Bradlee 1,000.00 

James  B.  Bradlee 200.00 

Martin  Brimmer 500.00 

P.  C.  Brooks 2,000.00 

P.  C.  Brooks,  Jr 500.00 

JohnBromfield 100.00 

John  Bryant,  Jr 250.00 

Henry  Cabot 200.00 

Thomas  G.  Cary 100.00 

Carney  and  Sleeper 100.00 

Caleb  Chase 200.00 

EbenChadwick 500.00 

Abiel  Chandler 100.00 

Jonas  Chickering 500.00 

Charles  R.  Codman 100.00 

Edward  Codman  &  Co 100.00 

Henry  Codman 100.00 

Gardner  Colby 100.00 

B.  W.  Crowninshield 300.00 

Carried  forward $17,450.00    $492,131.78 

236 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $17,450.00    $492,131.78 

1844                  A.  and  C.  Cunningham 100.00 

Charles  P.  Curtis 100.00 

Thomas  B.  Curtis 100.00 

Peter  R.  Dalton 100.00 

Samuel  Dana 100.00 

John  James  Dixwell 100.00 

J.  W.  Edmands 200.00 

Samuel  A.  Eliot 500.00 

Moses  Everett 100.00 

Samuel  Fales 200.00 

Richard  Fletcher .  100.00 

John  M.  Forbes 100.00 

Ebenezer  Francis 1,000.00 

George  Gardner 100.00 

John  L.  Gardner      1,000.00 

John  Goodenough 100.00 

Benjamin  Goddard 500.00 

Ozias  Goodwin 500.00 

Francis  C.  Gray 500.00 

Horace  Gray 300.00 

John  C.  Gray 1,000.00 

Samuel  C.  Gray 100.00 

WiUiam  Gray 100.00 

EUzabeth  C.  Greene 500.00 

Sarah  Greene 1,000.00 

David  S.  Greenough 100.00 

Henry  Hall 100.00 

George  Hallett 200.00 

George  Hayward 100.00 

Nathaniel  Hooper 100.00 

Robert  Hooper 250.00 

Robert  C.  Hooper 100.00 

Samuel  Hooper 250.00 

George  Howe 500.00 

Jabez  C.  Howe 200.00 

lasigi  and  Goddard 100.00 

P.  T.  Jackson 100.00 

James  Johnson 100.00 

Samuel  Johnson 100.00 

Abigail  Joy 100.00 

Abel  Kendall,  Jr 100.00 

George  H.  Kuhn      100.00 

Lane  and  Reed 100.00 

Abbott  Lawrence 2,000.00 

Amos  Lawrence 1,000.00 

Amos  A.  Lawrence      100.00 

WiUiam  Lawrence 1,000.00 

Lawrence  and  Stone 500.00 

George  Lee 1,000.00 

Thomas  Lee 500.00 

Isaac  Livermore 100.00 

Elijah  Lormg 100.00 

Francis  C.  Loring 100.00 

John  J.  and  Francis  Low   ....  100.00 

Francis  C.  Lowell 500.00 

John  A.  Lowell 1.000.00 


Carried  forward $36,650.00    $492,131.78 

237 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward $36,650.00    $492,131.78 

1844                  Charles  Lyman 500.00 

George  W.  Lyman 500.00 

Theodore  Lyman 1,000.00 

John  Marland 100.00 

Robert  M.  Mason 100.00 

William  P.  Mason 500.00 

Charles  H.  Mills      100.00 

MUton  and  Slocumb 100.00 

Benjamin  R.  Nichols 100.00 

William  OUver 100.00 

William  F.  Otis 100.00 

Daniel  P.  Parker 500.00 

James  Parker 500.00 

John  Parker 1,000.00 

George  Parkman 150.00 

William  Parsons 100.00 

WilUam  P.  Perkins 100.00 

Edward  D.  Peters 100.00 

William  Phipps 100.00 

C.  Gayton  Pickman 100.00 

Paschal  P.  Pope 500.00 

Mary  Pratt 500.00 

WiUiam  Prescott 500.00 

William  H.  Prescott 100.00 

Samuel  R.  Putnam 100.00 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr. 1,000.00 

Joseph  W.  Revere 100.00 

Rice  and  Thaxter 100.00 

Richardson,  Jeffrey,  and  Brother  100.00 

Edward  H.  Robbins 100.00 

Henry  B.  Rogers 500.00 

James  D.  RusseU 100.00 

Richardson,  Burrage,  and  Co.  .    .  100.00 

Stephen  SaUsbury 500.00 

Ignatius  Sargent      1,000.00 

Lucius  M.  Sargent 100.00 

James  Savage 100.00 

Willard  Sayles      500.00 

David  Sears      2,000.00 

R.  G.  Shaw 1,000.00 

Francis  Skinner 250.00 

Josiah  Stickney 100.00 

Charles  Stoddard 100.00 

WilUam  Sturgis 1,000.00 

John  E.  Thayer 500.00 

Nathaniel  Thayer 100.00 

Joseph  TUden 100.00 

Henry  Timmins 500.00 

PhineasUpham 1,000.00 

Daniel  Waldo  and  sister     ....  200.00 

Thomas  B.  Wales 1,000.00 

WiUiam  J.  WaUier 200.00 

Waterson,  Pray,  and  Co 100.00 

John  C.  Warren 500.00 

JohnWeUes      500.00 

Thomas  Wetmore 100.00 


earned  forward $57,750.00    $492,131.78 

238 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $57,750.00    $492,131.78 

1844  William  F.  Whitney 100.00 

Edward  Wigglesworth 100.00 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 300.00 

John  D.  Williams 2,000.00 

Moses  WiUiams    ........  100.00 

Simdry  subscribers,  less  than  $100  2,100.00 

62,450.00 

Moses  Everett 116.00 

Israel  Mvmson      20,000.00 

1844-1866     Mrs.  E.  G.  Everett 475.00 

1845  WiUiam  RusseU 100.00 

John  Brown      100.00 

1847-1849     Sarah  Clough 601.16 

1851  EUzabeth  SaUsbury 4,000.00 

1852  James  Ingersoll 2,000.00 

1854  JudahTouro 10,000.00 

1855  William  Appleton 20,000.00 

Ehzabeth  Pratt 20,000.00 

1856  Subscribers  for  Brick  Fence : 

Nathan  Appleton 1500.00 

WiUiam  Appleton 500.00 

Josiah  Bradlee 500.00 

P.  C.  Brooks 250.00 

John  P.  Gushing      250.00 

Jonathan  Phillips 500.00 

David  Sears      500.00 

WiUiam  Sturgis 250.00 

3,250.00 

1857  WiUiam  Pickman 4,000.00 

EUison  LasseU      6,888.60 

1858  Agnes  Austin 7,500.00 

1858-1879  M.  P.  Sawyer 119,687.93 

1859  George  HUls 1,000.00 

1860  Wmiam  I.  Bowditch 274.25 

1861  J.  Poland 15.00 

J.  Bowdoin  Bradlee 500.00 

1863  Subscribers  for  Cottage  for  Males  at 

Asylum : 

WiUiam  Amory $500,00 

Francis  Bacon      500.00 

Wilham  B.  Bacon 250.00 

Benjamin  E.  Bates 1,000.00 

John  BaUard 300.00 

James  M.  Beebe 2,000.00 

Mrs.  Nath.  I.  Bowditch     ....  5,000.00 

J.  Bowdoin  Bradlee 500.00 

Gardner  Brewer 2,000.00 

Martin  Brimmer      1,000.00 

Peter  C.  Brooks 1,000.00 

WiUiam  S.  BuUard 2,000.00 

J.  Amory  Davis 500.00 

J.  Edgerton 1,000.00 

J.  Wiley  Edmands 500.00 

Joseph  S.  Fay 500.00 

John  C.  Gray 1,000.00 

Mrs.  Henry  Grew    ........  300.00 

Carried  forward $19,850.00    $775,089.72 

239 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward $19,850.00    $775,089.72 

1863                  George  Higginson 500.00 

Robert  Hooper 250.00 

George  Howe 1,000.00 

Jabez  C.  Howe 1  000.00 

Peter  Hubbell 500.00 

H.  H.  Hunnewell .'  1,000.00 

Miss  Anna  P.  Jones 400.00 

James  LawTence 1  000.00 

Abbott  Lawrence 1  000.00 

Charles  Lyman 300.00 

George  W.  Lyman 500.00 

Robert  M.  Mason 500.00 

Ex'rs  of  Henry  P.  Oxnard     .    .    .  500.00 

J.  W.  Paige 500.00 

Benjamm  T.  Reed 250.00 

George  C.  Richardson 1,000  00 

Henry  B.  Rogers 1,000.00 

David  Sears 1  000.00 

G.  Howland  Shaw 1,000.00 

Francis  Skinner 1,000.00 

Henry  P.  Sturgis '50o!oO 

WiUiam  Sturgis 1,000.00 

Nathamel  Thayer 3,000.00 

George  W.  Wales 500.00 

Miss  Mary  Anne  Wales     ....  500.00 

William  F.  Weld      .    .^ 1,000.00 

B.  C.  White 30o!oO 

Joseph  Whitney 500.00 

Misses  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

Edward  Wigglesworth 500.00 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 300.00 

Moses  Wilhams 1,000.00 

J.  Huntington  Wolcott 300.00 

vv    u  *!,  xi-11  44,450.00 

Mizabeth  Hill 907  rn 

1864  William  S.  Bullard '.'.'.'.'.'.'.  800  00 

William  Oliver '  57  750  04 

1865  Hannah  F.  Lee    . 1  000  00 

William  Minot 'lOO  00 

Stephen  Salisbury ;.;;."::  5,000^00 

Edward  Whitney 5,000.00 

isfifi  Edward  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

loob  Subscribers  m  Aid  of  Funds: 

WilUamAmory $250.00 

William  T.  Andrews 500.00 

Charles  H.  Appleton 500.00 

Nathan  Appleton,  Jr 250.00 

Thomas  G.  Appleton l,OOo!oO 

William  Appleton,  Jr 500.00 

William  S.  Appleton 500.00 

Anonymous,  by  W.  S.  B 500.00 

Francis  Bacon      500.00 

James  M.  Beebe 5,000.00 

George  B.  Blake 'lOo!oO 

John  Borland 300.00 

Boston  Stock  Exchange  Board     .  1,000.00 

Carried  forward $10,900.00    $890,437.26 

240 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $10,900.00    $890,437.26 

1866                  Mrs.  N.  I.  Bowditch 5,000.00 

F.  H.  and  J.  B.  Bradlee     ....  500.00 

Martin  Brimmer 1,000.00 

Edward  Brooks .  500.00 

Peter  C.  Brooks 1,000.00 

Peter  C.  Brooks,  Jr 1,000.00 

Shepherd  Brooks 1,000.00 

WilUam  S.  Bullard 5,000.00 

Edward  A.  Codman 500.00 

Caleb  A.  Curtis 100.00 

Greely  S.  Curtis 500.00 

John  G.  Cushing 500.00 

Robert  M.  Cushing 500.00 

Thomas  F.  Cushing 500.00 

Otis  Daniels 500.00 

Isaac  Warren  Danforth      ....  500.00 

F.  Gordon  Dexter 500.00 

Albert  Fearing 500.00 

Augustus  Flagg 100.00 

WiUiam  H.  Gardiner 250.00 

George  Gardner 300.00 

Henry  J.  Gardner 500.00 

John  L.  Gardner      5,000.00 

Joseph  B.  Glover 300.00 

The  Misses  EUza  and  Lucy  Goodwin       500.00 

Mrs.  Henry  Grew 500.00 

Andrew  T.  HaU 100.00 

Augustine  Heard 250.00 

Mrs.  Augustus  Hemenway    .    .    .  1,000.00 

George  Higginson 250.00 

Robert  Hooper 200.00 

C.  F.  Hovey  &  Co 1,000.00 

George  Howe 1,000.00 

Jabez  C.  Howe 2,000.00 

Thomas  Howe      250.00 

Horatio  H.  Himnewell 2,000.00 

lasigi,  Goddard  &  Co 500.00 

Herman  B.  Inches 250.00 

Abbott  Lawrence 500.00 

Amos  A.  Lawrence      500.00 

James  Lawrence 1,000.00 

James  L.  Little 1,000.00 

Mrs.  John  E.  Lodge 300.00 

Francis  C.  Lowell 250.00 

John  Amory  Lowell 1,000.00 

George  W.  Lyman 1,000.00 

Theodore  Lyman 200.00 

Robert  M.  Mason 1,000.00 

William  P.  Mason 500.00 

Theodore  Matchett 200.00 

Nathan  Matthews 200.00 

James  McGregor 250.00 

Charles  H.  Minot 100.00 

George  R.  Minot 200.00 

Enoch  R.  Mudge 1,000.00 

Charles  Merriam 250.00 

Carried  forward $56,200.00    $890,437.26 

241 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
General  Fund 

Brought  forward   .......  $56,200.00    $890,437.26 

1866  E.  Francis  Parker 100.00 

John  Brooks  Parker 500.00 

Samuel  R.  Payson 1,000.00 

William  Perking 500.00 

Andrew  Pierce,  Jr 100.00 

Miss  Sarah  P.  Pratt 1,000.00 

Miss  Mary  Pratt 1,000.00 

Jeffrey  Richardson 1,000.00 

Henry  B.  Rogers 1,000.00 

George  C.  Shattuck 500.00 

Francis  Skinner  &  Co 2,000.00 

Henry  P.  Sturgis 500.00 

Samuel  W.  Swett 250.00 

Nathaniel  Thayer 25,000.00 

William  Thomas      100.00 

Mrs.  William  Thomas 100.00 

Mrs.  WilUam  W.  Wadsworth    .    .  500.00 

Miss  M.  A.  Wales 300.00 

WiUiam  G.  Weld 250.00 

George  D.  Welles 100.00 

Miss  Susan  J.  WeUes 500.00 

Miss  Jane  Welles 500.00 

Benjamin  C.  White 200.00 

Joseph  Whitney 500.00 

Miss  Anne  Wigglesworth   ....  1,000.00 

Miss  Mary  Wiggleswprth  ....  1,000.00 

Edward  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 1,000.00 

Moses  Williams 3,000.00 

Robert  C.  Winthrop 100.00 

100,800.00 

Rev.  Mr.  Spaulding 500.00 

Rev.  S.  M.  Worcester 1,900.00 

F.  N.  MitcheU     67.50 

1867  Sarah  Pratt 18,800.00 

Charles  Harris      1,000.00 

J.  Mason  Warren 2,000.00 

1868  AbigaULoring      38,901.67 

St.  Stephen's  Chapel 2,000.00 

MorriUWyman 200.00 

1870  Amateur  Dramatic  Association 450.00 

H.  J.  Bigelow 500.00 

1871  Sidney  Homer      1,000.00 

1871-1917  Massachusetts  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Co.    .    .  410,000.00 

1874-1886  Hospital  Sunday      10,798.28 

1875  Miss  M.  C.  Bryant 500.00 

1877-1883  Charlotte  Harris      274,457.33 

1877  Ehzabeth  Powers 3,000.00 

1878  Edward  Blanchard      3,000.00 

1879  J.  T.  CooUdge 100.00 

Margaret  Tucker 49.63 

Miss  Marian  Hovey 1,000.00 

Henry  S.  Hovey 1,000.00 

Mrs.  John  T.  Morse,  Jr 1,000.00 

1880  F.James 846.07 

1881  John  C.Gray 25,000.00 

earned  forward $1,789,307.74 

242 


Financial 

General  Fund 

Brought  forward $1,789,307.74 

1881  Thomas  D.  Quincy 1,000.00 

E.  R.  Mudge 1,000.00 

Sir  Moses  Montefiore 5.97 

1882  Mary  Pratt 20,000.00 

Miss  Mary  Wigglesworth 5,000.00 

G.  H.  Gay  Fund      25,000.00 

Edwin  Fiske 50.00 

1883  Jerome  G.  Kidder 25,000.00 

1884  AmasaGuHd 40.00 

Thomas  G.  Appleton 5,000.00 

1885  A.W.Folsom 125.00 

Dr.  Francis  P.  Hurd 10,030.56 

John  Wilson 13,600.00 

1887  E.  W.  Hooper 1,500.00 

1888-1898     Helen  C.  Bradlee 75,000.00 

1888  Mrs.  EUot  Hubbard 1,000.00 

Francis  C.  Balch 50.00 

1891  Abraham  Goldsmid 150.00 

Joseph  Schofield 3,000.00 

Anne  Wigglesworth 5,000.00 

Augustus  L.  Case 500.00 

Mrs.  J.  S.  Cabot      50.00 

1892  EUzabeth  B.  Bowditch 5,000.00 

1893-1894     George  A.  Gardner 50,000.00 

1893-1922     Anna  S.  C.  Prince 20,850.00 

1894  Henry  P.  Kidder 10,000.00 

1895  George  W.  Ellis 50.00 

Benefit  Performance  —  Henry  Irving      ....  884.25 

Henry  C.  Hutchins 2,000.00 

Walter  Hunnewell 1,000.00 

1897               Louisa  C.  Palfrey 2,000.00 

EUenFUnt 28.86 

1897-1901     Mary  B.  Turner 2,580.61 

1897  EUen  F.  Mason 1,000.00 

E.  B.  Bush 50.00 

J.  W.  Quimby 50.00 

1898-1921     Henry  L.  Pierce 803,130.56 

1898-1905     Subscribers  to  EUot  Chapel 33,220.07 

1898  Thomas  E.  Proctor 145,000.00 

A.  C.  Slater 1,000.00 

Thomas  F.  Wyman 119,720.41 

1899  Otis  E.Weld 1,063.50 

1900-1908     J.  Putnam  Bradlee      243,391.24 

1900  Robert  C.  BiUings 50,000.00 

Francis  E.  Bangs 2,000.00 

Daniel  Sharp  Ford 7,000.00 

1901-1906     Robert  Henry  Eddy 56,788.00 

1901-1913     Mrs.  John  B.  Tileston 505.00 

1901  Euphemia  Millar 2,557.74 

Robert  Codman 5,000.00 

1902  Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren      ....'. 20,000.00 

Edward  I.  Brown 10,000.00 

Mrs.  EUzabeth  L.  Wyman 250.00 

George  Gardner 1,000.00 

Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer 1,000.00 

Edward  F.  Daland      1,000.00 

Carried  forward $3,580,529.51 

243 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1902 

1903-1908 

1903 


1904-1905 
1904-1907 
1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 

1907-1912 
1907-1915 
1907 


1907-1914 

1907 

1908-1915 

1908-1911 

1908-1918 

1908 


1909 


1909-1915 
1910 


1910-1911 
1910 


1910-1913 
1910 


General  Fund 

Brought  forward $3,580,529.51 

Children  of  Mrs.  Henry  Winsor  (Phila.)     .    .    .  1,000.00 

William  S.  Dexter 5,000.00 

C.  H.  W.  Foster 500.00 

Jacob  Hecht 500.00 

Merchants'  &  Miners'  Transportation  Co.     .    .  50.00 

Sarah  A.  Matchett      1,000.00 

Charles  H.  Hayden 102,133.33 

Thomas  Wigglesworth 15,000.00 

Mrs.  Ahce  B.  Chase 1,000.00 

Harriet  O.  Cruft 2,000.00 

Mrs.  Henry  Lee 2,000.00 

Mrs.  WilUam  Caleb  Loring 100.00 

EUen  V.Smith 50.00 

J.  H.  T.  Adams 58,256.46 

Edward  W.  Codman 303,073.91 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  S.  Grew 1,000.00 

Mrs.  H.  Kuhn      50.00 

Desmond  FitzGerald 25.00 

Laura  M.  Moore 2,500.00 

Martin  Brimmer      20,000.00 

"William  Bolton 555.22 

Edward  Woodman 1,000.00 

Henry  L.  Higginson 1,000.00 

Mrs.  George  D.  Howe 1,000.00 

Charles  E.  French 10,000.00 

Mrs.  J.  J.  Storrow  .    .  ^ 25.00 

Donation  and  Bequest  of  Henry  B.  MulUken    .  113,424.21 

Donation  of  Miss  Georgina  LoweU 170.00 

Donation  of  Wilham  Amory 50.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Alice  M.  Longfellow    ....  5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  R.  G.  Shaw  . 50.00 

Donation  of  WiUiam  P.  Blake 250.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Anna  Dehon  Blake     ....  25.00 

Donation  of  Philip  S.  Sears 125.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  B.  L.  Young 75.00 

Donation  of  Charles  W.  Hubbard 375.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  John  H.  Sturgis 10.00 

From  Orthopaedic  Ward  Fund      38,577.72 

Bequest  of  Luther  Farnham      466.63 

Donation  of  "Cash" 1.00 

Donation  of  C.  O.  Brewster 12.00 

Bequest  of  George  F.  Parkman 50,000.00 

Donation  of  J.  P.  Reynolds,  Jr 50.00 

Donation  and  Bequest  of  Francis  Skinner,  Jr.   .  12,000.00 

Donation  of  T.  C.  Thatcher      25.00 

Donation  of  Howard  Child 25.00 

Bequest  of  George  W.  Boyd      2,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Frances  R.  Jones 35.00 

Charity  Contest  —  Henry  Siegel  Co 30.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  G.  W.  W.  Dorr 25.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Ellen  T.  Emerson 10.00 

Bequest  of  WiUiam  J.  Chever 8,116.95 

Bequest  of  John  E.  Atkins 89,420.68 

Bequest  of  George  Dexter 10,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Frederick  C.  Shattuck,  "Wal- 

cott  Fellowship"      300.00 

Carried  forward $4,435,002.62 

244 


Financial 


1910 

1910-1916 
1911-1919 
1920 

1911 


1911-1912 
1911 

1911-1921 
1911 

1912-1916 
1912 


1913-1917 
1913 

1913-1916 
1913 


1913-1915 

1913-1919 

1913 

1913-1919 

1913-1914 

1913 

1913-1922 

1913 

1913-1914 
1913 


1913-1922 
1913 


General  Fund 

Brought  forward $4,435,002.62 

Donation  of  R.  M.  Burden 50.00 

Bequest  of  Lucy  F.  Simmons 5,007.04 

Donation  of  Miss  Marian  L.  Blake      105.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Marian  L.  Blake,  in  memory 

of  Moses  Williams 200.00 

Bequest  of  John  Ashton 22,176.47 

Donation  of  E.  C.  Lee  "Walcott  Fellowship"   .  500.00 

Donation  of  Madame  la  Vicomtesse  Treilhard   .  400.00 

Donation  of  Harvey  H.  Baker      10.00 

Donation  of  Lionel  Norman      9.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  Frederick  C.  Shattuck  ....  400.00 

Bequest  of  Joseph  G.  Dalton  by  A.  P.  Loring   .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Thomas  J.  Knudsen 4.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Edwin  S.  Webster 100.00 

Donation  of  The   Misses  Dorothy  King  and 

Ohvia  Churchill 1.00 

Donation  of  Victor  Govignon 50.00 

Donation  of  Pedro  Tosea 10.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  E.  M.  Vrooman 10.00 

Donation  of  Drs.  Wasener  and  Tongs     ....  40.00 

Donation  of  Paul  W.  Reimer 1.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Josephine  Pitman 2.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Rosamond  Clark 2.00 

Donation  of  Ohver  S.  Roberts 3.00 

Donation  of  Henry  H.  Hills 100.00 

From  Clara  Barton  Fund 3,241.00 

Donation  of  F.  Hunnewell,  2d 110.00 

Donation  of  Edward  W.  Grew 20.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  Countway 1.00 

Donation  of  I.  Tucker  Bmr 75.00 

Donation  of  Charles  T.  Lovering 30.00 

Donation  of  A  Former  Out-Patient 2.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Mary  Thomas      10.00 

Donation  of  Francis  I.  Amory 100.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Harcourt  Amory 350.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Peter  C.  Brooks 50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Stephen  S.  FitzGerald    .    .    .  60.00 

Donation  of  Frank  E.  Langley 30.00 

Donation  of  Josef  Henrik  Jolmsan 5.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 25.00 

Donation  of  Humane  Society  of  Commonwealth 

of  Massachusetts 3,700.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  A.  Eustis      .    .    .  10.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Henry  S.  Grew 1,000.00 

Bequest  of  Mehitable  C.  C.  WUson 543.75 

Donation  of  Anonymous 2.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  F.  A.  Eustis 10.00 

Donation  of  Theodore  Mendelstein 5.00 

Donation  of  The  Ninety-Five  Sewing  Circle      .  20.00 

Donation  of  Rosa  A.  Mulrey 1.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Marjorie  R.  van  Wickle     .    .  50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  W.  Scott  Fitz 16,000.00 

From  Nurses'  Home  Fund 92,880.31 

Donation    of    Mrs.    Andrew    C. 

Wheelwright $20,000.00 

Donation  of  Nathaniel  Thayer     .     50,000.00 

Carried  forward $70,000.00  $4,583,514.19 

245 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1913 


1914 

1914-1916 

1914 

1914-1919 
1914 


1914-1920 
1914 


1915 


1915-1916 
1915 

1915-1919 

1915 

1915-1919 

1915-1919 

1915 


General  Fvind 

Brought  forward $70,000.00  $4,583,514.19 

Donation  of  Shepherd  Brooks  .    .       5,000.00 
Donation  through  the  Ladies'  Ad- 
visory Committee  of  the  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses     ....     14,000.00 
Donation    in    memory    of    Mrs. 
Samuel  Torrey  Morse     ....       1,000.00 

$90,000.00 
Interest  accrued 2,880.31 

$92,880.31 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Harold  J.  Coolidge      ....  748.03 

Donation  of  J.  M.  Crafts 40.00 

Donation  of  Edward  B.  Adams 10.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  S.  Parkman  Blake 300.00 

Bequest  of  Mrs.  Caroline  B.  Allen 5,000.00 

Bequest  of  Francis  Bartlett  by  H.  M.  Sears,  F.  C. 

Welch  and  R.  E.  Bullard,  Executors   ....  10,000.00 

Donation  of  Edward  B.  Alford 60.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  William  P.  McKenzie     .    .    .  5.00 

Donation  of  Emily  "^Tiiting 5.00 

Bequest  of  Anne  W.  Davis 9,030.70 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Warren  B.  P.  Weeks  ....  25.00 

Donation  of  Out-Patient 1.00 

Donation  of  Mary  A.  Conhn 10.00 

Bequest  of  Francis  Skinner,  Sr 43,832.38 

Donation  of  Miss  Helen  Cudahy      500.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 1.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  EUza  Dean 5.00 

Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth 2,500.00 

Donation  of  WiUiam  H.  Blacar 2.50 

Donation  of  Mrs.  David  K.  Horton 15.00 

Donation  of  Arthur  A.  Carey 5.00 

Donation  of  Lawson  Frederick  Cartter  ....  50.00 

Donation  of  Miss  A.  F.  Manning 20.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  F.  S.  Mead 5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Alex.  S.  Porter,  Jr 25.00 

Donation  of  W.  B.  P.  Weeks 125.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous .08 

Donation  of  Mrs.  F.  G.  Curtis 125.00 

Bequest  of  Charles  R.  LavsTence 15,431.04 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Gertrude  Hunter 2.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 3.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  WiUiam  E.  Reed 9.22 

Donation  of  Anonymous 3.00 

Donation  of  Henry  Lyman 200.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 50,000.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 5.00 

Donation  of  W.  H.  Wilhams 6.00 

Donation  of  Out-Patient 3.00 

Donation  of  Martin  J.  Foley 1.00 

Donation  of  Everett  Morss 100.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Lois  W.  Clarke 5.00 

Donation  of  Annie  L.  Conley 5.00 

Donation  of  Salvatore  Maschera      3.00 

Carried  forward $4,721,741.14 

246 


Financial 


1915-1916 

1915 

1916 


1916-1918 
1916-1917 
1916 


1916-1919 
1916 

1916-1918 
1916 

1916-1917 
1916 

1916-1917 
1916 


1916-1917 
1916 


1917 

1917-1918 
1917 


1917-1922 
1917 


1811-1917 

1918-1919 

1918 

1918-1919 

1918 

1918-1919 

1918 


General  Fund 

Brought  forward $4,721,741.14 

Bequest  of  Caroline  L.  W.  French 100,843.34 

Donation  of  Misag  Azzigian      5.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 1.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Stephen  G.  Wheatland  .    .    .  50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Wallace  Dunbar  Dexter,  Jr.  5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Richard  B.  Fuller 5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Arthur  N.  Hood 5.00 

Donation  of  Elmer  P.  Howe 40.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Atherton  Thayer  Brown    .    .  20.00 

Donation  of  Charles  A.  Vialle 25.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Barrett  Wendell,  Jr 10.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Helen  Peabody 2.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Waldo  E.  Forbes 50.00 

Donation  of  Archibald  Cary  Coohdge     ....  30.00 

Donation  of  Malcolm  G.  Peabody 10.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Ezra  Ripley  Thayer    ....  20.00 

Donation  of  EUase  Jacques 25.00 

Donation  of  A  Former  Patient 5.00 

Donation  of  E.  S.  C 200.00 

Bequest  of  John  W.  Wheelwright 2,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  J.  T.  Coohdge 100.00 

Donation  of  F.  W.  Webster 25.00 

Donation  of  Bartlett  C.  Reynolds 1.00 

Donation  of  Miss  EfSe  A.  McDonald      ....  1.00 

Donation  of  A  Patient 1.00 

Donation  of  Thomas  Mack 1,000.00 

Bequest  of  CaroUne  E.  Davis 33,852.03 

Bequest  of  Frank  E.  Peabody          77,221.35 

Interest  accrued 1,003.37 

Bequest  of  Juha  M.  Moseley  by  Charles  W. 
Moseley,  sxirviving  executor,  in  memory  of 

Dr.  WiUiam  Oxnard  Moseley,  Jr 185,000.00 

Interest  accrued 4,642.35 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Geoffrey  G.  Whitney  ....  50.00 

Donation  of  Albert  Farwell  Bemis 10.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Richard  M.  Saltonstall  .    .    .  100.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Eleanor  S.  Parker 200.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  George  Putnam 100.00 

Donation  of  J.  Randolph  Coohdge 200.00 

Donation  of  Edward  M.  Brewer 50.00 

Donation  of  S.  T.  Russell 50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Wilham  Whitman,  Jr.     .    .  275.00 

Donation  of  The  S.  S.  W 10.00 

Donation  of  Captain  Blackwell 10.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Marian  F.  Young 5.00 

Subscribers  to  Annual  Free  Beds 804,651.09 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Boylston  Beal 100.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  M.  Irving  Mott 1.00 

Donation  of  Wilham  Brewster      20.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Edward  Clark  Streeter   .    .    .  20.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Andrew  J.  Peters,  Jr.      ...  50.00 

Bequest  of  Henry  F.  Lynde 2,210.50 

Donation  of  Mrs.  James  C.  Melvin 1,000.00 

Donation  of  George  R.  Agassiz 1,000.00 

Bequest  of  George  D.  Dodd      10,135.00 

Bequest  of  Blanche  Shimmin 2,174.39 

Carried  forward .   $5,950,361.56 

247 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


General  Fund 

Brought  forward $5,950,361.56 

1918  Donation  of  Frederick  P.  Bagley 25.00 

Bequest  of  James  D.  Sullivan 1,000.00 

Donation  of  William  Caleb  Loring 1,000.00 

Bequest  of  Richard  Black  SewaU 25,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  T.  O.  Richardson 50,000.00 

Bequest  of  Annie  M.  Washburn 100.00 

Bequest  of  Susan  Smith,  1912.  Transferred  from 

Susan  Smith  Fund 13,703.98 

1919  Donation  of  Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren,  Jr 10.00 

Bequest  of  Mrs.  EUzabeth  W.  RusseU     ....  1,133.50 

Donation  of  Mary  T.  Crocker 5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  WilUam  H.  McElwain    .    .    .  50.00 

Bequest  of  George  von  L.  Meyer 2,500.00 

Donation  of  Jennie  Leitch 15.00 

Donation  of  Edward  D.  Rosenwald 15.00 

Donation  of  Charles  P.  Hobbs 5.00 

Donation  of  Charles  Hodgdon 1.00 

1920  Donation  of  A  Friend 22,750.00 

Donation  of  Daniel  Russell 150.00 

Bequest  of  Miss  Fanny  Young 5,000.00 

Donation  of  Patrick  J.  Kilcoyne 2.00 

Donation  of  Jewish  Federated  Charities     .    .    .  750.00 

Donation  of  Henry  and  Theodore  Lyman  .    .    .  500.00 

Donation  of  Charles  A.  Dean 500.00 

Donation  of  Robert  SaltpnstaU 2,000.00 

Donation  of  Horace  S.  Sears 2,000.00 

Bequest  of  Catherine  M.  Lewis 200.00 

Donation  of  David  U.  Boland 50.00 

Donation  of  E.  M 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Louisa  Hogan 5.00 

1920-1922     Donation  of  Edward  M.  Pickman 750.00 

1920              Donation  of  Winifred  T.  Bolan 1.00 

Donation  of  the  Agoos  Family  Charity  Fund    .  60.00 

Donation  of  Judge  E.  Allen  Frost 100.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  J.  Phelan  .    .  1,600.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Louis  A.  Frothingham    .    .    .  1,000.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  H.  Fessenden  .    .  5,000.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  F.  A.  Washburn    .    .  100.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Clark 1.00 

Donation  of  Nathaniel  T.  Kidder 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Joseph  Lee 100.00 

Donation  of  A.  E.  O.  Munsell 1,000.00 

Donation  of  T.  Jeffsrson  Coohdge 10,000.00 

Donation  of  Charles  E.  Cotting 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Kidder,  Peabody  &  Co.    ....    .  50,000.00 

Donation  of  James  Dean 60.00 

Donation  of  Thomas  Barbour 500.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  George  E.  Warren 1,000.00 

Donation  of  H.  O.  Underwood 2,500.00 

Donation  of  John  R.  Macomber 600.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 7,700.00 

Donation  of  Galen  L.  Stone 5,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  T.  J.  Coohdge,  Jr 2,000.00 

Donation  of  Samuel  Appleton 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Post  PubUshing  Co 5,000.00 

Carried  forward $6,176,684.04 

248 


Financial 


1920 


1920-1921 
1920 


1920-1921 
1920 


1921-1922 
1921 


1921-1922 
1921 


1922 


1811-1922 
1811-1922 


1811-1922 


General  Fund 

Brought  forward $6,176,684.04 

Donation  of  James  Richard  Carter  and  Carter, 

Rice  &  Co.,  Inc 500.00 

Donation  of  Arthur  W.  Wheelwright 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Miss  AmeUa  Peabody 100.00 

Donation  of  Prof.  Theodore  Lyman 1,000.00 

Donation  of  "T.  N.  P." 25,159.15 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Francis  W.  Sargent     ....  1,000.00 

Donation  of  James  C.  Neeley 200.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  B.  Gannett  9,900.00 

Donation  of  Miss  SaUie  Sharpe 2,000.00 

Donation  of  Tarrant  P.  King 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Frederick  Winthrop    ....  2,000.00 

Donation  of  F.  S.  Moseley 1,000.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 7.20 

Donation    of    Committee    of    the    Permanent 

Charity  Fund,  Inc 3,500.00 

Donation  of  Miss  Ahce  Maud  Stiu-gis     ....  880.00 

Donation  of  "  A  Grateful  Patient  " 30.00 

Donation  of  R.  G.  Fessenden 50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Frank  Morison 3,000.00 

Bequest  of  William  Timlin 14,000.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  Augustus  Thomdike     ....  500.00 

Bequest  of  Benjamin  F.  Poole 12,694.72 

Donation  of  A.  C.  Ratshesky  Charity  Founda- 
tion      750.00 

Donation  of  Augustus  Hemenway 5,000.00 

Donation  of  Charles  H.  Moseley      25.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 100.00 

Donation  of  Maurice  E.  Finn 18.00 

Donation  of  Francis  Clark 5.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 10.00 

Donation  of  Frank  G.  Webster 2,000.00 

Donation  of  WiUiam  Endicott 5,000.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Minnie  M.  Woods 340.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason 400.00 

Donation  of  Jonathan  Kanzabadian 100.00 

Donation  of  Louis  B.  Thacher      20.00 

Donation  of  Morris  Sacowitz 5.00 

Donation  of  Louis  J.  Beckwith 15.00 

Donation  of  United  Fruit  Company 500.00 

Bequest  of  Miss  Ellen  Gray 30,000.00 

Donation  of  Myer  Rabinowitz      2.00 

Donation  in  memory  of  Jonathan  Greeley 
Stevenson,   Physician,   Harvard  A.  M.  1816, 

M.  D.  1826;  1799-1835 2,000.00 

Donation  in  memory  of  Misses  Martha  Curtis 
Stevenson,  Annie  Brace  Stevenson,  Frances 
Greely  Stevenson,  of  Brookline,  formerly  of 

Boston 1,000.00 

Total  unrestricted  gifts $6,303,495.11 

Gains  in  Investments,  etc 2,187,359.10 

$8,490,854.21 
Deficits  at  Hospitals,  Investments  in  Land  and 

Buildings,  etc 8,281,989.12 

Balance  December  31,  1922 $208,865.09 

249 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


DONATIONS  AND  BEQUESTS  FOR 
SPECIAL  PURPOSES 

(INCOME) 


1857 

1870-1875 

1875 

1876 

1877 
1878 
1887 

1888-1894 

1890 
1895 

1897 

1899 

1900 
1901 

1902-1905 
1903 


Dr.  J.  G.  Treadwell: 

Bequest  of  books,  valued  at $3,000.00 

Dr.  H.  J.  Bigelow: 

Donation  of  instruments,  valued  at     ....  3,600.00 

Dr.  James  Jackson  Putnam: 

Donation  of  an  electrical  apparatus,  valued  at  21.50 

Dr.  John  Collins  Warren: 

Donation  of  galvanic  apparatus,  valued  at     .  25.00 

Benefit  indigent  at  Asylum : 

Donation  of  Dr.  Samuel  Cabot 1,000.00 

Training  School  for  Nurses: 

Donation  of  Executors  of  Augustus  Hemenway         5,000.00 
Toward  purchase  of  pictures: 

Donation  of  Frederick  Dexter 50.00 

Photographic  Apparatus: 

Donation  of  Waldo  March 100.00 

To  make  up  deficiency  on  income  of  Samuel 
Cabot  Fund: 

Donations  of  Dr.  Arthur  T.  Cabot  and  Samuel 

Cabot 1,335.00 

Photographic  Studio: 

Donation  of  George  L.  Kingsley 802.82 

Repairs  and  alterations  to  Bradlee  Ward : 

Donation  of  Miss  Helen  C.  Bradlee     ....  7,000.00 

To  make  up  deficiency  in  income  of  Pathological 
Fund: 

Donation  of  the  Staff  of  the  Hospital      .    .    .  1,070.60 

Interest  accrued  on  bequest  of  William  L.  Chase 

for  Charles  B.  Porter  Fund 370.00 

Microtome  for  Pathological  Laboratory: 

Donation  of  Francis  Blake 266.30 

Treadwell  Library: 

Donation  of  a  patient 200.00 

Open  Ball  Court : 

Donation  of  Dr.  A.  T.  Cabot 1,000.00 

Zander  Apparatus : 

Donation  of  Trustees  under  the  will  of  Mary 

Hemenway 5,000.00 

Addition  to  Income  of  Dalton  Fund : 

Donation  of  Charles  H.  Dalton 1,000.00 

Treadwell  Library: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  T.  W.  Bennett 100.00 

Carried  forward $30,941.22 

250 


Financial 


Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  forward $30,941.22 

Late  Result  Fund : 
1909  Donation  of  Anonymous    ....        $500.00 

1911  Donation  of  Anonymous    ....  500.00 

1912  Donation  of  Anonymous    ....  500.00 
Donation  of  F.  W.  Hunnewell  .    .  500.00 

1914  Donation  of  Frederic  Winthrop    .  500.00 


1910-1922 
1912-1918 
1912 

1912-1916 

1912 

1913 


1913-1916 

1913-1914 

1913-1918 
1913-1916 
1914 
1916 


Lovering  Fund: 

Bequest  of  Miss  Sarah  C.  M.  Lovering 
Surgical  Instruments: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Caroline  L.  Weld     . 

Surgical  Instruments: 

Donation  of  Dr.  Hugh  Cabot    .... 


Expense  Visiting  Children's  Hospitals: 

Donation  of  Dr.  Fritz  B.  Talbot 

X-Ray  Work: 

Donation  of  Dr.  G.  Cheever  Shattuck  .  .  . 
X-Ray  Work: 

Donation  of  A  Friend 

Expenses  of  Orthopsedic  Department: 

Donation  of  the  Staff  of  Orthopsedic  Depart- 
ment   

Awning  on  Weld  Ward  G  veranda: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  G.  Weld  .  .  .  . 
Special  Instrument  in  Ward  G: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  W.  F.  Watters      


Toward  salary  of  Dr.  Emerson,  Psychologist: 

Donation  of  Trustees  of  the  A.  W.  Blake  Fund 

Scholarship,  Training  School  for  Nurses,  General 

Hospital: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason      .... 

Toward  the  salary  of  the  House  Surgeon  to  the 

Genito-Urinary  Department : 

Donation  of  Dr.  Hugh  Cabot 

X-Ray  Apparatus: 

Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth 

Children's  Medical  Department: 
Donation  of  Mrs.  John  Parkinson, 

for  salaries $40.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Ralph  B.  Williams  10.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Henry  Lyman  .  .  25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren,  Jr.  10.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Waldo  E.  Forbes       25.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 20.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  EUery  Sedgwick  .        25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  John  S.  Lawrence       25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Gorham  Brooks   .        25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Thomas  Barlow   .        20.00 
Half  salary  for  one  year  of  a  special 
worker  in  the  Children's  Medical 
Ward  who  is  to  be  Clinic  Secretary 
and  do  follow  up  work  (through 
Miss  Ella  L.  Lyman). 


2,500.00 

18,804.75 

12,677.75 

100.00 

75.00 

250.00 

100.00 

125.00 

70.00 

25.00 

1,700.00 

200.00 

2,500.00 
2,800.00 


Carried  forward 


$225.00       $72,868.72 


251 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  jorward $225.00     $72,868.72 

1917  Donation  of  A  Friend,  in  memoiy  of 

Mary  R.  Hudson 10.00 

1919  Donation  of  Miss  Margaret  Perry  for 

furnishings 430.00 

1922  Donation   of    J.    Brotenas,    Amelia 

Povilonis,  Guardian 5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Edgar  N.  Wright- 

ington 300.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason 
for  secretarial  work 75.00 

1,045.00 

1922  Toward  salary  and  expenses  of  a  Visiting  Nurse 

in  the  Dermatological  Department : 

1914-1920         Donation  of  a  Friend $5,820.79 

1921  Donation  of  Sundry  Donors      .    .       1,949.00 

7,769.79 

Toward  the  expenses  of  a  Tennis  Court  for  Nurses: 

1914  Donation  of  Miss  Marion  H.  Fenno    ....  10.00 
Two  Scholarships,  Training  School  for  Nurses, 

General  Hospital: 
1915-1917         Donation  of  Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer    ....  100.00 

Babies'  Milk  Fund: 
1915-1916         Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth  .  $1,000.00 

1915  Donation  of  Anonymous 37.11 

1917  Donation  of  Dr.  W.  B.  Robbins  .    .  5.00 

1917-1920         Donation  of  Miss  Emma  Hutchins   .        15.00 
1917  Donation  of  Mrs.  Neal  Rantoul    .    .        50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Ralph  B.  WilUams         5.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  J.  D.  C.  Bradley  .        20.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Edward  Wiggles- 
worth     25.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  W.  S.  Spaulding  .  25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  F.  A.  Winthrop  .  25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  W.  B.  Emmons    .  5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Gorham  Brooks  .  50.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Alvan  T.  Fuller  .  125.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Winthrop  Coffin  .  5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Freeman  Allen     .  5.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Allan  Forbes  .  .  10.00 
Donation  of  Roger  B.  Merriman  .  10.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Roger  B.  Merriman       25.00 

Donation  of  Anonymous 1-00 

Donation  of  Miss  Ahce  A.  Thorpe  .        33.18 
1919  Donation  of  A  Friend 50.00 

1,526.29 

To  extend  help  to  worthy  patients  as  their  needs 

may  become  known  through  their  attend- 
ance at  the  Hospital : 

1915-1917         Donation  of  A  Friend 1,500.00 

Refitting  part  of  the  Genito-Urinary  Out-Patient 
Rooms: 
1915  Donation  of  Friends  of  the  Hospital  through 

Mrs.  Hugh  Cabot 167.00 

Fvu-niture  for  roof -garden : 
Donation  of  Training  School  for  Nurses'  pro- 
ceeds of  a  May  Party 74.82 

Carried  forward •    $85,061.62 

252 


Financial 

Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  forward $85,061.62 

Expense  of  X-raying  a  series  of  cases  in  the 
Out-Patient  Department: 

1915  Donation  of  Anonymous 30.00 

Books  for  Patients'  Library : 

Donation  of  Junior  Girls  of  Camp  Abena  .    .  6.46 

Social  Service  Work: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Harold  J.  Coolidge, 

in  memory  of  the  late  Amory  A. 

Lawrence $75.00 

1916  Donation  of  Moses  Williams     .    .    .        25.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Dalton       20.00 

1917  Donation  of  Miss  Alice  Farnsworth         25.00 
Donation  of  Chase  &  Sanborn  .    .    .        25.00 

170.00 


Social  Service  Work  in  the  Wards: 
1915-1919         Donation    of    the    Ladies'    Visiting 

Committee $2,000.00 

1917-1919         Donation  of  Mrs.  A.  Lawrence  Hop- 
kins  1,442.65 

Donation  of  the  Committee  of  the 

Permanent  Charity  Fund,  Inc.     .  4,100.00 

7,542.65 

Scholarship,  Training  School  for  Nurses,  General 
Hospital : 
1916  Donation  of  General  Hospital  Training  School 

Alumnse 100.00 

X-Ray  Department: 

Donation  of  A  Friend 150.00 

Special  Technical  Laboratory  Apparatus : 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Malcolm  Donald 1,000.00 

Salary  of  stenographer,  and  certain  expenses  in 
the  Dermatological  Department: 

1916-1918         Donation  of  W.  F.  Waiters 1,850.00 

Children's  Medical  Out-Patient  Department: 
1916  Donation  of  Dr.  Fritz  B.  Talbot  .    .    $150.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason, 
toward  changes  in  the  Department     350.00 
1922  Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason, 

for  part  time  Clinic  Secretary  .    .      300.00 


Warren  Library: 
1916-1917         Donation  of  Dr.  Richard  Cabot   .    .    $100.00 
1916  Donation  of  Patrick  Donovan  .    .    .  2.79 


Instruments  for  Out-Patient  Throat 
Department: 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Caroline  L.  Weld       $250.00 
Donation  of  A  Friend 500.00 


Infantile  Paralysis  Research  Fund: 

Donation  of  W.  Murray  Crane     .  $500.00 

Donation  of  Alvah  Crocker  .    .    .  500.00 

Donation  of  WiUiam  Endicott  .    .  500.00 


800.00 


102.79 


750.00 


Carried  forward $1,500.00      $97,563.52 

253 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 


1916 


1916-1919 
1916 


1916-1919 
1917 


1919 


1917 


1917-1918 
1917 


1918 


1918-1922 


1919 


Brought  forward 

Donation  of  Albert  Strauss  .  . 
Donation  of  Frank  G.  Webster 
Donation  of  Charles  Jackson  . 
Donation  of  Arthur  Perry  .  . 
Donation  of  Wallace  L.  Pierce 
Donation  of  Robert  L.  Studley 
Donation  of  James  H.  Proctor 
Donation  of  George  R.  Wallace 
Donation  of  James  J.  Storrow  . 
Donation  of  Allan  C.  Emery  . 
Donation  of  J.  P.  Morgan  .  . 
Donation    of    Infantile    Paralysis 

Commission      

Donation  of  Isaac  Sprague    . 
Donation  of  F.  W.  Hallowell 


.$1,500.00 
500.00 
250.00 
200.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
250.00 
500.00 
100.00 
1,000.00 

450.00 

25.00 

100.00 


X-Ray  Equipment : 

Donation  of  Charles  Philip  Beebe    . 

Out-Patient  Department: 

Donation  of  Miss  Myra  T.  Styles    . 
Course  in  Occupational  Therapy: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer 

For  the  salary  of  a  clerk  in  the  Tread- 
well  Library  to  typewrite  certain 
parts  of  the  Surgical  Records : 
Donation  of  Dr.  G.  W.  W.  Brewster 
Donation  of  Dr.  Charles  Alien  Porter 
Donation  of  Dr.  Beth  Vincent      .    . 
Donation  of  Dr.  Lincoln  Davis     .    . 
Donation  of  Dr.  Hugh  Williams  .    . 
Donation  of  Dr.  Daniel  Fiske  Jones 
Donation  of  Dr.  Franklin  G.  Balch 
Donation  of  Dr.  Charles  L.  Scudder 
Donation  of  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot 
Donation  of  Dr.  R.  B.  Greenough    . 


S50.00 
50.00 
30.00 
30.00 
50.00 
50.00 
50.00 
50.00 
88.50 
20.00 


Salary  of  a  Technician  in  Medical  Research 
Laboratory : 
Donation  of  Anonymous 

Toward  Salary  of  a  worker  in  Infantile  Paralysis 
Department : 
Donation  of  Harvard  Infantile  Paralysis  Com- 
mission   

Toward  Expenses  of  the  Librarian  to  a  conven- 
tion: 
Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth 

Toward  Salary  of  an  assistant  in  the  Genito- 
urinary Department: 
Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth 

Toward  Expenses  of  a  House  Social  Worker  to  a 
convention: 
Donation  of  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot      .... 


$97,563.52 


5,275.00 

1,000.00 

10.00 

100.00 


468.50 
780.00 

4,500.00 

40.00 

500.00 

75.00 


Carried  forward $110,312.02 

254 


Financial 


Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  forward $110,312.02 

Purchase   of   radium   at   the   General 
Hospital : 
1919  Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth   .    $650.00 

Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas 

B.  Gannett 650.00 

1,300.00 

300.00 

10,950.40 


1919-1922 

1919-1920 

1919 

1919-1922 

1920 


1920-1921 
1920 


1921 


1920-1922 


1920 


Wheel  chairs  from  "Rosamond,  George  and  Peter" ; 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Percival  H.  Lombard  .    .    . 
Surgical  Instruments: 

Donation  of  Miss  Mary  Weld 

Toward  the  salary  of  a  technician  in  the  Medical 
Research  Laboratory: 

Donation  of  Phihp  Cabot 

Special  Research  work  in  X-Ray  Department: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Mason    .... 

To  aid  and  assist  poor  and  needy  colored  people : 

Donation    of    the    Estate    of    Photius    Fiske 

through  the  New  England  Trust  Company 

Massage.    A  memorial  to  Miss  Susan  Sawyer: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  L.  J.  Sawyer 

Assistant  in  Warren  Library: 

Donation  of  Miss  Mary  F.  Atkinson     $60.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  A.  Lawrence  Hop- 
kins            10.00 

Donation   of   The   Ladies'   Visiting 

Committee 80.00 

Donation   of   Mrs.    John   Chipman 

Gray 10.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Harold  J.  CooUdge       10.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  John  Lowell      .    .        10.00 


1,500.00 
100.00 

2,125.00 
600.00 


180.00 


Department  of  Occupational  Therapy : 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Horace  Binney      .  $50.00 

Donation  of  Mrs.  John  H.  Hammond  83.34 

Donation  of  Mrs.  E.  H.  Win^low     .  100.00 
Donation  of  Mrs.  WUham  H.  Clafiin, 

Jr 25.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 25.00 

Donation  of  The  Ladies'  Visiting  Com- 
mittee      '50.00 

Donation  from  Patients 93.75 

427.09 

State  Venereal  Clinic: 

Donation  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Department  of  PubUc  Health  .    .  4,758.33 
Glassing  in  of  porch  on  sixth  floor  of  Phillips 
House: 

Donation  of  Mrs.  Charles  G.  Weld      ....  3,096.47 

Nurses'  Alumnae  Supper: 

Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth 155.25 

To  be  expended  at  Dr.  Edsall's  direction: 

Donation  of  WiUiam  G.  Beale 200.00 

Carried  forward $136,004.56 

255 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  forward $136,004.56 

Purchase  of  ambrine  and  replacement  of  appa- 
ratus for  treatment  of  burns: 

1920  Donation  of  Miss  Louise  C.  May 250.00 

Nurses'  Scholarship  to  be  known  as  the  Welch 
Scholarship : 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Eleanor  Welch  Paul    .    .    .  100.00 

After  treatment  of  Infantile  Paralysis  Cases: 


Donation  of  Robert  F.  Herrick 
Donation  of  F.  S.  Moseley    .    .    . 
Donation  of  Edward  W.  Grew 
Donation  of  Junius  Beebe     .    .    . 
Donation  of  Edward  W.  Hutchins 
Donation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin 

Farnham  Greene 

Donation  of  J.  FrankUn  McElwain 
Donation  of  Frederic  E.  Snow  .    . 


$59.00 
100.00 
50.00 
100.00 
100.00 

100.00 
100.00 
100.00 


Purchase  of  X-Ray  Apparatus: 
Donation  of  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Bullard 
Donation  of  Miss  Judith  D.  Beal 
Donation  of  Miss  M.  E.  Crafts  . 
Donation  of  Mrs.  C.  C.  Jackson  . 
Donation  of  Miss  E.  F.  Mason  . 
1921  Donation  of  Mrs.  Mary  S.  Crafts 


$100.00 

100.00 

15.00 

500.00 

4.00 

10.00 


709.00 


729.00 


Industrial  Chnic:  ^ 

1920  Donation  of  Pacific  Mills $500.00 

1921  Donation  of  American  Felt  Co.    .    .      500.00 
Donation  of  Bigelow-Hartford  Car- 
pet Co 500.00 

1,500.00 

Treatment  of  Patients  and  Research: 

1920  Donation  of  United  Fruit  Company    ....  1,000.00 
Dr.  Walcott's  Portrait  Fund: 

Unexpended  Balance 90.71 

Construction  of  rooms  in  Out-Patient  Depart- 
ment of  the  Industrial  CUnic : 

1921  Donation  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  De- 

partment of  Industrial  Hygiene 2,000.00 

Rug,    Nurses'    Sitting    Room,    seventh    floor 
PhilUps  House: 
Donation  of  Mrs.  George  T.  Rice 22.50 

Furnishings  in  Nurses'  Room,  sixth  floor  PhiUips 
House : 

Donation  of  Nathan  D.  Bill 150.00 

Toward   the   salary   of   the   half-time 
worker  in  the  Out-Patient  Depart- 
ment of  the  Scoliosis  CUnic: 
Donation  of  S.  H.  Fessenden    .    .    .    $100.00 
Donation  of  George  Wigglesworth   .      200.00 

300.00 

Nurses'  Recreation: 

Donation  of  A  Friend 200.00 

Fm-nishing  Nurses'  Parlor  in  Thayer: 

Donation  of  The  Ladies'  Visiting  Committee  140.15 

Carried  forward $143,195.92 

256 


Financial 

Donations  and  Bequests  for  Special  Purposes 

Brought  forward $143,195.92 

Alterations  in  the  Nerve  Clinic: 

1921  Donation  of  Anonymous 263.85 

1922  Income  Donation: 

Donation  of  Miss  Sarah  Smith 5.00 

For  purchase  of  books  for  Granny's 

collection  in  the  Warren  Library: 
Donation  of  A  Friend  through  Dr. 

Seth  M.  Fitchet $20.00 

Donation  of  A  Friend 20.00 

Donation  of  Dr.  Seth  M.  Fitchet  .    .        10.00 

50.00 

To  give  some  poor  woman  hospital  care: 

Donation  of  Helen  Tyler  Brown 50.00 

For  an  ambulance: 

Donation  of  William  Endicott 5,000.00 

For  purchase  of  Ether  Pamphlets: 

Donation  of  Nathaniel  T.  Kidder 10.00 

For  purchase  of  three  volmnes  of  OUver 
Wendell  Holmes: 

Donation  of  Nathaniel  T.  Kidder 8.21 

For  South  Medical  Department: 

Donation  of  A  Friend 100.00 

For  the  charitable  purposes  of  the  Hospital: 

Donation  of  United  Fruit  Co 500.00 

1857-1922     Total  Donations $149,182.98 

1922  Treadwell  Library  "Fines" 87.00 

1919-1922     Interest  added 233.46 

$149,503.44 
1857-1922     Expended      145,725.08 

Balance  December  31,  1922 $3,778.36 

Purchase  of  Ambrine  and  replacement 

of  apparatus  for  treatment  of  burns    $249.90 

Special  Technical  Laboratory  Appa- 
ratus   1,106.31 

Wheel  Chau-s 159.18 

To  be  expended  at  Dr.  EdsaU's  direc- 
tion          209.10 

Infantile  Paralysis  Research      ....        62.97 

Nurses'  Recreation      204.00 

Dr.  Walcott's  Portrait  Fund     ....        90.71 

For  purchase  of  books  for  Granny's  col- 
lection in  the  Warren  Library  .    .    .        27.77 

For  Children's  Department 252.92 

For  an  Ambulance 1,049.35 

Children's  Out-Patient  Department  for 
part  time  Clinic  Secretary     ....      303.50 

Treadwell  Library  "Fines" 62.65 

$3,778.36 

INCOME  DONATIONS  FOR  SOCIAL  SERVICE 

DEPARTMENT 
1920-1922         Donations  of  Sundry  Donors    .    .  $63,717.74 
1920-1922         Expended 63,717.74 

0. 

C.  H.  W.  Foster, 

Treasurer. 
257 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  HOSPITAL 
From  Its  Foundation  to  1923 


Presidents 

William  Phillips 1814-1826 

Thomas  H.  Pekkins 1826-1827 

John  Lowell 1828-1830 

Gardiner  Greene 1830-1832 

Joseph  Head 1833-1835 

Ebenezer  Francis ' .  1836 

Edward  Tuckerman 1837-1843 

William  Appleton 1844-1862 

Robert  Hooper 1862-1869 

Edward  Wigglesworth 1869-1875 

Henry  B.  Rogers 1875-1887 

Charles  H.  Dalton 1888-1908 

Francis  C.  Lowell     ...>.. 1909 

Henry  P.  Walcott 1910- 

Vice-Presidents 

Samuel  Parkman 1814  (declined  serving) 

James  Perkins 1815-1822 

Thomas  H.  Perkins 1823-1826 

John  Lowell 1826-1829 

Gardiner  Greene 1829-1830 

Joseph  Head 1830-1832 

Ebenezer  Francis 1833-1835 

Samuel  Appleton 1836 

Jonathan  Phillips 1837-1845 

Theodore  Lyman 1846-1849 

Robert  Hooper 1850-1856 

Nathaniel  I.  Bowditch 1856-1862 

Edward  Wigglesworth 1862-1869 

Nathaniel  Thayer 1869-1883 

Amos  A.  Lawrence 1884-1886 

George  Higginson 1887-1889 

John  Lowell 1890-1897 

Francis  C.  Lowell 1898-1908 

Charles  G.  Weld 1909-1911 

David  P.  Kimball 1911-1923 

258 


Officers 

Treasurers 

James  Prince 1813-1821 

William  Cochran 1821 

N.P.Russell 1821-1834 

Henry  Andrews 1835-1859 

J.  Thomas  Stevenson 1859-1876 

Francis  H.  Peabody 1876-1881 

David  R.  Whitney      1881-1882 

Edmund  Dwight  (pro  tern) 1882-1883 

Franklin  Haven,  Jr 1884-1908 

Charles  H.  W.  Foster 1908- 


Secretaries 

Richard  Sullivan 1811-1816 

Henry  Codman 1817-1826 

N.  I.  Bowditch      1827-1836 

William  Gray 1836-1841 

Marcus  Morton,  Jr 1842-1859 

Thomas  B.  Hall 1859-1865 

William  S.  Dexter 1865 

Thomas  B.  Hall 1866-1903 

Charles  H.  W.  Foster 1903-1908 

John  A.  Blanchard 1908-1920 

Francis  G.  Gray 1920- 


Chairmen  of  the  Trustees 

Thomas  H.  Perkins 1818 

Joseph  May 1819-1826 

Joseph  Head .  1826-1829 

Ebenezer  Francis 1829-1831 

Edward  Tuckerman 1831-1835 

George  Bond 1835-1842 

Robert  Hooper,  Jr 1842-1850 

N.  I.  Bowditch      1850-1856 

Henry  B.  Rogers 1856-1874 

Samuel  Eliot 1874-1898 

Edmund  Dwight 1898-1900 

Henry  P.  Walcott 1900-1919 

George  Wigglesworth 1919- 

259 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Trustees 

Thomas  H.  Perkins 1813-1818 

JosiAH  QuiNCT 1813-1820 

Daniel  Sargent 1813-1821 

Joseph  May 1813-1826 

Stephen  Higginson,  Jr 1813-1815 

Gamaliel  Bradford 1813-1823 

Tristram  Barnard 1813-1818 

George  G.  Lee 1813-1816 

Francis  C.  Lowell 1813-1815 

Joseph  Tilden 1813-1815 

JoECN  L.  Sullivan 1813-1816 

Richard  Sullivan 1813-1822 

Jonathan  Phillips 1816-1832 

John  Lowell 1816-1819 

Joseph  Coolidge 1816-1831 

David  Sears 1817-1819 

Eben  Francis 1817-1831 

Peter  C.  Brooks 1819  (declined  serving) 

Joseph  Head 1819-1829 

Thomas  W.  Ward 1819-1823 

Samuel  Appleton 1819-1822 

John  Belknap 1820-1822 

Daniel  P.  Parker 1821-1825 

Theodore  Lyman,  Jr 1822-1825 

Benjamin  Guild 1823-1834 

William  H.  Prescott 1823-1825 

Gardiner  Greene 1823-1830 

Samuel  Swett 1823-1826 

Edward  Tuckerman 1824-1836 

George  Ticknor 1826-1830 

Edward  H.  Robbins 1826-1834 

William  Sturgis 1826-1827 

Amos  Lawrence 1826-1831 

P.T.Jackson 1827-1828 

Henry  Codman 1827-1835 

William  H.  Gardiner 1828-1829 

Francis  C.  Gray 1829-1836 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr 1830-1836 

Benjamin  D.  Greene 1830-1833 

James  Bowdoin 1830  (declined  serving) 

Heman  Lincoln 1831  (declined  serving) 

George  Bond 1831-1842 

George  Hallet 1831-1833 

260 


Trustees 

Thomas  W.  Waed 1832  (declined  serving) 

Abbott  Lawrence 1832-1835 

Francis  J.  Oliver 1833-1835 

Samuel  A.  Eliot      1834-1838 

Charles  G.  Loring 1834-1837 

RuFUS  Wyman 1835  (declined  serving) 

Thomas  B.  Curtis 1835-1838 

Charles  Amory 1836-1847 

Henry  Edwards 1836-1845 

Samuel  Lawrence 1836-1838 

Robert  G.  Shaw     1836-1838 

John  P.  Thorndike 1836-1837 

Martin  Brimmer 1837-1842 

Robert  Hooper,  Jr 1837-1849 

N.  I.  BowDiTCH      1837-1856 

William  Appleton 1838-1841 

Thomas  Lamb 1838-1861 

George  M.  Dexter 1839-1853 

Francis  C.  Lowell 1839-1853 

Henry  B.  Rogers 1839,  1841-1874 

Ebenezer  Chad  wick 1840-1842 

Ignatius  Sargent 1841 

William  T.  Andrews     1842-1847 

Jonathan  Chapman 1843 

William  F.  Otis 1843 

John  A.  Lowell 1843-1850 

Charles  S.  Storrow 1844-1845 

Edward  Wigglesworth 1844-1862 

William  W.  Stone 1846 

J.  Wiley  Edmunds 1847-1848 

J.  Thomas  Stevenson     1846-1859 

Charles  H.  Mills 1848-1859 

Amos  A.  Lawrence 1848-1854 

William  S.  Bullard 1849-1872 

G.  HowLAND  Shaw 1850-1856 

William  J.  Dale     1851-1862,  1864 

John  P.  Bigelow 1852-1855,  1857 

Charles  H.  Warren 1853-1857 

Robert  M.  Mason 1854-1862 

Henry  M.  Holbrook     1855-1857 

James  B.  Bradlee 1856-1859 

William  D.  Greenough 1856-1866 

John  Lowell 1857-1870 

Abbott  Lawrence 1858-1859 

261 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Nathaniel  H.  Emmons 1859-1861 

George  Higginson 1859-1872 

Marcus  Morton,  Jr 1859-1860 

Martin  Brimmer 1860-1864 

James  M.  Beebe 1860-1875 

J.  Amory  Davis -  .    .  1861-1866 

Samuel  G.  Howe 1861-1875 

James  C.  Wild     1862-1865 

Harrison  Ritchie 1863-1867 

Henry  A.  Whitney 1863-1868 

Charles  S.  Storrow 1865-1870 

Charles  H.  Dalton 1866-1881 

Samuel  Eliot 1866-1898 

James  L.  Little 1866-1871 

Ezra  Farnsworth 1867-1872 

Edmund  Dwight 1868-1882,  1884-1900 

George  S.  Hale 1870-1888 

Samuel  W.  Swett 1870-1872 

George  E.  Ellis      1871-1875 

Samuel  D.  Warren 1871-1888 

Henry  P.  Kidder ^ 1872-1886 

E.  Francis  BowDiTCH      .    .    .' 1872-1891 

Charles  R.  Codman 1872-1875 

Robert  H.  Stevenson 1874-1880 

Charles  V.  Bemis 1875-1899 

Peter  C.  Brooks,  Jr 1875-1878 

Charles  J.  Morrill 1875-1885 

William  Endicott,  Jr 1876-1897 

Thornton  K.  Lothrop 1878-1883,  1885-1896 

Roger  Wolcott 1880-1896 

Nathaniel  Thayer,  Jr 1881-1910 

Thomas  E.  Proctor 1883-1894 

David  P.  Kimball 1886-1916 

David  R.  Whitney      1887-1894 

Frederick  L.  Ames 1888-1893 

Henry  P.  Walcott 1892-1919 

William  S.  Bigelow 1893-1903 

Arthur  A.  Carey 1894-1897 

Henry  S.  Howe 1894-1912 

Samuel  D.  Warren 1896-1902 

George  Wigglesworth 1896- 

Francis  Blake 1897-1909 

Reginald  Gray 1898-1902 

Moses  Williams 1898-1919 

262 


Trustees 

John  M.  Harlow 1899-1903 

Francis  L.  Higginson 1900-1914 

Francis  H.  Appleton 1902-1919 

Charles  H.  W.  Foster 1902- 

Charles  p.  Greenough 1903-1919 

Arthur  Hunnewell 1904-1904 

Henry  S.  Hunnewell 1904-1914 

Nathaniel  T.  Kidder 1910- 

JoHN  Lowell 1910-1922 

Joseph  H.  O'Neil 1912- 

Mrs.  Horatio  N.  Slater 1914-1915 

Philip  L,  Saltonstall 1915-1919 

Mrs.  Nathaniel  Thayer 1916- 

WiLLiAM  Endicott .   1917-1918, 1919- 

Thomas  B.  Gannett 1918- 

George  T.  Tuttle 1919-1921 

John  R.  Macomber 1919- 

Sewall  H.  Fessenden 1919- 

RoBERT  Homans 1920- 

Algernon  Coolidge 1921- 

Galen  L.  Stone 1923- 

*  Superintendents  of  The  General  Hospital 

Capt.  Nathaniel  Fletcher 1821-1825 

Nathan  Gurney 1825-1833 

Gamaliel  Bradford 1833-1839 

Charles  Sumner 1839-1841 

John  M.  Goodwin 1841-1845 

Richard  Girdler 1845-1858 

Benjamin  S.  Shaw 1858-1872 

Norton  Folsom 1872-1877 

James  H.  Whittemore 1877-1885 

John  W.  Pratt 1886-1897 

Herbert  B.  Howard 1897-1908 

Frederic  A.  Washburn 1908- 


*Title  changed  at  different  times  to  Resident  Physician,  Administrator  and  Director. 

263 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


OFFICERS  OF  McLEAN  HOSPITAL 


Superintendents 

RuFus  Wyman 1818-1835 

Thomas  G.  Lee 1835-1836 

Luther  V.  Bell 1837-1856,  1857-1858 

Chauncey  Booth 1856-1857 

John  E.  Tyler 1858-1871 

George  F.  Jelly 1871-1879 

Edward  Cowles 1879-1904 

George  T.  Tuttle 1904-1919 

Frederic  H.  Packard 1919- 

First  Assistant  Physicians 

Thomas  G.  Lee 1834-1835 

Edward  Rowland 1835-1836 

John  R.  Lee     1837-1839 

John  Fox ^ 1839-1843 

Chauncey  Booth 1843-1856 

Mark  Ranney 1856-1865 

James  H.  Whittemore 1865-1871,  1873-1876 

Orville  E.  Rogers 1871-1872 

Charles  F.  Folsom 1872-1873 

Charles  E.  Woodbury 1876-1877 

James  B.  Ayer  (temp.) 1876-1877 

A.  R.  Moulton  (temp.) 1877 

Frank  W.  Page 1878-1879 

George  T.  Tuttle 1879-1904 

E.  Stanley  Abbot 1904-1909 

Frederic  H.  Packard 1909-1919 

Theodore  A.  Hoch 1919- 

Second  Assistant  Physicians 

Mark  Ranney 1854-1856 

Jerome  C.  Smith      1856-1861 

J.  Blackmere 1861-1862 

James  H.  Whittemore 1862-1865 

Isaac  H.  Hazelton 1865-1867 

James  H.  Denney 1867-1869 

George  F.  Jelly :    .    .    .  1869-1871 

264 


Officers 

Feedinand  a.  Stillings 1871-1873 

Charles  E.  Woodbury 1874-1876 

Wilbur  F.  Sanborn 1876-1879 

WiNFRED  B.  Bancroft 1879-1880 

Frederick  M.  Turnbull 1880-1885 

Henry  C.  Baldwin 1885 

James  W.  Babcock 1885-1891 

Daniel  H.  Fuller 1891-1897 

E.  Stanley  Abbot 1897-1898 

Charles  S.  Little 1898-1902 

Guy  G.  Fernald 1902-1908 

Earl  D.  Bond 1908-1912 

Theodore  A.  Hoch 1912-1919 

Ray  L.  Whitney 1919-1920 

Freeman  A.  Tower 1920- 

Third  Assistant  Physicians 

Horace  M.  Locke 1887-1889 

E.  Stanley  Abbot 1893-1897 

Charles  G.  Dewey 1894-1895 

Frederick  W.  Pearl 1898-1913 

Ray  L.  Whitney 1913-1919 

Assistant  Physicians 

George  A.  MacIver 1919-1920 

Sidney  M.  Bunker 1921- 

KeNNETH  J.  TiLLOTSON 1922- 

John  D.  McCarthy  (temp.) 1923 

Pathologists 

William  Noyes 1888-1893 

August  Hoch 1893-1905 

Frederic  H.  Packard 1905-1909 

E.  Stanley  Abbot 1909-1917 

Emma  W.  Mooers  (assistant) 1900-1903 

James  S.  Plant 1920-1921 

Chemists 

Otto  Folin 1900-1908 

Charles  C.  Erdman 1907-1914 

Philip  A.  F.  Schaffer  (assistant) 1900-1903 

Lucian  a.  Hill  (assistant) 1903-1904 

Christian  Oestergren  (assistant) 1904-1907 

Otto  Folin 1920- 

John  C.  Whitehorn 1921- 

265 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Psychologists 

Shepherd  Ivory  Franz 1904-1906 

F.  Lyman  Wells 1907-1921 

Helge  Lundholm 1921- 

Physiologists 

Walter  B.  Cannon 1921- 

Clarence  J.  Campbell 1922- 

Junior  Assistant  Physicians 

George  E.  Emery 1897-1898 

Howard  W.  Beal 1897-1898 

Edwin  Leonard,  Jr 1897-1898 

George  W.  Blanchard 1898- 

Albert  E.  Loveland 1898-1899 

Harry  W.  Miller 1898-1900 

Charles  B.  Dunlap 1898-1899 

William  G.  Ward 1899-1900 

Guy  G.  Fernald , 1899-1902 

Martin  J.  Cooley 1900-1903 

Frederic  H.  Packard 1902-1905 

Albert  E.  Steele 1902-1903 

William  F.  Roberts 1903-1905 

Gilbert  V.  Hamilton 1905-1907 

Ralph  C.  Kell 1906-1908 

Frederic  B.  M.  Cady      1907-1908 

Earl  D.  Bond 1908-1912 

Edmund  M.  Pease 1908-1912 

Howard  T.  Child    .    .    .    .    : 1909-1910 

Clarence  M.  Kelley 1910-1914 

Henning  V.  Hendricks     1911-1912 

Clifford  G.  Rounsefell 1913-1916 

Carl  F.  Vernlund 1913-1914 

Charles  M.  Flagg      1914 

Carl  B.  Hudson 1914 

V.  Edgar  Babington 1915-1916 

Sydney  V.  Kibby 1915-1916 

Walter  J.  Otis 1916-1919 

Clarence  M.  Kelley 1917-1919 

Herbert  R.  Fiege 1917-1918 

Kenneth  J.  Tillotson 1921-1922 

Maxwell  E.  MacDonald 1921-1922 

266 


Staff 


STAFF  OF  THE  GENERAL  HOSPITAL 


Italics  following  the  name  indicate  to  what  service  of  the  Hospital    the    individual 
belonged: 


An.;  Anesthetist 

Bd.  of  Con.;  Board  of  Consultation 

CM.;  Children's  Medical 

D.;  Dermatological 

E.M.;  East  Medical 

E.S.;  East  Surgical 

G.U.;  Genito-Urinary 

L.;  Laryngological 

A'^.;  Neurological 

Or.;  Orthopedic 

P.;  Pathological 


R.;  Roentgenological 
S.;  Syphilogical 
S.S.;  South  Surgical 
Soc.  Serv.;  Social  Service 
T.;  Trustee 

T.M.;  Tropical  Medicine 
Thd.S.;  Third  Surgical 
W.M.;  West  Medical 
W.S.;  West  Surgical 


Letters  in  small  type  indicate  the  special  work  of  an  individual.   An  O  following  indi- 
cates Out-Patient  Department. 


a.;  assistant 

assoc;  associate 

c. ;  chief  of  service 

chem.;  chemist 

con.  chem.;  consulting  chemist 

d.;  dermatologist 

dir.;  director 

dn.;  dentist 

h.p.;  house  physician 

h.s. ;  house  surgeon 

1.;  laryngologist 

n.;  neurologist 


obst.;  obstetrician 

oph.;  ophthalmologist 

otol.;  otologist 

p.;  physician 

path.;  pathologist 

r.;  roentgenologist 

r.p.;  resident  physician 

r.s.;  resident  surgeon 

s.;  surgeon 

s.path.;  surgical  pathologist 

v.p.;  visiting  physician 

V.S.;  visiting  surgeon 


*  Deceased 


*Samuel  Leonard  Abbot,  adm.p.  1849-1858,  p.O.  1858-1864, 

v.p.  1865-1888,  Bd.  of  Con.  1889-1904. 
Zabdiel  Boylston  Adams,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1907-1908,  a.s.O,  1908- 

1917,  a.v.s.  1917-1921,  v.s.  1921- 
Arthur  Wilburn  Allen,  a.s.O.  1916-1919,  s.O.  1919- 
Freeman  Allen,   con.An.  1903-1911,  An.  1911-1912,  c.An. 

1912- 
Seabury  Wells  Allen,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1917-1918. 
Nathaniel  Allison,  Or.c.  1923- 
Alfred  Mason  Amadon,  a.otol.  1911-1914. 
Joseph  Charles  Aub,  E.M.  h.p.  1916-1917,  a.  in  med.  1921- 

1922,  assoc.m.  1922- 
Arthur  Everett  Austin,  a.p.O.  1917-1923. 
James  Bourne  Ayer,  N.  a.p.O.  1911-1913,  a.n.  1913-1917,  n. 

1917- 

267 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

B 

George  Sherwin  Clark  Badger,  p.0. 1903-1912,  a.v.p.  1912- 

1919. 
Walter  Channing  Bailey,  a.p.  1902. 
*Henry  Cutler  Baldwin,  N.  a.p.0. 1889-1907,  p.0. 1907-1911, 

n.  1911-1915. 
Gerardo  M.  Balboni,  a.p.O.  1913-1921,  p.0.  1921- 
Franklin  Greene  Balch,  s.O.  1896-1905,  a.v.s.  1905-1907, 

v.s.  1907-1920,  c.E.S.  1920- 
Harry  Aldrich  Barnes,  L.  a.p.O.  1909-1911,  a.l.  1911-1920, 

assoc.l.  1920-1921,  1.  1921- 
James  Bellinger  Barney,  a.  in  s.  1906-1909,  G.U.  a.s.O. 

1910-1911,  s.O.  1911-1920,  c.  1920- 
Philip  Challis  Bartlett,  a.p.O.  1915-1921,  p.  to  sp.  clin. 

1921- 
*Henry  Harris  Aubrey  Beach,  s.O.  1873-1879,  v.s.  1879-1907, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1907-1910. 
Harold  Cotton  Bean,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1921-1922,  a.s.O.  1922- 
*Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  v.s.  1846-1885. 
*Jacob  Bigelow,  v.p.  1836-1855. 

William  Sturgis  Bigelow,  s.O.  1879-1881,  T.  1893-1903. 
Oliver  E.  Bixby,  CM.  a.p.O.  1915-1922,  p.0.  1922- 
JoHN  Harper  Blaisdell,  a.d.  1916- 
Gerald  Blake,  a.p.O.  1913-1915,  p.0.  1915-1921,  assoc.  m. 

1921- 
JoHN  H.  BlodgetI",  a.  in  1.  1919. 
Arlie  Vernon  Bock,  a.  in  med.  1919-1920,  W.M.  h.p.  1921- 

1922,  sr.  h.p.  1922- 
Max  Bohm,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1904-1907,  s.  in  chg.  med.  mech.  dept. 

1907. 
William  Frederick  Boos,  chem.  1906-1912. 
*Henry  Ingersoll  Bowditch,  a.p.  1839-1845,  v.p.  1846-1864, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1864^1891. 
John  Templeton  Bowen,  D.  a.p.O.  1889-1895,  p.0. 1895-1911, 

c.  1911-1913,  Bd.  of  Con.  1913- 
Elliott  Gray  Brackett,  Or.  s.O.  1907-1909,  s.  1909-1911,  c. 

1911-1919. 
John  William  Stansbury  Brady,  a.  in  med.  1921-1924,  p.  to 

sp.  clin.  1924- 
WiLLiAM  Bradley  Breed,  a.p.O.  1920-1923,  p.0.  1923- 
JoHN  F.  Bresnahan,  a.r.p.  1914-1918. 
George  Washington  Wales  Brewster,  s.O.  1900-1906,  a.v.s. 

1906-1914,  v.s.  1914- 
Francis  Gorham  Brigham,  a.p.O.  1914-1921,  p.0.  1921- 

268 


staff 

*WiLLiAM  Allen  Beooks,  s.O.  1894-1903,  a.v.s.  1903-1906,  v.s. 

1906-1910. 
Arthue  Nicholson  Broughton,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1918. 
Lloyd  Thornton  Brown,  a.  in  s.  1911-1913,  Or.  a.s.O.  1913- 

1917,  s.O.  1917-1921,  a.v.s.  1921- 
*Jacob  Baldwin  Bruce,  Jr.,  a.r.p.  1912-1914. 
John  Bryant,  med.  ass't  in  prob.  of  convales.  1919- 
C.  Herman  Bucholz,  s.  in  chg.  med.  mech.  dept.  1908-1909, 

Or.  a.  in  s.  1909-1911,  s.O.  1911-1917,  a.v.s.  1917-1920. 
John  Henry  Bufford,  a.d.  1914- 
Sydney  Moore  Bunker,  a.r.p.  1916-1917. 
Francis  Lowell  Burnett,  a.  in.  clin.  path.  1911-1912. 
Frederick  Stanford  Burns,  D.  a.p.O.  1903-1912,  assoc.d. 

1912- 
Charles  Sidney  Burwell,  Jr.,  W.M.  h.p.  1921. 


C 

*Arthur  Tracy  Cabot,  s.O.  1881-1886,  v.s.  1886-1907,  Bd.  of 

Con.  1907-1912. 
Hugh  Cabot,  s.O.  1903-1910;  G.U.  s.  in  chg.  0.  1910-1911,  s. 

1911,  c.  1911-1919. 
Richard  Clarke  Cabot,  p.O.  1898-1908,  a.v.p.  1908-1912,  c. 

W.M.  1912-1921,  Bd.  of  Con.  1921- 
*Samuel  Cabot,  v.s.  1853-1882,  Bd.  of  Con.  1882-1885. 
Ida  M.  Cannon,  c.  Soc.  Serv.  1914- 
*Cyrus  Faulkner  Carter,  N.  a.p.  1888-1893. 
Arthur  Patterson  Chadbourne,  Temp,  ass't  in  med.  1917- 

1918,  ass't  in  med.  1919-1921. 
George  Lawrence  Chaffin,  W.S.  h.s.  1919-1921;  G.U.  h.s. 

1921. 
*Walter  Channing,  a.  to  v.p.  1821-1838. 
Austin  Walter  Cheever,  S.  a.  in  med.  1917-1923,  a.p.O. 

1923- 
Frederick  Edward  Cheney,  oph.s.  1897-1901,  1904-1911. 
Edward  Delas  Churchill,  W.S.  h.s.  1922- 
George  Oliver  Clark,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1917. 
Henry  G.  Clark,  v.s.  1851-1874. 
Joseph  Payson  Clark,  L.  p.O.  1893-1911, 1. 1911-1916,  Temp. 

1.  1917. 
Edwin  Nelson  Cleaves,  a.r.p.  1918-1919. 
Randall  Clifford,  a.p.O.  1919-1923,  p.O.  1923- 
George  Clymer,  a.n.  1913-1923,  n.  1923- 

269 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Faerar  Cobb,  s.O.   1900-1907,  a.v.s.  1907-1914,  v.s.  1914- 

1917. 
Frederic  Codman  Cobb,  L.  a.p.O.  1889-1911,  1.  1911-1912. 
Stanley  Cobb,  a.n.  1919- 

Ernest  Amory  Codman,  s.O.  1900-1907,  a.v.s.  1907-1914. 
Harriet  Isabelle  Cole,  a.  chem.  1921-1922. 
Frederick  Amasa  Coller,  W.S.  h.s.  1914-1915. 
William  Merritt  Conant,  s.O.  1891-1900,  v.s.  1900-1914, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1914- 
*Algernon  Coolidge,  v.s.  1868-1875,  Bd.  of  Con.  1876-1911. 
Algernon  Coolidge,  L.  a.p.O.  1889-1892,  p.0. 1892-1911,  c. 

1911-1920,  T.  1921- 
CoRiNNE  R.  Cote,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1922- 

WiLLiAM  Pierce  Coues,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1917-1919,  a.s.O.  1919- 
Ernest  Granville    Crabtree,  G.U.  h.s.  1913-1915,  a.s.O. 

1915-1920,  s.O.  1920- 
Harvard  Hersey  Crabtree,  W.S.  h.s.  1913-1914,  G.U.  h.s. 

1916-1919,  a.s.O.  1919-1920,  s.O.  1920- 
EuGENE  Anthony  Crockett,  aur.s.  1908-1910,  otol.  1920- 
JoHN  White  Cummin,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1917-1919,  c.O.  1919- 
LoRETTA  Joy  Cummins,  a.  in  d.  1916-1918,  a.d.  1918- 
*Hall  Curtis,  p.O.  1868-1871. 

Robert  D.  Curtis,  CM.  a.p.O.  1919-1922,  p.O.  1922- 
*Thomas  B.  Curtis,  s.O.  1875-1881. 
Elbridge  Gerry  Cutler,   p.O.  1878-1889,  v.p.  1889-1908, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1908- 
Elliott  Carr  Cutler,  W.S.  h.s.  1915-1916. 
George  David  Cutler,  h.s.  1912-1913,  a.s.O.  1917-1919. 

D 

Ernest  Merrill  Daland,  a.s.O.  1921- 
*Edward  Barry  Dalton,  v.p.  1870-1872. 
Murray  S.  Danforth,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1911-1914,  a.s.O.  1914-1917, 

s.O.  1917- 
David  S.  Dann,  X-r.  h.p.  1921-1922. 
Lincoln   Davis,    s.O.    1903-1911,    a.v.s.  1911-1917,  assoc.s. 

1917-1919,  v.s.  1919- 
RoGER  P.  Dawson,  a.p.O.  1915-1923,  p.O.  1923- 
Willey  DEN^s,  a.  chem.  1913-1920. 
George  Strong  Derby,  a.  oph.  1916-1920,  oph.  1920- 
George  Alfred  Dix,  S.  a.  in  med.  1914-1916,  a.p.O.  1916- 

1923,  p.O.  1923- 
*Walter  James  Dodd,  a.  apoth.  1892-1896,  apoth.  1896-1908, 

r.  1908-1916. 

270 


staff 

Arthur  Malcolm  Dodge,  a.  An.  1913-1915. 
*Pauline  L.  Dolliver,  ass't  to  r.p.  1917-1921. 
Frank  Eugene  Draper,  a.  oph.s.  1897-1900. 
Richard  Dresser,  a.r.  1923- 

E 

Theodore  Jewett  Eastman,  a.p.O.  1910-1912,  p.O.  1912- 

Harold  B.  Eaton,  a.  in  n.  1915-1919,  a.n.  1919- 

David  Linn  Edsall,  c.  E.M.  1912-1921,  c.  med.  serv's  1921- 

1923,  Bd.  of  Con.  1923- 
JoHN  Wheelock  Elliot,  s.O.  1886-1894,  v.s.  1894-1906,  Bd. 

of  Con.  1906- 
*Calvin  Ellis,  cur.  of  path.  cab.  1855-1865,  micro.  1856-1865, 

v.p.  1865-1883. 
Francis  P.  Emerson,  otol.  1920- 
Louville  Eugene  Emerson,  psychol.  1913- 
William  Robie  Patten  Emerson,  CM.  p.O.  1916- 
*Harold  Clarence  Ernst,  p.O.  1888-1900. 
Richard  Spelman  Eustis,  CM.  a.p.O.  1914-1916,  p.O.  1916- 

F 

Calvin  Barstow  Faunce,  Jr.,  a.  in  1.  1918-1919,  a.l.  1919- 

1923,  assoc.l.  1923- 
Lawrence  W.  Faust,  G.U.,  r.s.  1924- 
Nathaniel  Wales  Faxon,  a.r.p.  1919-1922,  a.dir.  1922. 
Henry  Field,  E.M.  h.p.  1922- 
Harry  p.  Finck,  a.  in  1.  1921-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
*JoHN  Dix  Fisher,  v.p.  1846-1850. 
Reginald  Fitz,  assoc.  m.  1919,  E.M.  h.p.  1919-1920. 
*Reginald  Heber  Fitz,  micro,  and  cur.  of  path.  cab.  1871-1889, 

path.  1889-1892,  v.p.  1887-1908,  Bd.  of  Con.  1908-1913. 
Elisha  Flagg,  s.O.  1907-1910. 
Otto  Folin,  chem.  1913-1922,  con.  chem.  1922- 
Henry  Stone  Forbes,  a.p.O.  1916-1920. 
Maurice  Fremont-Smith,  a.  in  med.  1920-1922,  a.p.O.  1922- 

1923,  p.O.  1923- 
Harold  M.  Frost,  a.  in  s.  1921-1922,  a.s.O.  1922- 

G 

James  Murry  Gallison,  a.s.O.  1916-1919,  s.O.  1919- 
WiLLiAM  Whitworth  Gannett,  p.O.  1885-1891,  v.p.  1891- 
1911,  Bd.  of  Con.  1911- 

271 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Frederic  Eugene  Garland,  a.l.  1913-1920,  assoc.  1.  1920- 
George  Minot  Garland,  p.O.  1887-1894. 
Joseph  Garland,  a.p.O.  1922-1923. 
*George  Henry  Gay,  v.s.  1855-1878. 
Ralph  Kalb  Ghormley,  0.  s.O.  1924- 
Allen  Clay  Gilbert,  G.U,  h.s.  1923. 
*Louis  Whitmore  Gilbert,  CM.  a.p.O.  1912-1916,  p.O.  1916- 

1917. 
Louis  Adilore  Oliver  Goddu,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1911-1914,  a.s.O. 

1914-1917,  s.O.  1917- 
Thomas  Rodman  Goethals,  E.S.  h.s.  1919. 
Ross  Golden,  X-r.  h.p.  1920-1921. 
Joel  Ernest  Goldthwait,  Or.  s.  1903-1905,  s.O.  1905-1907, 

v.s.  1907-1908,  Bd.  of  Con.  1922- 
JosEPH  Lincoln  Goodale,  L.  a.p.O.  1895-1911,  a.l.  1911-1912, 

1.  1912-1913,  a.l.  1917-1921,  assoc.  in  larnygol.  in  Teaching, 

1921- 
Harry  Winfred  Goodall,  a.p.O.  1909-1910. 
Alfred  Henry  Gould,  a.s.  1903-1907. 
*AuGusTus  Addison  Gould,  v.p.  1857-1866. 
Hugh  Payne  Greeley,  a.p.O.- 1913-1915. 
*John  Orne  Green,  aur.s.  1887-1896. 
Daniel  Crosby  Greene,  Jr.,  L.  a.p.O.  1903-1911,  a.l.  1911- 

1912,  assoc.l.  1912-1916,  1.  1916- 
RoBERT  Battey  Greenough,   S.O.  1900-1911,  a.v.s.  1911- 

1916,  v.s.  1916- 
Arthur  M.  Greenwood,  a.d.  1921- 
Margaret  V.  Grogan,  a.p.O.  1920-1923,  p.O.  1923- 

H 

*Enoch  Hale,  v.p.  1838-1848. 
Francis  Cooley  Hall,  a.p.O.  1919-1921. 
Gardner  W.  Hall,  a.p.O.  1912-1916. 
John  Wilkes  Hammond,  CM.  a.p.O.  1914-1916,  p.O.  1916- 

1917. 
Philip  Hammond,  otol.  1920- 
WiLLiAM  Joseph  Harkins,  a.  in  1.  1915-1921,  a.l.  1921-1923, 

assoc.l.  1923- 
ToRR  Wagner  Harmer,  a.  in  s.  1913-1916,  a.s.O.  1916- 
*Francis  Bishop  Harrington,  p.O.  1884-1886,  s.O.  1886-1894, 

v.s.  1894-1911,  c.  E.S.  1911-1914,  Bd.  of  Con.  1914. 
Paul,  Wilberforce  Harrison,  G.U.  h.s.  1915. 
Harry  Fairbanks  Hartwell,  a.  in  Or.s.  1904r-1911,  a.s.path. 

1911-1916,  s.path.  1916- 

272 


staff 

John  Bryant  Hartwell,  a.s.O.  1911-1917. 

Floyd  Frost  Hatch,  E.S.  h.s.  1916-1917. 

Ralph  Augustus  Hatch,  a.  oph.  1915- 

Rafe  Nelson  Hatt,  Or.  a.s.O.  1920-1921,  s.O.  1921- 

JoHN  Bromham  Hawes,  2d,  a.p.O.  1906-1912,  a.v.p.  1912- 
*David  Hyslop  Hayden,  p.O.  1870-1884. 

Edwin  Parker  Hayden,  E.S.  h.s.  1922-1923. 
*George  Hayward,  v.s.  1826-1851,  Bd.  of  Con.  1853-1863. 
*JoHN  Theodore  Heard,  s.O.  1866-1872. 

Edward  W.  Herman,  a.  in  1.  1915-1923,  a.l.  1923- 

Harold  Waters  Hersey,  a.r.p.  1912-1919. 

Henry  Fox  Hewes,  p.O.  1899-1912,  a.v.p.  1912- 

George  Jackson  Hill,  CM.  a.p.O.  1917-1922. 

George  Sumner  Hill,  a.p.O.  1917-1923,  p.O.  1923- 

James  Hitchcock,  a.  in  med.  1922-1923,  a.p.O.  1923- 
*RiCHARD  Manning  Hodges,  v.s.  1863-1885,  Bd.  of  Con.  1887- 
1895. 

John  Sprague  Hodgson,  W.S.  h.s.  1916,  E.S.  h.s.  1920,  a.  m  s. 
1920-1921,  a.s.O.  1921- 

Gerald  Norton  Hoeffel,  CM.  h.p.  1922-1923. 

George  Winslow  Holmes,  a.r.  1910-1917,  r.  1917- 
*Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  con.  s.  1840-1845,  v.p.  1846-1849. 
*John  Homans,  s.O.  1876-1882,  v.s.  1882-1899,  Bd.  of  Con. 
1899-1903. 

John  Homans,  s.O.  1911-1912. 

Franklin  Henry  Hooper,  L.  p.O.  1889-1892. 

Gilbert  Horrax,  W.S.  h.s.  1916-1917. 

Arthur  Allison  Howard,  CM.  p.O.  1916-1921. 
♦Herbert  Burr  Howard,  r.p.  1897-1908,  Bd.  of  Con.  1923. 

Joseph  Briggs  Howland,  a.r.p.  1907-1917,  act.  r.p.  1917-1919. 

Charles  William  Hutchinson,  W.S.  h.s.  1918-1919. 

I 

Frederick  Carpenter  Irving,  a.  obst.  1919- 

J 
Howard  B.  Jackson,  a.  in  med.  1922-1923,  a.p.O.  1923- 
*James  Jackson,  v.p.  1817-1837,  Bd.  of  Con.  1838-1867. 
*James  Marsh  Jackson,  p.O.  1894-1911. 
*John  Barnard  Swett  Jackson,  a.p.  1837-1838,  v.p.  1840-1864. 
Chester  Morse  Jones,  a.  in  med.  1920-1921,  E.M.  h.p.  1921, 

a.  in  med.  1923- 
Daniel  Fiske  Jones,  s.O.  1903-1911,  a.v.s.  1911-1917,  v.s. 

1917- 
Frederick  Robert  Jouett,  a.p.  1902. 

273 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

K 

Edward  W.  Karcher,  S.  a.  in  med.  1921-1923,  a.p.  1923- 
Varaztad  H.  Kazanjian,  a.  in  1.  1922-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
Parker  H.  Kemble,  adm.  1919-1920,  consul,  eng.  1920-1921. 
Elizabeth  Dickieson  Kerr,  a.  in  1.  1917- 
Frederic  Clinton  Kidner,  a.s.path.  1906-1907,  a.  to  *S.  1907- 

1913. 
Roger  Kinnicutt,  a.  in  clin.  path.  1909-1910. 
James  C.  Kirby,  a.  in  1.  1921-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
Armin  Klein,  Or.  a.s.O.  1920-1921,  s.O.  1921- 
*Frederick  Irving  Knight,  L.  p.O.  1872-1892,  Bd.  of  Con. 

1892-1909. 
William  Fletcher  Knowles,  L.  a.p.O.  1909-1911,  a.l.  1911- 

1920,  assoc.l.  1920,  otol.  1920. 


Walter  J.  LaMarche,  0.  a.  in  s.  1915- 
Walter  B.  Lancaster,  oph.  1920- 
C.  Guy  Lane,  a.d.  1919- 
*Samuel  Wood  Langmaid,  L.  p.O.  1881-1892. 
Charles  Henry  Lawrence,  Jr.,  a.v.p.  1912-1914. 
Roger  Irving  Lee,  p.O.  1908-1912,  v.p.  1912-1920,  a.c.  W.M. 

1920-1921,  assoc.  c.  med.  serv's  1921-1923. 
George  Adams  Leland,  Jr.,  h.s.  1912-1915,  a.  in  s.  1915- 

1916,  a.s.O.  1916-1919,  s.O.  1919- 
OscAR  Raoul  Talon  L'Esperance,  G.U.  a.  in  s.  1913-1920, 

a.s.O.  1920- 
John  Mason  Little,  Jr.,  a.s.O.  1917-1919. 
Harry  Linenthal,  a.p.O.  1913-1914,  p.O.  1914- 
Henry  Demarest  Lloyd,  ;S.  a.p.O.  1916-1923,  p.O.  1923- 
Frederick  Taylor  Lord,  p.O.  1903-1912,  v.p.  1912- 
Sydney  Archer  Lord,  N.  a.p.  1898-1900,  a.n.  1918- 
Robert  Gardner  Loring,  a.oph.  1911- 
Oliver  Ames  Lothrop,  a.  otol.  1911- 
John  Leroy  Lougee,  a.l.  1916-1919. 
Harry  Chamberlain  Low,  Or.  a.  in  s.   1909-1911,   a.s.O. 

1911-1917,  s.O.  1917-1921,  s.  chg.  poliomyelitis,  1921- 
Charles  Carroll  Lund,  h.s.  1922-1923,  a.  in  s.  1923- 
Arthur  Bates  Lyon,  CM.  h.p.  1918,  a.  in  med.  1921-1922, 

a.p.O.  1922-1923,  p.O.  1923- 

274 


Staff 


M 


William  Russell  MacAusland,  Or.  a.s.O.  1908-1909. 
Elba  McCarty,  X-r.  h.p.  1917-1918. 
Charles  A.  McDonald,  a.  in  n.  1916-1918,  a.n.  1918- 
George    Albert    MacIver,    a.r.p.    1916-1917,    1st    a.dir. 

1922- 
Monroe  Anderson  McIver,  E.S.  h.s.  1920-1922,  surg.  assoc. 

1923- 
DoNALD  Macomber,  a.p.O.  1915-1919,  a.  in  s.  1921-1922. 
George  Burgess  Magrath,  m.-l.  path.  1909-1912. 
*Thomas  James  Manahan,  s.O.  1906-1907. 
Henry  Chase  Marble,  a.s.O.  1916- 
Herman  Weston  Marshall,  Or.  a.s.O.  1914-1917,  s.O.  1917- 

1919. 
Charles  Louis  Martin,  X-r.  h.p.  1919-1920. 
Frank  William  Marvin,  a.s.O.  1917- 
WiLLiAM  Mason,  E.M.  h.p.  1920-1921. 
William  Ropes  May,  a.p.  1902-1903. 
Louis  Guy  Mead,  a.p.O.  1909-1912,  p.O.  1912-1919. 
James  Howard  Means,  a.p.O.  1916,  assoc.  m.  1916-1923,  c. 

med.  serv's  1923- 
JoE  Vincent  Meigs,  a.s.O.  1922- 
HuGO  Mella,  a.  in  n.  1920-1923,  a.n.  1923- 
Louis  Mendelsohn,  a.p.O.  1916-1921. 

Adelbert  Samuel  Merrill,  X-r.  h.p.  1915-1916,  a.r.  1916- 
Richard  Henry  Miller,  a.  in  s.  1912-1914,  a.s.O.  1914-1916, 

s.O.  1916-1919,  c.s.O.  1919- 
Leroy  Matthew  Simpson  Miner,  dn.  1910- 
*Francis  Minot,  v.p.  1859-1887,  Bd.  of  Con.  1887-1899. 
George  Richards  Minot,  a.  in  med.  1915-1918,  assoc.m. 

1918-1924,  p.  to  sp.  clin.  1924- 
James  Jackson  Minot,  p.O.  1887-1903,  v.p.  1903-1913,  Bd.  of 

Con.  1913- 
Samuel  C.  Mintz,  G.U.  a.  in  s.  1918-1920,  a.s.O.  1922- 
Samuel  Jason  Mixter,s.O.  1886-1894,  v.s.  1894-1911,  c.  W.S. 

1911-1915,  Bd.  of  Con.  1915- 
WiLLiAM  Jason  Mixter,  a.s.O.  1911-1917,  s.O.  1917-1919, 

a.v.p.  1919- 
Sherwood  Moore,  X-r.  h.p.  1916-1917. 
*Ferdinand  Gordon  Morrill,  p.O.  1878-1884. 
Hyman  Morrison,  a.p.O.  1915-1921,  p.O.  1921- 
George  W  Morse,  E.S.  h.s.  1911-1912;  a.s.O.  1917-1920. 
Henry  Lee  Morse,  aur.s.  1897-1908. 
John  Jamieson  Morton,  E.S.  h.s.  1915-1916. 

275 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Haeeis  Peyton  Moshee,  L.  a.p.O.  1903-1908,  aur.s.  1908- 
1911,  assoc.  1.  1912-1913,  1.  1913-1920,  c.  of  1.  and  otol. 
1920- 
*James  Geegoey  Mumfoed,  s.O.  1894-1903,  a.v.s.  1903-1905, 

v.s.  1905-1912. 
Feed  Towsley  Muephy,  s.O.  1907-1911. 
*Peecy  Musgeave,  a.p.  1902-1903. 

N 

Louis  Haeey  Newbuegh  a.v.p.  1912-1916. 

Feanklin  Spilman  Newell,  obst.  1914- 

Otis  Kimball  Newell,  s.O.  1889-1895. 

Haevey  Field  Newhall,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1907-1911,  a.s.O.  1911- 

1912. 
MicHELE  NiGEO,  CM.  a.p.O.  1917-1922,  p.O.  1922- 

0 

*Waltee  Buelingame  Odioene,  s.O.  1906. 

Edwaed  Scott  O'Keefe,  a.  in  med.  1917-1920,  CM.  a.p.O. 
1920-1922,  P.O.  1922- 

Eveeaed  Laweence  Olivee,  a.d.  1911-1923,  assoc.  d.  1923- 
*Heney  Kemble  Olivee,  Jr.,  p.O.  1867-1868,  v.p.  1868-1873. 

RiCHAED  Feothingham  O'Neil,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1911,  s.O.  1911- 

Claeence  Eugene  Oedway,  a.p.O.  1917-1919. 

Heeman  Ashton  Osgood,  X-r.  h.p.  1918-1919. 

Robeet  Bayley  Osgood,  Or.  a.s.O.  1904-1907,  s.O.  1907-1911, 
a.v.s.  1911-1917,  v.s.  1917-1919,  c.  1919-1922. 


Geoege  Byeon  Packaed,  Jr.,  E.S.  h.s.  1917. 

Chaeles  Faiebank  Paintee,  Or.  Temp,  a.v.s.  1917-1919. 

Waltee  Walkee  Palmee,  E.M.  h.p.  1913-1915. 

Willaed  Stephen  Paekee,  CM.  a.p.O.   1912-1915;  a.p.O. 

1915-1916,  a.  in  med.  1922-1923,  a.p.O.  1923- 
*Samuel  Paekman,  v.s.  1846-1854. 

John  Paesons,  CM.  h.p.  1920-1921. 

RussEL  Hugo  Patteeson,  G.U.  h.s.  1919-1920. 

Waltee  Eveeaed  Paul,  N.  a.p.O.  1893-1911,  a.n.  1911-1912, 
n.  1912-1922,  con.  in  neurol.  1922- 

WiLLiAM  Albeet  Peekins,  E.S.  h.s.  1918-1919. 
*Maeshall  Seaes  Peeey,  v.p.  1851-1856. 

Feanz  Pfaff,  chem.  1896-1903. 

276 


Staff 

Edward  Hemphill  Place,  con.  in  contag.  dis.  1915- 

George  H.  Poirier,  a.  in  1.  1921-1923,  a.l.  1923- 

Charles  Allen  Porter,  s.O.   1894-1903,  a.v.s.   1903-1907, 

v.s.  1907-1915,  c.  W,S.  1915- 
*Charles  Burnham  Porter,  s.O.  1868-1875,  v.s.  1875-1903, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1903-1909. 
Charles  Terrell  Porter,  a.  in  1.  1917-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
Abner  Post,  Bd.  of  Con.  1913-1914,  con.  in  syph.  1914-1919. 
Hale  Powers,  a.  in  n.  1917- 
JosEPH  Hersey  Pratt,  a.p.O.  1903-1911,  a.n.  1911-1913, 

a.v.p.  1913-1918. 
*James  Jackson  Putnam,  Elec.  1872,  N.  p.O.  1872-1911,  c. 

1911-1912,  Bd.  of  Con.  1912-1918. 

Q 

Alexander  Quackenboss,  oph.s.  1904-1911,  oph.  1921-1923. 

R 
Francis  Minot  Rackemann,  a.  in  med.  1917-1921,  p.O.  1921- 
Benjamin  Harrison  Ragle,  a.p.O.  1917-1920,  1921- 
Andre  William  Reggio,  a.s.O.  1916- 
William  Duncan  Reid,  a.p.O.  1917-1920. 
George  Stoddard  Reynolds,  r.s.  1923- 
Anna  G.  Richardson,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1920-1923. 
Edward  Pierson  Richardson,  a.s.O.  1911-1912,  s.O.  1912- 

1919,  a.v.s.  1919-1922,  c.  Thd.S.  1922- 
*Maurice  Howe  Richardson,  s.O.  1882-1886,  v.s.  1886-1911, 

s.  in  c.  1911-1912. 
Oscar  Richardson,  a.  in  clin.  path.  1897-1905,  a.  path.  1905- 
William  Lambert  Richardson,  p.O.  1871-1883,  v.p.  1883- 

1903,  Bd.  of  Con.  1903- 
Edward  Hammond  Risley,  a.s.O.  1912-1920. 
Chandler  Robbins,  a.l.  1912-1917,  temp.  a.l.  1917. 
William  Bradford  Robbins,  a.p.O.  1913-1915,  p.O.  1915- 
Samuel  Robinson,  a.  m  s.  1906-1908,  s.O.  1908-1912. 
John  Rock,  G.U.  h.s.  1920,  a.  in  s.  1921- 
Mark  Homer  Rogers,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1906-1908,  a.s.O.  1908- 

1917,  a.v.s.  1917-1921,  v.s.  1921- 
Orville  Forrest  Rogers,  E.M.  h.p.  1915-1916. 
Eli  Charles  Romberg,  CM.  h.p.  1921-1922. 
Solomon  Hymen  Rubin,  Temp.  a.p.O.  1918,  a.p.O.  1920-1923, 

p.  CM.  O.  1923- 
George  H.  Ryder,  oph.  1920-1923. 

277 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

S 

Alpha  R.  Sawyeb,  G.U.  a.  in  s.  1920,  a.s.O.  1920- 
Charles  Locke  Scudder,  s.O.  1891-1903,  v.s.  1903-1914,  c. 

E.S.  1914-1920,  Bd.  of  Con.  1920- 
Andrew  Watson  Sellards,  a.  in  T.M.  1915- 
Malcolm  Seymour,  a.p.O.  1915-1921,  p.O.  1921- 
Frederick  Cheever  Shattuck,  p.O.  1878-1886,  v.p.  1886- 

1912,  Bd.  of  Con.  1912- 
George  Cheever  Shattuck,  a.p.O.  1911-1912,  a.v.p.  1912- 

1921. 
*George  Chetne  Shattuck,  Bd.  of  Con.  1836-1850,  v.p.  1850- 

1885,  Bd.  of  Con.  1886-1893. 
*Benjamin  Shurtleff  Shaw,  r.p.  1858-1872,  v.p.  1873-1882. 
Edward  Byer  Shaw,  CM.  r.p.  1923- 
WiLLiAM  Martindale  Shedden,  G.U.  h.s.  1920-1921,  W.S. 

h.s.  1921-1922,  a.  in  s.  1922- 
Channing  Chamberlain  Simmons,  a.s.  path.  1907,  s.O.  1907- 

1916,  a.v.s.  1916- 
Fred  a.  Simmons,  a.  in  1.  1919-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
Charles  Moffett  Simpson,  G.U.  h.s.  1921-1922. 
♦Alexander  Doull  Sinclair,  p.O.  1867-1868. 
Warren  Richards  Sisson,  CM.  p.O.  1917-1923. 
Charles  Morton  Smith,  S.  c.  1913- 

George  Gilbert  Smith,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1910-1911,  s.O.  1911- 
Richard  Mason  Smith,  CM.  p.O.  1910,  a.v.p.  1910-1916,  v.p. 

1916-1922. 
William  David  Smith,  S.  a.s.O.  1916-1921,  p.O.  1921- 
WiLLiAM  Henry  Smith,  p.O.  1903-1912,  v.p.  1912- 
Marius  Nygaard  Smith-Petersen,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1917-1919, 

s.O.  1919-1921,  a.v.s.  1921- 
DuNCAN  Campbell  Smyth,  a.  in  1.  1915-1917,  a.l.  1917-1921, 

assoc.l.  1921- 
Harry  C.  Solomon,  S.  a.  in  med.  1920-1923,  a.p.O.  1923- 
HoRACE  Kennedy  Sowles,  W.S.  h.s.  1917-1918,  a.s.O.  1920- 
Fred  M.  Spalding,  oph.  1920- 
Louis  Mahlon  Spear,  p.O.  1912-1913. 
Lesley  Hinckley  Spooner,  a.p.O.  1912-1914,  p.O.  1914-1921. 
Albert  Edward  Steele,  a.  in  chn.  bac.  1910- 
James  L.  Stoddard,  chem.  1922- 
Arthur   Kingsbury   Stone,  p.O.   1893-1912,   a.v.p.   1912- 

1918. 
*David  Humphreys  Storer,  v.s.  1849-1858. 
♦Charles  Pratt  Strong,  p.O.  1887-1893. 
Richard  Pearson  Strong,  c.  T.M.  1915- 

278 


staff 

LoRiNG  Tiffany  Swaim,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1918-1919,  s.O.  1919- 

J.  H.  SwARTz,  a.d.  1923- 

Walter  B.  Swift,  a.  in  1.  1915-1918. 

T 

Fritz  Bradley  Talbot,  CM.  p.  in  chg.  191Q-1911,  c.  1911- 
*George  Grosvenor  Tarbell,  P.O.  1868-1873,  v.p.  1873-1891, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1891-1900. 
Edward  Wyllys  Taylor,  A^  a.p.0. 1893-1911,  n.  1911-1912, 

c.  1912- 
JoHN  Houghton  Taylor,  a.p.O.  1919-1921,  p.O.  1921- 
Peter  H.  Thompson,  oph.  1920- 
George  Loring  Tobey,  Temp.  a.l.  1917-1918. 
Harold  Grant  Tobey,  a.  in  1.  1916-1923,  a.l.  1923- 
Harvey  Parker  Towle,  D.  a.p.O.  1903-1911,  d.  1911- 
Charles  Wendell  Townsend,  p.O.  1892-1909. 
♦Solomon  Davis  Townsend,  con.  s.  1835-1839,  v.s.  1839-1863, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1863-1869. 
*Henry  Tuck,  p.O.  1873-1877. 

V 

Robert  Glass  Vance,  X-r.  r.p.  1923- 

Theodore  S.  Van  Riempst,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1910-1911. 

Frederick  H.  Verhoeff,  oph.  1920- 

Herman  Frank  Vickery,  p.O.  1887-1898,  v.p.  1898-1914,  Bd. 

of  Con.  1914- 
Henry  Rouse  Viets,  Jr.,  a.  in  n.  1919,  a.  in  s.  1919-1920,  a.  in 

n.  1921-1923,  a.n.  1923- 
Beth  Vincent,  a.  ins.  1906-1907,  s.O.  1911-1917,  a.v.s.  1917- 
Robert  H.  Vose,  Temp.  a.s.O.  1917-1919,  a.s.O.  1919- 

W 

*0liver  Fairfield  Wadsworth,  oph.p.  1873-1899,  Bd.  of  Con. 

1900-1911. 
♦William  Walter  Walcott,  a.p.O.  1916-1919. 
David  Harold  Walker,  otol.  1910- 
Eugene  Walker,  a.r.p.  1913-1916,  1919-1920. 
George  Lincoln  Walton,  N.  p.O.  1889-1907,  Bd.  of  Con. 

1907- 
*Charles  Eliot  Ware,  v.p.  1857-1868,  Bd.  of  Con.  1868-1887. 
*John  Ware,  con.p.  1837-1838,  v.p.  1839. 
*JoHN  C.  Warren,  v.s.  1817-1853,  Bd.  of  Con.  1853-1856. 
J.  Collins  Warren,  p.O.  1870-1872,  s.O.  1873-1877,  v.s.  1877- 

1905,  Bd.  of  Con.  1905- 
*JoNATHAN  Mason  Warren,  v.s.  1846-1867. 

279 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Frederic  A.  Washburn,  a.r.p.   1898,  1903-1908,  r.p.  1908- 

1922,  dir.  1922- 
George  Arthur  Waterman,  N.  a.p.O.  1902-1911,  a.n.  1911- 

1912,  assoc.  n.  1912-1915,  n.  1915-1916. 
Joseph  Deutsch  Weis,  a.p.  1903. 
Charles  Edward  Wells,  a.r.p.  1914-1915,  1917-1919,  1920- 

1922,  2d  a.  dir.  1922- 
*George  Webb  West,  s.O.  1883-1888. 
Bryant  Davis  Wetherell,  S.  a.  in  med.  1919- 
Charles  James  White,  D.  a.p.O.  1895-1903,  p.0. 1903-1911, 

d.  1911- 
*James  Clarke  White,  chem.  1864-1872,  N.  p.O.  1871-1872, 

p.O.  1873-1902,  Bd.  of  Con.  1902-1914. 
J.  Warren  White,  Or.  a.  in  s.  1921-1922,  a.s.O.  1922-1924, 

s.O.  1924- 
Paul  Dudley  White,  W.M.  h.p.  1914-1917,  1919-1920,  c. 

M.O.  1920-  and  p.  to  sp.  clin,  1921- 
*WiLLiAM  FiSKE  Whitney,  a.path.  1888-1892,  path.  1892-1901, 

s.path.  1901-1916. 
Wyman  Whittemore,  a.  in  s.  1907-1908,  a.s.O.  1911-1914, 

S.O.  1914-1919,  a.v.s.  1919-. 
♦Edward  Newton  Whittier,  p.O.  1872-1883,  v.p.  1883-1898, 

Bd.  of  Con.  1898-1902. 
William  Irving  Wiggin,  a.  in  1.  1917-1921,  a.l.  1921-1923, 

assoc.  1.  1923- 
*ROBERT  WiLLARD,  p.O.  1869-1870. 
Hugh  Williams,   s.O.   1903-1911,  a.v.s.  1911-1917,  assoc.  s. 

1917-1919,  v.s.  1919- 
Philip  Duncan  Wilson,  Or.  s.O.  1919- 
*Edward  Stickney  Wood,  chem.  1873-1905. 
James  Edwin  Wood,  Jr.,  E.M.  r.p.  1923. 
Clarence  Field  Worthen,  Temp,  a.oph.  1918. 
George  Henry  Wright,  dn.  1912- 
James  Homer  Wright,  path.  1896- 
Mary  Wright,  CM.  a.  in  med.  1921-1922,  a.p.O.  1922-1923, 

p.O.  1923- 
Wadb  Stanley  Wright,  med.  ass't  in  ind.  dis.  1916-1921,  p. 

to  sp.  chn.  1921- 


Edward  Lorraine  Young,  Jr.,  G.U.  a.s.O.  1912-1914,  s.O. 

1914-1919,  s.O.  1919- 
James  Herbert  Young,  CM.  a.p.O.  1911-1913,  p.O.  1913- 

280 


House  Officers 


HOUSE  OFFICERS 


1821 
Joshua  Green,  Apothecary  *1875 

1822 
James  Madison  Whittemore,  A.  *1863 

1823 
Benjamin  Barrett,  A.  *1869 

Charles  William  Chauncey,  A.  *1864 

1824 
Jonas  Henry  Lane,  A.  *1861 

1825 
Joseph  Reynolds,  A.  *1872 

1826 
Phineas  Miller  Crane,  A.  *1882 

1827 
John  Barnard  Swett  Jackson,  A.  *1879 

1828 
Augustus  Addison  Gould,  M.  *1866 

1829 
LuciAN  WiLLARD  Caryl,  S.  *1837 

Francis  Dana,  M.  *1872 

Willard  Parker,  M.  *1884 

1830 
Henry  Ingersoll  Bowditch,  M.  *1892 

Thomas  Kemble  Thomas,  S.  *1863 

1831 
Thomas  Sparkhawk,  '  M.  *1874 

Samuel  Swett,  S.  *1866 

1832 
Lyman  Bartlett,  M.  *1865 

John  Odin,  S.  *1864 

1833 
Francis  Henry  Gray,  M.  *1880 

Henry  Tuck,  S.  *1845 

1834 
EsTEs  Howe,  M.  *1887 

Stephen  Salisbury,  ,S.  *1875 

281 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1835 
William  Ward  Cutler, 
Horace  Dupee, 

1836 

Samuel  Parkman, 
Morrill  Wyman, 

1837 
William  Mack, 
Joseph  Sargent, 

1838 
Henry  Jacob  Bigelow, 
John  Bates  Johnson, 

1839 
John  Fenwick  Eustis, 
Christopher  Columbus  Holmes, 

1840 
William  Augustus  Davis, 
Elijah  Raymond  Mears, 

1841 
Ezra  Wood  Fletcher, 
George  Hayward, 

1842 
Edward  Brooks  Pierson, 
William  Henry  Thayer, 

1843 
John  Frazier  Head, 
William  Edward  Townsend, 

1844 
Henry  Augustus  Barrett, 
George  Henry  Gay, 

1845 
John  Sydenham  Flint, 
Alfred  Lambert, 

1846 
Charles  Bertody, 
Charles  Frederick  Heywood, 
Ralph  Kneeland  Jones, 

1847 
Thomas  Andrews, 
John  Call  Dalton, 
John  Gallison  Sewall, 

282 


M. 

*1870 

S. 

*1891 

M. 

*1854 

M. 

*1903 

S. 

*1895 

M. 

*1888 

M. 

*1890 

S. 

M. 

*1844 

S. 

*1882 

M. 

*1898 

S. 

*1841 

M. 

*1847 

S. 

*1901 

s. 

*1874 

M. 

*1897 

M. 

*1908 

S. 

*1866 

M. 

*1899 

S. 

*1878 

M. 

*1887 

S. 

*1885 

S. 

*1893 

s. 

*1893 

M. 

*1888 

s. 

*1852 

s. 

*1889 

M. 

*1872 

House  Officers 

1848 
William  Otis  Johnson, 
Robert  Woodruff  Oliphant, 
Daniel  Denison  Slade, 
William  Henry  Thorndike, 

1849 
Waldo  Irving  Burnett, 
Calvin  Ellis, 
Charles  Dudley  Homans, 

1850 
Charles  Goldthwaite  Adams, 
Albert  Henry  Blanchard, 
John  Nelson  Borland, 
Freeman  Josiah  Bumstead, 
Charles  Hosea  Hildreth, 

1851 
Joshua  James  Ellis, 
Thomas  Hovey  Gage, 
John  Phillips  Reynolds, 
Albert  Franklin  Sawyer, 

1852 
Samuel  Coleman  Blake, 
Joseph  Clay  Habersham, 
William  Nourse  Lane, 
William  Hussey  Page, 

1853 
Samuel  Abbott  Green, 
Edward  Lorenzo  Holmes, 
Joel  Seaverns, 

1854 
Charles  Bell, 
Samuel  Foster  Haven, 
Henry  Kemble  Oliver, 
Charles  Ellery  Stedman, 
John  Lane  White, 

1855 
Alfred  Hosmer, 
George  Smith  Hyde, 
Lucius  Manlius  Sargent, 
James  Clark  White, 

283 


M. 

*1873 

M. 

*1883 

S. 

*1896 

s. 

*1884 

M. 

*1854 

M. 

*1883 

S. 

*1886 

S. 

*1852 

M. 

*1909 

M. 

*1890 

S. 

*1879 

S. 

*1884 

M. 

*1861 

S. 

*1909 

M. 

*1909 

S. 

*1903 

M. 

*1897 

M. 

*1881 

S. 

*1862 

S. 

*1888 

s. 

*1918 

s. 

*1900 

M. 

*1894 

s. 

M. 

*1862 

M. 

*1919 

S. 

*1909 

M. 

*1902 

S. 

*1891 

M. 

*1905 

S. 

*1864 

M. 

*1916 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

1856 

Hall  Cubtis,  o 

GustavusHay,  ^  ;i906 

Alexander  Doull  Sinclair,  m  *|q?? 

William  Thorndike,  f'  .^^^ll 

1857  *  ^^^^ 
Eugene  DeCourcillon,  m  * 
Basket  Derby,  c  *  ^ 
Anson  Parker  Hooker,  ^  J.^^ 
JosLiH  Henry  Stickney,  5  '  ^t^l^ 

1858  ' 
Ezra  Dyer,  „ 

John  Theodore  Heard,  c'  llnnl 

Edward  Hooker,  J;  ^^06 

Benjamin  Lincoln  Ray,  ^;  ^?^^^ 

Charles  Carroll  Tower,  m  *!sqq 


1859 


1893 


George  Adams  Bright,  m  *iQnK 

Francis  Codman  Ropes,  ^  *  ^tZ^l 

John  Stearns,  o'  ^^"^ 

JosiAH  Newell  Willard,  '  m  *Jf^n 

1860  *  ^^^^ 

John  George  Blake,  o  ^ 

Francis  Henry  Brown,  J  *,^}^ 

Sidney  Howard  Carney,  ^;  ,}^^ 

Joseph  Whitney  Gushing,  5.  *Jgg^ 

John  Howe  Clark,  ^ 

William  Borrowe  Gibson,  ,(?  "  J^^i 

John  Homans,  «'  ^^^^ 

John  Gray  Park,  J  r^^OS 

1862  *  ^^^^ 
George  Ebenezer  Francis,  s  '  *iqio 
David  Hyslop  Hayden,  s.  na]o 
Charles  Everett  Vaughn,  m  *iQn;f 
Robert  Willard,  ^-                      1^04 

1863  ^^^^ 

Benjamin  Faneuil  Dunkin  Adams,         S.  *iRQ^ 

Norton  Folsom,  '         ^  ^^^^^ 

Samuel  Wood  Langmaid,  s  *Jo?^ 

Charles  Walter  Swan,  m  *iqo? 

Oliver  Fairfield  Wadsworth,  m  *iqi  1 


284 


1911 


House  Officers 

1864 
Alfred  Leonard  Haskins, 
Charles  Edward  Inches, 
George  Edward  Mason, 
Charles  Burnham  Porter, 
George  Grosvenor  Tarbell, 

1865 
John  Orne  Green, 
Francis  Boott  Greenough, 
Arthur  Howard  Nichols, 
Calvin  Pratt, 
John  Collins  Warren, 
Jeremiah  Whipple, 

1866 
Richard  Henry  Derby, 
Thomas  Dwight, 
Henry  Parker  Quincy, 
William  Lambert  Richardson, 
Frederick  Russell  Sturgis, 
Henry  Tuck, 

1867 
Henry  Harris  Aubbey  Beach, 
JosiAH  Little  Hale, 
William  Henry  Howe  Hastings, 
RuFus  Pratt  Lincoln, 
Herbert  James  Pratt, 
Thomas  Waterman, 

1868 
Henry  Hooper, 
Barker  Brooks  Kent, 
Ferdinand  Gordon  Morrill, 
Charles  Pickering  Putnam, 
Ira  St.  Clair  Smith, 
Edward  Newton  Whittier, 

1869 
Henry  Thatcher  Boutwell, 
William  Gelson  Farlow, 
Abner  Post, 
James  Jackson  Putnam, 
Frederick  Henry  Thompson, 
Leonard  Wheeler, 

285 


M. 

*1876 

S. 

*1911 

s. 

*1882 

s. 

*1909 

s. 

*1900 

s. 

*1922 

M. 

*1904 

s. 

*1923 

s. 

*1922 

s. 

M. 

*1871 

s. 

*1907 

s. 

*1911 

s. 

*1899 

M. 

s. 

*1919 

M. 

*1904 

S. 

*1910 

s. 

*1903 

M. 

*1900 

s. 

*1900 

M. 

*1915 

s. 

*1901 

s. 

*1919 

s. 

*1873 

s. 

*1907 

M. 

*1914 

s. 

*1891 

M. 

*1902 

S. 

*1915 

s. 

*1919 

s. 

M. 

*1918 

S. 

M. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1870 
Albert  Novatus  Blodgett, 
James  Thacher  Boutelle, 
Horace  Bridge, 
James  Read  Chadwick, 
Joseph  Pearson  Oliver, 
Edward  Stickney  Wood, 

1871 
Walter  Channing, 
Elbridge  Gerry  Cutler, 
Francis  Augustine  Harris, 
Amos  Lawrence  Mason, 
William  James  Morton, 
James  Edwin  Tobey, 
William  Hunter  Workman, 

1872 
James  Bourne  Ayer, 
Edward  Hickling  Bradford, 
Francis  Edward  Porter, 
George  Kraus  Sabine,  > 

Frederick  Cheever  Shattuck, 

1874 
Edward  Marshall  Buckingham, 
John  Standish  Foster  Bush, 
Edward  Waldo  Emerson, 
William  Edward  Moseley, 
Thomas  Morgan  Rotch, 
Henry  Rust  Stedman, 

1875 
Francis  Henry  Davenport, 
William  Aloysius  Dunn, 
Walter  Ela, 
Samuel  Howe, 
Claudius  Marcellus  Jones, 
George  Stedman, 
William  Fiske  Whitney, 

1876 
Arthur  Tracy  Cabot, 
Joseph  Everett  Garland, 
Thomas  Waterman  Huntington, 
Frederick  Fiske  Moore, 

286 


s. 

*1923 

s. 

* 

M. 

s. 

*1905 

M. 

*1903 

S. 

*1905 

s. 

*1921 

M. 

S. 

*1911 

M. 

*1914 

S. 

*1920 

S. 

*1891 

M. 

S. 

*1910 

S. 

s. 

s. 

M. 

w.s. 

*1916 

E.S. 

*1922 

W.S. 

E.M. 

*1916 

W.M. 

*1914 

E.S. 

M. 

W.S. 

*1918 

E.S. 

E.S. 

*1879 

E.M. 

*1892 

W.S. 

*1921 

W.M. 

*1921 

W.S. 

*1912 

W.S. 

*1907 

E.M. 

W.M. 

House  Officers 

Samuel  Quincy  Robinson, 
George  Horton  Tilden, 
William  Adams  Winn, 

1877 
Edward  Chauncey  Booth, 
Charles  Wendell  Cooper, 
Oliver  Hurd  Everett, 
Henry  Cecil  Haven, 
OcTAVius  Thorndike  Howe, 
Marcello  Hutchinson, 
Ernest  Parker  Miller, 
Maurice  Howe  Richardson, 

1878 
John  Winters  Brannan, 
John  Wheelock  Elliot, 
William  Castein  Mason, 
James  Jackson  Minot, 
Henry  Lee  Morse, 
William  Oxnard  Moseley, 

1879 
Vincent  Yardley  Bowditch, 
William  Whitworth  Gannett, 
Samuel  Jason  Mixter, 
Francis  Sedgewick  Watson, 
George  Webb  West, 
John  Brooks  Wheeler, 

1880 
Dudley  Peter  Allen, 
William  Norton  Bullard, 
George  Griswold  Hayward, 
Henry  Percy  Jaques, 
George  Howard  Monks, 
Walter  Joseph  Otis, 

1881 
Charles  Harrington, 
Francis  Bishop  Harrington, 
William  Donnison  Hodges, 
Thomas  Foster  Sherman, 
Charles  Pratt  Strong, 
William  Nye  Swift, 
Charles  Bryant  Witherle, 

287 


s. 

*1899 

E.S. 

*1916 

E.S. 

*1890 

W.M. 

W.S. 

*1897 

E.S. 

E.S. 

*1915 

W.S. 

E.M. 

*1908 

W.M. 

E.S. 

*1912 

E.S. 

W.S. 

E.S. 

E.M. 

W.S. 

W.M. 

*1879 

E.M. 

W.M. 

W.S. 

E.S. 

W.S. 

*1897 

E.S. 

W.S. 

*1915 

E.M. 

E.S. 

*1910 

W.M. 

E.S. 

W.S. 

E.M. 

*1908 

E.S. 

*1914 

E.S. 

*1893 

W.M. 

*1893 

W.S. 

*1893 

E.M. 

*1911 

W.S. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


1882 
Franklin  Asaph  Dunbar, 
Lester  Sackett  Ford, 
Andrew  Hall  Hodgdon, 
John  Homans,  2d, 
Frederick  Howard  Lombard, 
Frederick  Weston  Taylor, 
Herman  Frank  Vickery, 

1883 
John  Templeton  Bo  wen, 
Clarence  Miles  Godding, 
Charles  Sumner  Holden, 
Otis  Kimball  Newell, 
Herbert  William  Newhall, 
Alley  Talbot  Wakefield, 

1884 
Frederick  Melancthon  Briggs, 
William  Merritt  Conant, 
Charles  Wilt^iam  Galloupe, 
Oscar  Joseph  Pfeiffer,  » 

1885 
Henry  Cutler  Baldwin, 
Dillon  Brown, 
Henry  Jackson, 
George  Morrill  Kimball, 
Edward  Reynolds, 
George  Gray  Sears, 

1886 
Algernon  Coolidge, 
Jerrie  Knowlton  Phillips, 
John  Washburn  Pratt, 
Charles  Schram, 
William  Donnison  Swan, 
Charles  Wendell  Townsend, 
Frederick  Clinton  Woodbury, 

1887 
Joseph  Payson  Clark, 
Henry  Strong  Durand, 
BuRNSiDE  Foster, 
George  Hills  Francis, 
Lewis  Tebbets  Stevens, 

288 


EM. 

E.S. 

*1882 

W.M. 

E.S. 

*1902 

w.s. 

*1885 

E.M. 

*1919 

W.M. 

W.M. 

E.S. 

*1920 

W.S. 

E.S. 

W.M. 

W.S. 

*1886 

E.S. 

W.S. 

W.S. 

*1922 

E.S. 

E.S. 

*1915 

W.S. 

*1909 

E.M. 

W.S. 

E.S. 

W.M. 

E.S. 

W.S. 

*1899 

W.S. 

*1922 

W.M. 

E.S. 

E.M. 

E.M. 

*1886 

E.S. 

W.S. 

' 

W.S. 

*1917 

E.S. 

W.M. 

*1898 

House  Officers 

1888 
Norman  Fitch  Chandler, 
Edward  Fitch  Gushing, 
Homer  Gage, 
Henry  Barton  Jacobs, 
Richard  Sprague, 
Arthur  Kingsbury  Stone, 

1889 
John  Miller  Turpin  Finney, 
Edward  Miller  Greene, 
Hardy  Phippen, 
Charles  Locke  Scudder, 
William  Sydney  Thayer, 
Augustus  Thorndike, 

1890 
Arthur  Patterson  Chadbourne, 
Edward  Fitch  Gushing, 
George  Eliot, 
Arthur  Lyman  Fisk, 
George  Lyle  Kingsley, 
James  Gregory  Mumford, 
Malcolm  Storer, 

1891 
John  Washburn  Bartol, 
Everett  Alanson  Bates, 
Frank  Spooner  Churchill, 
Frederick  Shurtleff  Coolidge, 
James  Marsh  Jackson, 
Ralph  Holland  Seelye, 
Henry  Alden  Shaw, 

1892 
William  Allen  Brooks, 
Arthur  Carleton  Jelly, 
Howard  Augustus  Lothrop, 
Edward  Allen  Pease, 
William  Lord  Smith, 

1893 
Franklin  Greene  Balch,  W.S. 

George  Washington  Wales  Brewster  E.S. 
Elmond  Arthur  Burnham,  W.M. 

Farrar  Cobb,  E.S. 

289 


W.M. 

*1922 

E.S. 

*1911 

E.S. 

E.M. 

W.S. 

*1892 

W.S. 

W.S. 

E.M. 

E.S. 

E.S. 

W.M. 

W.S. 

E.M. 

W.M. 

*1911 

W.S. 

*1891 

W.S. 

W.S. 

*1890 

E.S. 

*1914 

E.S. 

E.S. 

E.M. 

W.M. 

W.S. 

*1915 

W.M. 

*1918 

E.S. 

W.S. 

E.S. 

*1921 

E.M. 

E.S. 

W.S. 

W.S. 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

John  Dane,  E.S. 

Warren  Fisher  Gay,  W.S.  *1916 

Joseph  Lincoln  Goodale,  W.M. 

Fred  Bates  Lund,  W.S. 

Frank  Lyman,  W.S. 

Charles  Allen  Porter,  E.S. 

Edmund  Channing  Stowell,  E.M. 

1894 

Richard  Clarke  Cabot,  E.M. 

Frederick  Jay  Cotton,  W.S. 

Abel  Albert  Davis,  E.S. 

Edward  Hamilton  Kidder,  W.S.  *1898 

Sidney  Archer  Lord,  S.S. 

James  Savage  Stone,  E.S. 

HoBERT  Endicott  Warren,  E.S. 

Alfred  Augustus  Wheeler,  S.S. 

1895 

George  Lawrence  Barney,  E.S.  *1898 

Arthur  Lambert  Chute,  S.S. 

Edmund  Wright  Clap,  »  E.M. 

Ernest  Amory  Codman,  E.S. 

William  Pearce  Coues,  W.S. 

Francis  Parkman  Denny,  W.M. 

George  Carroll  Dolliver,  S.S.  *1897 

Richard  Edward  Edes,  E.S.  *1901 

Henry  Fox  Hewes,  E.M. 

George  Hillard  Hill,  W.S. 

Henry  Lincoln  Houghton,  W.S. 

Elliot  Proctor  Joslin,  W.M. 

Herbert  Charles  Moffitt,  E.M. 

Richard  Frothingham  O'Neil,  W.S. 

Frederick  Warren  Pearl,  E.S. 
Charles  Russell  Lowell  Putnam,        S.S. 

Mark  Wyman  Richardson,  W.M. 

1896 

Charles  Norton  Barney,  W.M.  *1922 

Joseph  Almarin  Capps,  E.M. 

William  Cogswell,  S.S. 

Harvey  Gushing,  S.S. 

Robert  Battey  Greenough,  E.S. 

Herbert  James  Hall,  E.S.  *1923 

Robert  Gardner  Loring,  W.S. 

Franklin  Spelman  Newell,  S.S. 

290 


House  Officers 


RicHAED  Frothingham  O'Neil, 

EM. 

Charles  Fairbank  Painter, 

E.S. 

John  Combe  Pegram,  Jr. 

w.s. 

*1906 

Gardiner  Hubbard  Scudder, 

W.M. 

*1896 

Franklin  Warren  White, 

E.M. 

1897 

Henry  Arnold  Cooke, 

E.M. 

John  White  Cummin, 

S.S. 

James  Crowley  Donoghue, 

E.M. 

*1911 

Horace  Bird  Frost, 

E.S. 

Louis  Whitmore  Gilbert, 

W.M. 

*1919 

Robert  Battey  Greenough, 

W.M. 

Joseph  Briggs  Howland, 

W.S. 

Joshua  Clap  Hubbard, 

s.s. 

Daniel  Fiske  Jones, 

w.s. 

Harris  Peyton  Mosher, 

E.S. 

William  Henry  Smith, 

W.M. 

Robert  Henry  Vose, 

E.S. 

Frederic  Augustus  Washburn, 

S.S. 

Ernest  Boyen  Young, 

W.S. 

*1923 

1898 

Seabury  Wells  Allen, 

W.S. 

George  Sherwin  Clark  Badger, 

W.M. 

Charles  Edwin  Briggs, 

E.S. 

Arthur  Nicholson  Broughton, 

S.S. 

Weston  Percival  Chamberlain, 

W.M. 

Arthur  Richmond  Crandell, 

S.S. 

William  Horace  Davis, 

w.s. 

Carleton  Phillips  Flint, 

S.S. 

*1908 

Nathaniel  Bowditch  Potter, 

E.M. 

*1919 

Howard  Townsend  Swain, 

E.S. 

George  Shattuck  Whiteside, 

W.S. 

Jonathan  Dixon  Yost, 

E.S. 

1899 

Howard  Walter  Beal, 

S.S. 

*1918 

Arthur  Appleton  Beebe, 

E.S. 

*1900 

Charles  Shorey  Butler, 

E.S. 

Hugh  Cabot, 

S.S. 

Lincoln  Davis, 

E.S. 

Harry  Fairbanks  Hart  well. 

S.S. 

Walter  Sidney  Johnson, 

W.S. 

*1920 

Walter  Augustus  Lecompte, 

W.S. 

*1907 

291 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

George  Wilton  Moorehouse,  E.M. 

Percy  Musgrave,  E.M.  *1922 

Howard  Townsend  Swain,  WM. 

Joseph  Deutsch  Weis,  WM. 

Hugh  Williams,  W.S. 

1900 

Freeman  Allen,  S.S. 

William  Phillips  Graves,  E.S. 

Frederic  Robert  Jouett,  W.M. 

Maynard  Ladd,  W.M. 

Thomas  James  Manahan,  S.S.  *1911 

William  Ropes  May,  E.M. 

Walter  Burlingame  Odiorne,  E.S.  *1906 

Robert  Bayley  Osgood,  W.S. 

George  Burgess  Pierce,  W.S. 

Alexander  Carleton  Potter,  S.S. 

William  Henry  Sayward,  Jr.,  W.M. 

Walter  Clark  Seelye,  W.S. 

Channing  Chamberlain  Simmons,  E.S. 

Wilder  Tileston,  E.M. 

1901 
Edward  Francis  Washburn  Bartol,     E.S. 

George  Strong  Derby,  E.S. 

Charles  Hunter  Dunn,  W.M. 

Alfred  Henry  Gould,  S.S.  *1907 

George  Sumner  Hill,  E.M. 

Harold  Abbott  Johnson,  W.S. 

Merrick  Lincoln,  W.M.  *1923 

Frederick  Taylor  Lord,  E.M. 

Louis  Guy  Mead,  E.M. 

Fred  Towsley  Murphy,  W.S. 

Henry  Lindsay  Sanford,  E.S. 

Richard  Goodwin  Wadsworth,  S.S. 

George  Arthur  Waterman,  W.M. 

Fred  Bradlee  Winslow,  S.S. 

1902 

Eliot  Alden,  W.S. 

Horace  Binney,  S.S. 

William  Frederick  Boos,  W.M. 

Henry  Melville  Chase,  W.S. 

Benjamin  Kendall  Emerson,  E.S. 

Elisha  Flagg,  E.S. 

292 


House  Officers 


Robert  Francis  Gibson, 

W.M. 

Arthur  Lemuel  Kennedy, 

EM. 

John  Mason  Little,  Jr., 

S.S. 

Edwin  Allen  Locke, 

E.M. 

Chauncey  Williams  Norton, 

W.S. 

Samuel  Robinson, 

s.s. 

Roger  Spalding, 

E.M. 

James  Rockwell  Torbert, 

E.S. 

Fred  Patterson  Webster, 

W.M. 

1903 

John  Baxter  Bain, 

E.M. 

Allan  Foster  Barnes, 

S.S. 

Richard  Stanwood  Benner, 

W.S. 

William  Henry  Buffum, 

E.M. 

Robert  Laurent  DeNormandie, 

E.S. 

John  Flint, 

W.S. 

Frederick  Eugene  Garland, 

s.s. 

Harry  Winfred  Goodall, 

W.M. 

Francis  Winslow  Palfrey, 

W.M. 

William  Carter  Quinby, 

E.S. 

Harold  Wellington  Smith, 

S.S. 

Beth  Vincent, 

W.S. 

1904 

Fred  Houdelett  Albee, 

S.S. 

James  Lyman  Belknap, 

W.M. 

Thomas  Jayne  Burrage, 

E.M. 

George  Oliver  Clark, 

E.S. 

Charles  Wonson  Eveleth, 

W.M. 

Ralph  Roswell  Fitch, 

W.M. 

Cleaveland  Floyd, 

W.M. 

Roy  Garland, 

W.S. 

Frederick  James  Goodridge, 

S.S. 

Robert  John  Graves, 

E.S. 

Arthur  Moses  Greenwood, 

W.S. 

Robert  DeLancey  Hamilton, 

E.M. 

John  Bromham  Hawes,  2d, 

E.M. 

John  Homans, 

S.S. 

Carl  Shepard  Oakman, 

E.S. 

Henry  Dudley  Prescott, 

E.S. 

Eugene  Augustus  Vickery, 

W.S. 

1905 

James  Bellinger  Barney, 

E.S. 

Lynn  Staley  Beals, 

W.M. 

1914 


1914 
1918 
1911 


1911 


293 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Horace  Keith  Boutwell,  E.M. 

Joel  Ives  Butler,  *S.*S. 

Nelson  Henry  Clark,  W.M. 

Charles  Daniel  Easton,  E.M. 

Arthur  Brewster  Emmons,  2d,  W.S. 

Marshall  Fabyan,  E.M. 

Frederick  James  Goodridge,  D. 

John  Bryant  Hartwell,  W.S. 

Frederick  Clinton  Kidner,  *S.*S. 

Lucius  Collinwood  Kingman,  W.S. 

William  George  Lee,  E.S. 

Alexander  Hamilton  Rice,  E.S. 

Chandler  Robbins,  S.S. 

1906 

Lawrence  Francis  Cusick,  E.S. 

Richard  Dexter,  E.M. 

Nathaniel  Wales  Faxon,  ;S.*S. 

James  Chapman  Graves,  Jr.,  E.S. 

Royal  Hatch,  W.M.  *1917 

Charles  Wentworth  Hoyt,  W.S. 

Harvey  Field  Newhall,  E.S. 

Clarence  Eugene  Ordway,  W.S. 

Charles  Leonard  Overlander,  W.M. 

Walter  Gray  Phippen,  S.S. 

George  Cheever  Shattuck,  E.M. 

Benjamin  Ernest  Sibley,  S.S. 

Louis  Mahlon  Spear,  E.M. 

William  Wright  Walcott,  S.S.  *1919 

James  Lyman  Whitney,  W.M. 

Wyman  Whittemore,  W.S. 

1907 

Louis  Herbert  Burlingham,  W.M. 

Arthur  Hallam  Crosbie,  E.S. 

Theodore  Jewett  Eastman,  W.M. 

Robert  Montraville  Green,  S.S. 

Roger  Irving  Lee,  E.M. 

Herman  Weston  Marshall,  W.S. 

Carleton  Ray  Metcalf,  E.S. 

Charles  Galloupe  Mixter,  W.S. 

William  Jason  Mixter,  >S.*S. 

EvERARD  Lawrence  Oliver,  D. 

Edward  Pierson  Richardson,  E.S. 

Hervey  Lewis  Smith,  W.M. 

294 


House  Officers 


Horace  Paine  Stevens, 

W.S. 

Fritz  Bradley  Talbot, 

E.M. 

Fresenius  Van  Nuts, 

E.M. 

1908 

Williston  Wright  Barker, 

W.M. 

Leslie  Lawson  Bigelow, 

W.S. 

Lloyd  Thornton  Brown, 

s.s. 

Francis  Lowell  Burnett, 

s.s. 

Lawrence  Dudley  Chapin, 

E.M. 

William  Edward  Eaton, 

D. 

ToRR  Wagner  Harmer, 

E.S. 

Charles  Byam  Rollings, 

W.S. 

James  Lincoln  Huntington, 

S.S. 

Roger  Kinnicutt, 

E.M. 

Harry  Leslie  Langnecker, 

0. 

Herman  Weston  Marshall, 

0. 

Gordon  Niles  Morrill, 

0. 

Francis  Weld  Peabody, 

E.M. 

Edward  Hammond  Risley, 

E.S. 

Wilbur  Augustus  Sawyer, 

W.M. 

George  Maurice  Sheahan, 

W.S. 

WiLLARD  Porter  Woodbury, 

E.S. 

James  Herbert  Young, 

W.M. 

1909 

Charles  0.  Caswell, 

0. 

Russell  Thompson  Congdon, 

W.S. 

Charles  Orrin  Day, 

E.S. 

George  Bourne  Farnsworth, 

E.S. 

Louis  Perley  Felch, 

0. 

Harold  Girard  Giddings, 

S.S. 

Donald  Gregg, 

W.M. 

Paul  Wilberforce  Harrison, 

E.S. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Janes, 

D. 

Oliver  Ames  Lothrop, 

W.S. 

Henry  Koval  Marks, 

E.M. 

Louis  Harry  Newburgh, 

W.M. 

Augustus  Riley, 

S.S. 

Roy  Angelo  Sadler, 

E.M. 

George  Gilbert  Smith, 

W.S. 

Richard  Mason  Smith, 

W.M. 

Lesley  Hinckley  Spooner, 

E.M. 

John  Baker  Swift,  Jr. 

S.S. 

1910 


295 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
1910 


Francis  Gorham  Brigham, 

E.M. 

John  Bryant, 

W.S. 

William  Waddell  Duke, 

E.M. 

James  Murry  Gallison, 

W.S. 

Louis  Adilore  Oliver  Goddu, 

0. 

Hugh  Payne  Greeley, 

W.M. 

Robert  Granville  Hall, 

W.M. 

Robert  Richard  Hellman, 

CM. 

Charles  Albert  Holbrook, 

E.S. 

Paul  Dudley  Lamson, 

E.M. 

Charles  Henry  Lawrence,  Jr., 

W.M. 

George  Price  Lingenfelter, 

D. 

Walter  Williamson  Manton, 

S.S. 

George  W  Morse, 

E.S. 

Roland  Lesley  Toppan, 

S.S. 

Harrison  Briggs  Webster, 

E.S. 

Charles  Edward  Wells, 

0. 

William  Stewart  Whittemore, 

S.S. 

Edward  Lorraine  Young,  Jr., 

W.S. 

1911 

John  Harper  Blaisdell, 

D. 

Harold  Bowditch, 

W.M. 

Bronson  Crothers, 

W.M. 

Ralph  Waite  Dennen, 

E.S. 

Reginald  Fitz, 

E.M. 

Ralph  Winward  French, 

S.S.&E.S. 

John  Wilkes  Hammond,  Jr., 

CM. 

Robert  Richard  Hellman, 

S.S.&E.S. 

Frederick  Carpenter  Irving, 

W.S. 

Eugene  Sterling  Kilgore, 

W.M. 

Andrew  Roy  MacAusland, 

W.S. 

Donald  Macomber, 

S.S. 

Thomas  Franklin  Mayo, 

0. 

Jean  Sears  Millard, 

D. 

Richard  Henry  Miller, 

E.S. 

George  Albert  Moore, 

W.S. 

Walter  Walker  Palmer, 

E.M. 

WiLLARD  Stephen  Parker, 

E.M. 

Frank  Arthur  Pemberton, 

S.S. 

Russell  Bradford  Sprague, 

0. 

Paul  Dudley  White, 

CM. 

1911 


1918 


1911 


1919 


296 


House  Officers 

1912 

George  David  Cutler,  E.S. 

William  Milos  Dunn,  E.S. 

Richard  Spelman  Eustis,  W.M. 

James  Larider  Gamble,  W.M. 

Edwin  Daniels  Gardner,  S.S.&W.S. 

Norman  Paul,  Hersam,  D. 

Alpheus  Felch  Jennings,  W.M. 

George  Adams  Leland,  Jr.,  W.S. 

Harry  Lesley  Franklin  Locke,  CM. 

Henry  Chase  Marble,  W.S. 

John  Edward  McCartin,  0. 

Charles  Nash  Header,  E.M. 

Joy  Alva  Omer,  0. 

Karlton  Goodsell  Percy,  E.M. 

Hugo  Oliver  Peterson,  E.M. 

Dexter  Newell  Richards,  E.S. 

Russell  Firth  Sheldon,  E.S. 

Warren  Ricelards  Sisson,  CM. 

Loring  Tiffany  Swaim,  W.S. 

1913 

Edward  Parsons  Bagg,  Jr.,  E.M. 

Walter  Isaac  Baldwin,  0. 

George  Hayward  Binney,  W.S. 

Ernest  Granville  Crabtree,  E.S. 

Harvard  Hersey  Crabtree,  E.S. 

Richard  Spelman  Eustis,  CM. 

Frank  Peyton  Gaunt,  W.S. 

Carl  Arthur  Hedblom,  E.S. 

James  Howard  Means,  E.M. 

George  Richards  Minot,  E.M. 

John  Tolson  O'Ferrall,  O. 

Carl  Merrill  Robinson,  W.S. 

Orville  Forrest  Rogers,  Jr.,  W.M. 

William  David  Smith,  W.M. 

Thornton  Stearns,  E.S. 

LoE  Albright  Sutter,  D. 

Clifford  Daniel  Sweet,  CM. 

William  Franklin  Temple,  Jr.,  W.S. 

Paul  Dudley  White,  W.M. 

1914 

Lyman  Guy  Barton,  Jr.,  E.S. 

Harry  Calvin  Berger,  CM. 

297 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 

Russell  Potter  Borden,  W.S. 

Frederick  Amasa  Coller,  W.S. 

Charles  Clayton  Dennie,  D. 

John  Favill,  E.M. 

John  Wilkes  Hammond,  Jr.,  W.M. 

Herbert  Handy  Howard,  W.S. 

Ernest  Victor  Keller,  0.  1919 

Alson  Raphael  Kilgore,  W.M. 

Francis  Minot  Rackemann,  E.M. 

Andre  William  Reggio,  W.S. 

Oswald  Hope  Robertson,  W.M. 

Eugene  Watson  Rockey,  E.S. 

Abraham  Bernard  Schwartz,  CM. 

Thornton  Stearns,  0. 

Harold  Wentworth  Stevens,  CM. 

John  Edward  Talbot,  E.M. 

Melvin  Harvey  Walker,  Jr.,  E.S. 

Philip  Duncan  Wilson,  E.S. 

1915 

Arthur  Wilburn  Allen,  W.S. 

Joseph  Charles  Aub,  »  E.M. 

Carl  Alfred  Lanning  Binger,  E.M. 

DeWitt  Scoville  Clark,  Jr.,  E.S. 

Harry  Anthony  Durkin,  CM. 

Luther  Mitchell  Ferguson,  E.S.  *1916 

Thomas  Madden  Foley,  0. 

Harold  Maurice  Frost,  W.S. 

CusTis  Lee  Hall,  0. 

Lewis  Webb  Hill,  W.M. 

William  Gordon  Lennox,  W.M. 

Edward  DeWitt  Leonard,  E.S. 

Joseph  Arthur  Levek,  CM. 

Frank  William  Marvin,  W.S. 

Philip  Hale  Pierson,  E.M. 

Zaccheus  Roscoe  Scott,  CM. 

Joseph  Leslie  Sherrick,  W.M. 

Donald  Benjamin  Steenberg,  E.S. 

Charles  Fletcher  Warren,  W.S. 

James  Augustus  Wood,  CM. 

1916 

Roy  Charles  Abbott,  0. 

Benjamin  Harrison  Alton,  W.S. 

Archibald  Hildreth  Beard,  W.M. 

298 


House  Officers 


Hugh  Kling  Berkley, 

CM. 

Howard  Spencer  Colwell, 

EM. 

Edgar  Charles  Cook, 

W.S. 

Floyd  Frost  Hatch, 

E.S. 

John  Sprague  Hodgson, 

W.S. 

Sumner  Waldron  Jackson, 

E.S. 

William  John  Kerr, 

W.M. 

John  Moore  Lee, 

CM. 

Lawrence  Kirby  Lunt, 

W.M. 

Arthur  Bates  Lyon, 

CM. 

Orland  Franklin  Montgomery, 

E.S. 

Wayland  Augustus  Morrison,' 

W.S. 

George  Byron  Packard,  Jr., 

E.S. 

Marius  Nygaard  Smith-Petersen, 

0. 

Harold  Wentworth  Stevens, 

E.M. 

Arthur  Edgar  Strauss, 

E.M. 

Langdon  Thom  Thaxter, 

E.M. 

William  Almon  Wood, 

CM. 

Wade  Stanley  Wright, 

W.M. 

1917 

Paul  Appleton, 

W.S. 

George  Hoyt  Bigelow, 

E.M. 

Earl  Bloomer, 

E.S. 

Arlie  Vernon  Bock, 

W.M. 

Edward  Cline  Bull, 

0. 

Edwin  Nelson  Cleaves, 

E.S. 

Kenneth  Llewellyn  Dole, 

E.S. 

Harry  Anthony  Durkin, 

W.M. 

George  Francis  Dwinell, 

W.S. 

John  Blair  Fitts, 

0. 

Alan  Gregg, 

W.M. 

Arthur  Morrison  Jackson, 

W.S. 

James  Gerard  Kramer, 

CM. 

Walter  Hamer  Lacey, 

W.S. 

Ralph  Herbert  Luikart, 

W.S. 

Arthur  Bates  Lyon, 

W.M. 

William  Patton  McDowell, 

CM. 

LuDo  VON  Meysenbug, 

CM. 

Howard  Osgood, 

E.M. 

Charles  William  Peabody, 

E.S. 

William  Albert  Perkins, 

E.S. 

Benjamin  Harrison  Ragle, 

E.M. 

Adolph  George  Schnack, 

E.M. 

299 


Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Albert  John  Scroll,  Jr.,  E.S. 

Abraham  Clement  Silverman,  CM. 

Horace  Kennedy  Sowles,  W.S. 

Newton  Samuel  Stern,  E.M. 

John  Houghton  Taylor,  E.M. 

Henry  Malcolm  Thomas,  Jr.  W.M. 

Leonard  Mathews  Van  Stone,  W,M. 

John  Cree  Wilson,  0. 

1918 

Frank  Dennette  Adams,  W.M. 

William  Bradford  Adams,  E.M. 

Harold  Cotton  Bean,  W.S. 

Thomas  Ellwood  Buckman,  E.M. 

Carleton  Wheller  Bullard,  W.S. 

Francis  Jervois  Callanan,  E.S. 

George  Lawrence  Chaffin,  E.S. 

Marshall  Chipman  Cheney,  W.M. 

Thomas  Donald  Cunningham,  W.M. 

Robert  Dudley  Curtis,  CM. 

Ernest  Merrill  Daland,  W.S. 

Neil  Augustus  Fogg,  W.S. 

Leslie  Newton  Gay,  E.M. 

Francis  Cooley  Hall,  E.M. 

Charles  William  Hutchinson,  E.S. 

Basil  Bradbury  Jones,  E.M. 

Thomas  Hinckley  Lanman,  E.S. 

James  Rufus  Lincoln,  0. 

Thomas  McCance  Mabon,  W.M. 

Robert  Reyburn  McClellan,  W.M. 

LuDO  VON  Meysenbug,  W.M. 

Kemp  Prather  Neal,  E.S. 

Way  Sung  New,  0. 

James  Howard  Park,  CM. 

Derric  Choate  Parmenter,  E.M. 

Curtice  Rosser,  W.S. 

Robert  Brewster  Seabury,  W.S. 

John  Newton  Shirley,  W.S. 

Eugene  Pardon  Sisson,  Jr.  CM. 

Bryant  Davis  Wetherell,  E.S. 

1919 

William  Bradley  Breed,  E.M. 

Charles  Sidney  Burwell,  Jr.,  W.M. 

Robert  Cartwright  Cheney,  W.S. 

300 


House  Officers 


Joseph  Garland, 

CM. 

Rafe  Nelson  Hatt, 

0. 

Frederick  Sherman  Hopkins, 

E.S. 

George  Henry  Jackson,  Jr., 

0. 

Henry  Jackson,  Jr., 

EM. 

Basil  Bradbury  Jones, 

CM. 

Chester  Morse  Jones, 

E.M. 

Leland  Sterling  McKittrick, 

W.S. 

Robert  Nason  Nye, 

E.M. 

Albert  Elisha  Parkhurst, 

W.M. 

RussEL  Hugo  Patterson, 

E.S. 

Willard  Cole  Rappleye, 

W.M. 

John  Rock, 

W.S. 

Chester  Clayton  Schneider, 

E.S. 

Arthur  Carroll  Scott,  Jr., 

W.S. 

Wilfred  Sefton, 

W.M. 

Curtis  Everett  Smith, 

W.M. 

Ralph  Case  Spence, 

E.M. 

Edmund  Kenneth  Steenburg, 

E.S. 

William  T.  S.  Thorndike, 

W.S. 

Elmar  Stebbins  Waring, 

E.M. 

Allen  Pellington  Winsor, 

W.M. 

Mary  Wright, 

CM. 

1920 

Samuel  Ayres,  Jr., 

W.M. 

Paul  Edward  Belknap, 

CM. 

Fletcher  Hatch  Colby, 

W.S. 

Thomas  Donald  Cunningham, 

CM. 

James  Greenough, 

W.S. 

Gilbert  Edmund  Haggart, 

W.M. 

Donald  Storrs  King, 

E.M. 

Robert  Frederick  Loeb, 

W.M. 

William  Mason, 

E.M. 

WlLFORD    MeRRIAM    NeLSON, 

E.M. 

Charles  William  Peabody, 

0. 

James  Jackson  Putnam, 

CM. 

Morris  Blackman  Sanders, 

E.S. 

Francis  Barnard  Sargent, 

W.S. 

WitLiAM  Martindale  Shedden, 

E.S. 

Charles  Mofpett  Simpson, 

E.S. 

Homer  Waldo  Spiers, 

0. 

Robert  Cole  Stickney, 

CM. 

Joseph  Kiddoo  Surls, 

0. 

Wilfred  Douglas  Van  Stone, 

W.S. 

301 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 


Milton  Victor  Veldee,  E.M. 

Charles  Amory  Williams,  E.S. 

Shutai  Tinwong  Woo,  W.M. 

1921 

Warren  Gerald  Atwood,  W.S. 

Edward  Bradley  Dewey,  E.S. 

Harold  Sparrow  Dorrance,  E.M. 

Rudolph  Ludwig  Dresel,  0. 

Arthur  Ford  Geddes  Edgelow,  W.S. 

Henry  Field,  Jr.,  CM. 

Joseph  Garland,  E.M. 

Samuel  Ftutoute  Haines,  W.M. 

James  Hitchcock,  W.M. 

Eliot  Hubbard,  Jr.,  W.M. 

Benjamin  Hughes  Kennedy,  Jr.,  CM. 

John  Albert  Key,  0. 

Wilfrid  Wallace  McKay,  CM. 

Joe  Vincent  Meigs,  E.S. 

Hugh  Grant  Rowell,  W.S. 

William  Erasmus  Sherman,  CM. 

DwiGHT  Lewis  Sisco,  '  E.M. 

Curtis  Everett  Smith,  E.S. 

Steele  Fuller  Stewart,  0. 

Joseph  Stokes,  Jr.,  W.M. 

Edward  Sawtelle  Welles,  E.S. 

Allen  Pellington  Winsor,  W.S. 

John  Barlow  Youmans,  E.M. 

1922 

William  Hamlet  Alexander,  W.S. 

Howard  Boyd,  CM. 

Sheo-Nan  Cheer,  E.M. 

Edward  Delas  Churchill,  W.S. 

Solomon  David  David,  0. 

Arthur  George  Davis,  0. 

John  Joseph  Dumphy,  CM. 

Henry  Field,  Jr.,  E.M. 

Frank  Leslie  Fort,  0. 

William  Talmage  Freeman,  CM. 

Clarence  James  Gamble,  W.M. 

Donald  Mitchell  Glover,  W.S. 

Myron  Ormell  Henry,  0. 

William  Herman,  E.M. 

Harold  Homer  Hitchcock,  0. 

302 


House  Officers 


Gerald  Norton  Hoeffel, 

CM. 

William  Kenneth  Livingston, 

W.S. 

Charles  Carroll  Lund, 

E.S. 

Ralph  Fabian  McDonald, 

E.S. 

WiNTHROP  Morgan  Phelps, 

0. 

Isaac  Starr,  Jr., 

W.M. 

Joseph  Kiddoo  Surls, 

E.S. 

LeRoy  Russell  Wheeler, 

W.M. 

Edward  Harlan  Wilson, 

E.S. 

1923 

William  Hamlet  Alexander, 

T.S. 

Thomas  Maxfield  Barber, 

E.M. 

Charles  Barrows  Bennett, 

0. 

Randolph  Kunhardt  Byers, 

E.M. 

William  Bosworth  Castle, 

E.M. 

Seth  Marshall  Fitchet, 

E.S. 

Daniel  Parsons  Foster, 

E.M. 

Clarence  Falk  Friedman, 

CM. 

Lauren  Holmes  Goldsmith, 

CM. 

Stephen  G.  Jones, 

W.S. 

William  Ethelbert  McConnell, 

E.S. 

James  William  Martin, 

0. 

Frank  Hastings  Hamilton  Mewburn, 

,  0. 

Eugene  Adolph  Osius, 

W.M, 

Winthrop  Morgan  Phelps, 

T.S. 

Tracy  Jackson  Putnam, 

E.S. 

John  Jacob  Sampson, 

W.M. 

Lemuel  David  Smith, 

0. 

Daniel  Max  Stiefel, 

0. 

Augustus  Thorndike,  Jr., 

W.S. 

James  Harvey  Townsend, 

W.M. 

Curtis  Carver  Tripp, 

W.S. 

Richard  Gwyn  Watson, 

CM. 

Edward  Harlan  Wilson, 

0. 

James  Edwin  Wood,  Jr. 

W.M. 

303 


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